Mkhuba yokuloba. ezenzeka loncwadi kunye nemisinga

mkhuba yoncwadi - oku nto lidla ngokunxulunyaniswa esikolweni okanye iqela boncwadi. Ingaba kukho iqela labantu ezobugcisa, ukuba luphawulwa software nobugcisa nomanyano, kwakunye noFaro yembono bezobugcisa. Ngamanye amazwi, le uhlobo article (ezifana iqelana) intshukumo zoncwadi. Ngokubhekiselele, umzekelo, ukuya romanticism Russian, libhekisela i "zengqondo", "Philosophy" kunye nemisinga "yoluntu". Abaphengululi Russian intshukumo zoncwadi ziye zachongwa, "lwezenhlalo" yaye "nasengqondweni" indlela.

classicism

Le ulwalathiso nesimbo obugcisa kubugcisa noluncwadi Europe ngenkulungwane ye-19. Igama livela kwigama lesiLatini «classicus» - ogqibeleleyo.

imikhwa zoncwadi lwe ngenkulungwane ye-19 kufuneka iimpawu zabo:

1. leziBheno iintlobo kunye nemifanekiso zobugcisa bamandulo kunye noncwadi njengomgangatho kubuhle, phezu kwesi sisekelo, wabeka phambili lo mgaqo "Sixelisa indalo", okuthetha ukuthobela imithetho engqongqo ethathelwe kubuhle yamandulo.

2. ubuhle ngenxa nengqiqo siseko (ukusuka kwisiLatini «ratio» kuthetha ubukrelekrele) iimbono ngelithi kwi imisebenzi zobugcisa njengento indalo ngumntu - i wadala ngabom, esisiso ahlelwa enengqondo yakhiwe.

3. classicism ngemifanekiso akukho mpawu ngamnye, njengoko yenzelwe ngokuyintloko ukuba zifake generic, oluzinzileyo, iimpawu ekugqibeleni elide benzela lwalo imikhosi ezininzi zokomoya nezentlalo.

4. Umsebenzi lwezentlalo kwezemfundo zobugcisa. Iziswa ubuntu harmonic.

sentimentalism

Sentimentalism (in translation evela IsiNgesi kuthetha theka "onobuzaza") - uncwadi nobugcisa lwe ngenkulungwane ye-18 eYurophu. Ukukhanya rationalism yogcino- kwentlekele ukukhanya linqanam lokugqibela. Ngokomthetho romanticism ngokulandelelana kwade, ndiya amnike ezinye iimpawu zazo.

intshukumo boncwadi, lo izibongo eli thuba uneempawu zawo:

1. sentimentalism uhlala ethembekile iminqweno ubuntu emisiweyo.

2. Xa kuthelekiswa classicism kunye ezingundoqo zalo bokubanga zemfundo "yindalo yomntu" Kwaxelwa engqondweni kunye nemvakalelo.

3. Imeko ukuyilwa umntu ofezekileyo akujongwa i "lenguqulelo elifanelekileyo jikelele", kunye nokuphuculwa kunye nokukhululwa "iimvakalelo zendalo".

4. Amaqhawe iincwadi sentimentalism enkulu ngamnye: imvelaphi (okanye inkolelo) bona lwentando yesininzi, ihlabathi izityebi zokomoya abantu abaqhelekileyo yenye ukudliwa of sentimentalism.

5. sentimentalism akazi ngalo "ezingenangqondo": mood eziphikisanayo, imisindo ukungxama nangokweemvakalelo waqonda ukuba iinguqulelo ezikhoyo ingqondo.

romanticism

Lo mkhuba boncwadi kakhulu abadumileyo uncwadi Europe kunye Melika we-18 - kwenkulungwane ye-19. Kweli xesha ingcamango romantic yonke engaqhelekanga, ingumnqa, engaqhelekanga, nto leyo ifumaneka kuphela iincwadi.

uncwadi Romantic ngenkulungwane ye-19 eRashiya waphawulwa ngenxa:

1. Antiprosvetitelskoy ulwalathiso ukuba proyavivlyalas ngxi pre-Romanticism kunye sentimentalism, kwaye Romanticism lalonyukile. imiqathango lweNtlalo kunye nemibono nga ngokuba ukudana kwiziphumo ze-revolution kunye neziqhamo yoluntu ngokubanzi, yokulwisana yesiqhelo, banality nobomi yongxowankulu prosaic. Ubunyani Imbali abawuthobeli "sizathu", lo irrationality, inzaliseko iimfihlakalo ezingalindelekanga kunye, kwaye umyalelo yehlabathi enohlobo nobutshaba umntu ngamnye inkululeko yakhe yendalo.

2. Indlela ongenathemba ngokubanzi ingcamango "Weltschmerz", "okubi cosmic" (umzekelo, uJ njengamaqhawe etsomo. Byron A. Vigny, njalo njalo). ezoyikekayo Izifundo 'ibuthumileyo ububi "ngokukodwa ngokucacileyo kubonakala kwi" weqonga Ithamsanqa "okanye" yintlekele Ithamsanqa "(Eta Hoffmann, Poe).

3. Ukholo ngomoya usomandla womntu, xa call yakhe sokuba yokuvuselela. Litkratory wavula ukuntsonkotha ayaziwa, ubunzulu ubuntu. Abantu for them - sekuba, nendalo kancinane. waya Ngoko waqala ubuntu mfundiso, ifilosofi entsha exabisekileyo. Centre of imisebenzi zothando bekusoloko, njengabantu abanamandla ezizodwa, njengoko kuchasene kuluntu, ngokwemimiselo yayo yokuziphatha neenqobo ezisesikweni kunye nemithetho.

naturalism

Latin lwendalo - iintsingiselo zoncwadi ze-Silver Age, eyagcina yaba yabaseMelika nabaseYurophu.

iimpawu:

1. Ukunqwenela ukuba njongo, umfanekiso oluchanekileyo expressionless ngayo umlinganiswa yabantu leyinene ukuba ngenxa okusingqongileyo komzimba kunye nendalo, ukuze ziqondwe kwiimeko ezininzi, njengokuba zemali kunye zasekhaya bume ngqo. Oku akuthinteli iimeko zentlalo kunye nembali. Umsebenzi ophambili we zemvelo - izifundo oluntu kunye inzaliseko efanayo apho zemvelo ukufunda uhlobo, Wena ulwazi lwenzululwazi lube ngathi.

2. Yonke imisebenzi yobugcisa wahlelwa njenge "amaxwebhu zabantu", iinqobo ubuhle eziphambili ingqalelo epheleleyo kunye nokugqitywa kwawo ngezenzo ngokwasengqondweni.

3. Uqobo bashiya moralizing, ngokucinga ukuba imifanekiso ngokwenene kakhulu novakalelo ngokwayo. Babecinga ukuba uncwadi kwakunye nenzululwazi, akanalo ilungelo lokuba ukhetho izinto, ukuba akukho ukuwathetha awona ababhali okanye izifundo ezingafanelekanga. Ngenxa yale ukungakhathali zoluntu kunye plotless rhoqo wabonakala ngemisebenzi ixesha.

ngokoqobo

Okuchithwa kuthiwa ubugcisa noncwadi kwinkulungwane yama-20. Kuthatha imvelaphi yayo Renaissance ( "Renaissance ngokoqobo"), kwakunye yiEnlightenment ( "yiEnlightenment ngokoqobo"). Okuchithwa kwaphawula okokuqala kwi intsomi zamaxesha aphakathi kunye yamandulo, iintsomi zamandulo.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale flow:

1. Amagcisa ebonisa ihlabathi lwangaphandle ngendlela engqinelana ne kakuhle eli nesenzeko behlabathi.

2. Le ncwadi ngokoqobo kubonisiwe njengendlela ulwazi ngamnye kunye noluntu ezingqongileyo.

3. Ulwazi namhlanje ngoncedo lwemifanekiso, ezidaliweyo ngenxa uchwetheza iinyaniso leyinene ( "emoyeni ngokuqhelekileyo oonobumba ezithile").

4. art Eyinyaniso ikhonza art ubomi uqinisele nkqu zokusombulula ingxabano ntlekele. Oku sisiseko yentanda - Gnostic, ukuthembeka kwi knowability kunye nokwanela reflection behlabathi ezingqonge, nto leyo yahluke ukusuka romanticism.

yobudala Silver

izinto zokubhala iSilver Age iimpawu ezifana:

• Ingqikelelo ubukho siyibambe ezimbini (extramundane wokwenene);
• iisimboli nokuchongwa ngokwenyani;
• Jonga ekhethekileyo intuition yendalo njengoko umlamli ngomfanekiso yehlabathi kunye nokuqonda yayo;
• razrabatyvanie zvukopisi a eyahlukileyo ukwamkelwa isihobe;
• ingqiqo kwihlabathi ngakwicala mystification;
• ezahlukeneyo isiqulatho (uthsuphe, ukuchaza);
• uhlobo Hunt zenkolo ( "imvakalelo zonqulo ezamahala");
• ottritsaetsya ngokoqobo.

Uncwadi kwenkulungwane ye-19 eRashiya

Imvelaphi iintshukumo zobugcisa eRashiya inxulunyaniswa emoyeni lwentlalo ezizinzululwazi ubomi babantu Russian - ukunyuka kazwelonke emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Yaba sisiqalo nje ekwenzeni kuphela, kodwa ke uhlobo eyodwa imiyalelo kwiimbongi Decembrist (umzekelo, Advocate V. K. Kyuhelbeker, kf Ryleev AI Odoyevski), umsebenzi vusa izimvo zenkonzo yoluntu egama, elirhweba ngomoya lomzabalazo kunye volnolyubiya .

Eyona uphawu Romanticism in Russian

Eyona nkalo ibalulekileyo na nokukhawuleziswa kuphuhliso loncwadi eRashiya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, nto leyo ibangwa 'zimxinile "kuhlanganiswa izigaba ezahlukeneyo ukuzikhulula amanqanaba kwamanye amazwe. romanticism Russian wendele iintsingiselo predromanticheskie kunye ukuthambekela yiEnlightenment kunye Classicism: amathandabuzo malunga nendima nobukrelekrele iphela, ukunqulwa yendalo, ubuzaza, elegiac melanholizm indibaniselwano ne-odolwa ezaziwa neentlobo kunye nezimbo, didacticism inobulali, kwakunye ekulweni isikweko kwemfuneko ngenxa "nokuchaneka harmonic" .

Akhmatova for

Nokubhala Akhmatova for ngaphandle embellishing ulwimi, nto zombini ukuya enengqondo ephilileyo ingcinga kakhulu elula (ukusukela Acmeism ngokwayo udla ukuphelisa ingxinano ezazikhona uncwadi kuloo minyaka).

Heroine lyrical Akhmatova ezingenamsebenzi kakhulu sikhangele ubomi benene. Bacinga kumacandelo ahlukeneyo. Bona - umfazi kudana eluthandweni, abaziva ukuba wavula imfihlelo uthando njengoko enjalo ayikho. Kodwa kutshanje, Heroine wayehlala ngezibuko ezipinki phezu kwamehlo, bonke ngokulahleka bolonwabo. Kananjalo beze ekliniki, boyika yokwahlukana ababathandayo, wacula "iingoma uthando". Kodwa ke phezu ngephanyazo. siqu na ebonwabisayo. Kwindinyana ehamba umgca "ukususela yonke kubonakala uyagula." Nkqu imiyalezo obuphezulu ifihliwe icace kakhulu. Yonke eyinkazana elahlekelwe uthando, uya kuvakalelwa ngale ndlela.

Mayakovsky

Nombongo inkqubo Russian, kwakunye Mayakovsky trend zoncwadi engamashumi amabini (de-1920) ziye ephawuleka sobutyebi ethile kunye nokwahluka: le minyaka ekuqaleni imvelaphi kunye nokusekwa kwamaqela kakhulu mihla zoncwadi kunye neentsingiselo, kunye nembali yazo yophuhliso enxulumene nokugqama bobuchule abaculi abaziwayo amagama. Kanye ngexesha ekufikeni kwexesha iziganeko ezenzekayo umbhali umsebenzi Vladimir Mayakovsky.

Yesenin

Yesenin wayesazi uncwadi ngamaxesha nzima kuye. Imfazwe impiriyali, apho eRashiya obebandakanyeka, ezichongwe ukwahlulwa ngakumbi kabukhali. Ukwahlulwa ezintlwini zobugcisa eyayicwangciselwe koongqondo Russian kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo, kunye kukuqiniswa revolution ka-1907. Zoncwadi Esenina decadentist imele kwicala yokuqala, ndaphule kunye loncwadi lwemveli elo xesha ubumi ngcembe, imisebenzi yayo ngaphantsi pryzvami "imfazwe ukuya ekupheleni krakra." Kwakhona, ngenkxaso kwemfazwe eRashiya kwakukho SRs Okulungileyo Mensheviks, owaba nempembelelo enkulu izangqa nezazi Russian. Wayezixhasa imfazwe kunye wembongi edumileyo. Ngelo xesha, iintsingiselo zoncwadi ze-Silver Age kunye iziseko zayo ababhangayo. Neengqondi kunye idemokhrasi ekuhlaleni ingakumbi Russian ayikwazanga lukhuni indawo uncwadi nobugcisa, ukusondeza okanye ukususa utshintsho.

Acmeism Russian

obangela yoncwadi Acmeism uwuphakamisile umdla imibutho yenkcubeko, iye wangena esongwayo kunye namathuba boncwadi wangaphambili. "Inimba inkcubeko yehlabathi ubyvshey" - ngoko O.E.Mandelshtam koko ezichongiweyo Acmeism. Neyethu nezisusa "kweenoveli ezingaqhelekanga" kunye namasiko alo "vesi yentsimbi" Lermontov e-Gumilev; umfanekiso of Literature Russian endala wabe kunye neenoveli ngokwasengqondweni kwi Anna Akhmatova; ingcamango Zenkevich ifilosofi zendalo; ihlabathi lamandulo Hope; ihlabathi eyimfihlakalo of NV Gogol e Narbut GSSkovoroda - kwaye oku hayi kuluhlu lonke maleko zenkcubeko abachatshazelwa acmeists. Ngalinye Acmeists ngaleyo ungubani yoyilo. Xa N.S.Gumilev kwimibongo yakhe ebonakalisiweyo "ubuntu eyomeleleyo" kwaye isebenza M.A.Kuzmina aleleyo iimpawu acmeism aestheticism, lo ubuchule Anna Akhmatova kunye Yesenina liphuhlise ngokuthe lonyuka esele emxinwa imida acmeism, apho wabagagamela isiqalo esengqiqweni kunye neenjongo ubuzwe. Acmeists Ukuvula kwifomu yobugcisa isasetyenziswa nangoku yi kwezinye iimbongi mihla.

imikhwa zoncwadi kwenkulungwane yama-20

Okokuqala, lo ngowona orientation Classic, intsomi akudala kunye ngemihla; imodeli kwexesha elibujikele; bricolage wentsomi - imisebenzi kwakhiwa ikholaji reminiscence kunye ucaphulo le ezaqanjwa ezaziwayo.

Yoncwadi Ebudeni belo xesha, inamacandelo 10:

1. Neomifologizm.

2. Autistizm.

3. Le banenkolelo / engokoqobo.

4. style ophambili phezu ibali.

5. Okubhaliweyo kwisicatshulwa.

6. Ukutshatyalaliswa sebali.

7. Pragmatics, hayi semantics.

8. lwesivakalisi kunokuba nesigama.

9. Observer.

10. Ukophulwa imigaqo kuhambelana yombhalo.