Karl Martell: emfutshane engobomi, iinguqu kwakunye nemisebenzi. uguquko Military Karla Martella

Xa VII-VIII cc. phezu emanxuweni owayesakuba Empire Western waseRoma, kwakukho eziliqela States German. Iziko ngalinye kubo wayedlala Alliance yesizwe. Umzekelo, ukuba noFrank, ngubani ekugqibeleni waba isiFrentshi. Nokufika kwelizwe apho sele uqalisile ukulawula ookumkani Merovingian ubukhosi. Noko ke, le sihloko akakwazanga elide ukubambelela umqhubi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, impembelelo wathunyelwa usodolophu ebhotwe. Okokuqala yaba iindwalutho abaphezulu kwibhotwe wolawulo Merovingian. Ngenxa buthathaka igunya yobukumkani, isithuba iye yaba yinto enkulu kakhulu kurhulumente, nangona ookumkani abo, eyayikho ngaxeshanye kunye nabalawuli ezintsha Franks.

imvelaphi

Pepin of Herstal ubukhosi Carolingian yaba usodolophu isigodlo 680 714 ngonyaka. Wayenoonyana abathathu, lo mncinane kubani uKarl Martell. Unyana abaneqhuzu ababini Pepin wafa ngaphambi kokuba uyise, kwaye ngoko beza kumba dynastic avele kweli lizwe. Ukususela unyana omdala yomlawuli owalupheleyo waba umzukulwana ogama Teodoaldom. Ukuba wagqiba Kwathi itrone Pepin, sithembele ngokokubona umfazi wakhe ezilibhongo Plectrude. Wabekwa kakhulu nxamnye uCharles ngenxa yokuba wazalwa womnye umfazi.

Xa uyise wakhe, uCharles wathunyelwa ukuya entolongweni, kunye nelungelo ukuqala Plectrude, nto leyo ibamba ngokusesikweni unyana olungephi. Karl Martell kudala zithokombisile entolongweni. Wakwazi ukubaleka emva uqha- eli lizwe.

Yombhodamo kweli lizwe

akazange awonwabanga Franks ufuna ukubona ezicinezelayo i Plectrude etroneni kwaye ibhengeze imfazwe phezu kwakhe. umzamo lwabo lokuqala lwaphela baphele kuloo lali kufuphi nesixeko mihla Compiègne e wasePicardy. Enye iinkokeli ngumvukeli ogama Teodoald zawangcatsha baza bema notshaba. Emva koko, xa ekampini Franks abe yinkokeli entsha - Ragenfred. Wonyulwa usodolophu kwibhotwe Neustria. Le warlord wagqiba ukuba yedwa ke ngeke, waza wenza umfelandawonye Frisian ukumkani Radborom. umkhosi Joint yangqinga Cologne, nto leyo yaba yokuhlala Plectrude. Waye kusindiswa kuphela kukuba kunomvuzo ngeendleko kobutyebi obuninzi okongezeleke ngexesha umyeni wakhe Pepin.

Race amandla

Yaba ngalo mzuzu ubalekile entolongweni uKarl Martell. Wakwazi ukuba babuthe inani elikhulu lweli akazange afune ukubona etroneni, akukho namnye kwabanye abaviwa. Okokuqala Karl wazama ukuba boyise Radbora, kodwa idabi akuphumelelanga. Ngokukhawuleza kwahlanganisana umkhosi entsha, umthetheli entsha ukudlula omnye okhuphisanayo - Ragenfreda. Waye e Belgium yanamhlanje. Le isifo kwenzeke kwidolophu ikhoyo Malmedy. Oku kwalandelwa umlawuli onke Austrasia Chilperic, walibumba umfelandawonye Ragenfredom. Uloyiso wavumela uCharles ukuzuza impembelelo namandla. Wamcenga Plectrude umhlala-phantsi amandla amnike ubuncwane kayise. Kungekudala Umama, ngenxa apho uvulele laqalisa wafa ngokuzolileyo. Ngowe-718, uKarl Martell ekugqibeleni wazibonakalisa e Paris, kodwa kusafuneka ukuba ndizinyathele abaseleyo neenkosi amakhosi wobukhosi.

ukwandisa ezihlobene

Lifikile ixesha lokuba ukuthumela iingalo ukuya ezantsi. Umlawuli Neustria Ragenfred Washumayela kunye Ed Enkulu, abusa Aquitaine. Last sawela Loire kunye nomkhosi Basque, ukuze sincede ukwazi ukusebenzisana naye. Ngo-719, kwabakho imfazwe phakathi kwabo Carl, ngubani bakwazi ukuphumelela. Ragenfred babalekela Angers walawula de ekufeni kwakhe iminyaka embalwa.

Ed walivuma ingumbuso of uCharlemagne. Bobabini bavuma ukuba etroneni yobukumkani kweentsizana Chilperic. Wafa Kungekudala emva, kwaye endaweni yayo yema Theodoric IV. Wayiphulaphula yonke phezu usodolophu yasebhotwe, kwaye abazange ukumela isoyikiso ukuya franc yebhongo. Nangona Noloyiso Neustria, ngaphandle urhulumente ziqhubekile ukubakhona ngokuzimeleyo kurhulumente kazwelonke. Umzekelo, eBurgundy (kwi-mpuma) alawula oobhishophu zasekuhlaleni, musani ukubaphulaphula imiyalelo Paris. Unobangela ixhala bekukho imihlaba ngakumbi isiJamani, apho Alemannia, eThuringia kunye eBavaria, isimo sengqondo esibi ukuba usodolophu ebhotwe.

guqula

Ukubethelela amandla akhe, usodolophu bhotwe isigqibo sokutshintsha indlela sikarhulumente. Eyokuqala yaba yotshintsho Karla Martella benefitsialnaya kwenziwa 30. Kwafuneka ukomeleza emkhosini. Ekuqaleni, imikhosi amakhosi kwasekwa ukusuka wamajoni okanye amaqela ezidolophini. Ingxaki ukuba ukugcinwa enempi enkulu ngamandla nje imali ngokwaneleyo.

Izizathu kuphuculo Karla Martella ikwayile ukunqongophala leengcali zomkhosi xa uphikisana kunye nabamelwane balo. Ke kaloku amadoda inkampu kunye usodolophu yasebhotwe, wafumana umhlaba enkonzweni yakhe isabelo. Ukuze amsindise, kwafuneka ukuba aphendule rhoqo iminxeba ukusuka suzerain.

guqula Benefitsialnaya Karla Martella kukhokelele kwinto yokuba amakhosi uhulumeni yokulwa-ukulungele enkulu umkhosi wamajoni kakuhle ngokwaneleyo. Loo wendlela akukho abamelwane, ukuze babe sesichengeni kakhulu usodolophu urhulumente komkhulu.

Intsingiselo yokuvuselelwa Karla Martella kobumnini bomhlaba olubachaphazela ipropati ibandla. Secularization liye landa isabelo kwamandla wempangelo. Kuyinto la mazwe athatha ukuhambisela abo babekhonza emkhosini. Icawa wathabatha surplus, umzekelo, ilizwe yoonongendi bahlale angazihoyi komhlaba.

uguquko Military Karla Martella liye landa inani abakhwele emkhosini. neenkosi abaziinjubaqa wobukhosi iziza ezincinane ayisa basongela itrone kuba ngokuqinileyo ezaqhotyoshelwa kuyo. Zonke kakuhle ukuba kwakuxhomekeke zabo ukunyaniseka abasemagunyeni. Ngoko kwabakho iklasi entsha kwaye kubalulekile, nto leyo eyaba tsentralnoobrazuyuschim e abanemvume kamva.

Iyintoni na intsingiselo nguqulelo zomkhosi Karla Martella? Wayefuna nje kukwandisa inani neenkosi oxhomekeke bondage, kodwa ukususa ukusuka umkhosi ayikwazi kumafama. Endaweni umkhosi ukuba ngoku ubanjwe lepropati abanini: .. Zizi, iindwalutho, njl Ngaloo ndlela, waqalisa amakhoboka abalimi ababesakuba kuba becala free. Anakho iwonga elitsha disenfranchised emva kokuba indlela ezilahlekileyo ukubaluleka kwayo franc emkhosini. izinduna Kamva (nezincinane kunye ezinkulu) iya kuba bukhona ukusuka zingaxhatshazwa uviko abalimi.

Intsingiselo yokuvuselelwa Karla Martella - ke lenguqu ukuya kuMbindi Ages weklasiki, apho bonke abantu ekuhlaleni - ukusuka amahlwempu kwirhuluneli - khona ngaphakathi ukwehla ecacileyo. estate ngasinye ikhonkco kwikhonkco zobudlelwane. Ngenkankulu Franks ngexesha bazindla ukuba ukudala umyalelo, nto leyo eya kutsho kumakhulu eminyaka, kodwa ke loo nto yenzeka. Iziqhamo zalo mgaqo-nkqubo ebonakala kakhulu kungekudala, xa umntwana Martel - uKarl Veliky - azibize umlawuli.

Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba ukuba kude. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala Karla Martella ohlaziya bomeleze urhulumente Paris. Kodwa amashumi kuye kwacaca ukuba inkqubo enjalo i izimfimfithi elisemagqabini ekuqaleni sokonakalisa ezo franc karhulumente. Xa igunya Martell kunye feudalists middling inzuzo uzilungiselele macala - ngokwandisa imida kunye nabasebenzi ngamakhoboka amafama. Power yaba ukhuseleko.

Kuba sphere ubomi nganye iphuhlise nohlaziyo entsha Karla Martella. Le tafile ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba utshintsho kwimo Franks phantsi kolawulo lwakhe.

nkqubo German

Embindini kobukumkani uCharles ndagqiba ukuthatha ifowuni ngaphandle yamandla ayo German. Yena wayenza neendlela zokwakha, nomzi onqatyisiweyo, abuyisele ukuze yonke. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuze imvuselelo korhwebo kunye nokubuyiselwa amakhonkco yenkcubeko phakathi union ezahlukeneyo yezizwe Western Europe. Ngexesha le minyaka i Franks ngokubonakalayo ikoloni entilini koMlambo Main, apho ngaphambili wayehlala ikakhulu amaSaxons kunye namanye baseJamani. Ukuvela labemi abanyanisekileyo kummandla yaqinisa ulawulo hayi kuphela Franconia, kodwa phezu eThuringia kunye Hessen.

Zizo buthathaka German ndizame yokuzilungiselela njengoko nabalawuli ezizimeleyo, kodwa Karla Martella yotshintsho zomkhosi etshintshe ukulingana kwamandla. Iinkosi wobukhosi ka Alemannia kunye eBavaria boyiswa i Franks waza wavuma ukuba akhonze zabo. izizwe ezininzi nje zibandakanyiwe zikarhulumente wahlala abahedeni. Ngoko ke franc ababingeleli ngenkuthalo ihlawulwe amaRoma kubuKristu, ukuze bazive kwesinye nehlabathi yamaKatolika.

ehlasela Muslim

Ngelo xesha, ingozi siphambili usodolophu ebhotwe kunye nemeko yayo wayengekho abamelwane German, nama-Arabhu. Le isizwe impi unalo kwinkulungwane ukufaka lonke ilizwe elitsha phantsi komthunzi le nkolo entsha - Islam. Sele bawa Middle East, North Afrika ne Spain. AmaVisigoth, owayehlala Iberia, boyiswa emva kokoyiswa, yaye ekugqibeleni lihambe liye kwi imida kunye Franks.

Arabhu yokuqala ukuvela kwi Aquitaine ngo-717, xa kukho nangoku olawulwa Ed Veliky. Emva koko ke behlasela manqapha ingqondo. Kodwa ngonyaka 725 basiwa izixeko ezifana Carcassonne kunye Nimes.

Lonke elo xesha, i Aquitaine yi njengesikhuseli kuyilwa phakathi Martel nama-Arabhu. isiwo sayo kuzodala franc baboniswa ngokupheleleyo angaboyisi kwaba nzima ukuba lupasiswe iintaba zasePyrenees, kwaye apha nasezindulini, baziva nentembelo ngakumbi.

inkokeli Military (wali) of Muslim Abd al-Rahman kunyaka 731 bagqiba ubuze umkhosi kwizizwe ezahlukeneyo, caliphate subordinated kwiminyaka yakutshanje. umgomo kwakhe kwisixeko Bordeaux kwi-Atlantic kunxweme Aquitaine, ngubani wayedume ngobutyebi. Loo mkhosi ibe amaSilamsi ukusuka bakhona ezahlukeneyo Spanish, Arabhu khoboka, ukusekelwa yaseYiputa iindawo ezinkulu Muslim. Nangona ke Imithombo ayashiyana ukuqikelela inani lamajoni Muslim, oko kuthathwa ukuba eli nani Ziza kumana zisihla zinyuka kwi amawaka 40 amadoda axhobileyo kwinqanaba.

Kufuphi Bordeaux Ed umkhosi wanika imfazwe yotshaba. Wagqibelisa zayeka ukuba amaKristu, zaye kakhulu bawoyisa kwaye limisiwe umzi. In Spain zaphalala zindwendwe amaSilamsi ne-chola amaxhoba. Noko ke, amaSilamsi akulindelekanga ukuba ayeke, kwaye kwakhona emva isiqabu elifutshane baya ngasentla. Wona ngoko eza Poitiers, kodwa abemi balapho ukuba iindonga elungileyo ukuzithethelela. I-Arabhu akazange asinabuganga kuhlaselwa bamagazi lihambe liye kwi-Tour, owazeka iilahleko ezincinci kakhulu.

Ngeli xesha, ndizinyhashe Ed wabalekela eParis ukucela uncedo ekulweni zabahlaseli. Ngoku lixesha lokuba ukukhangela intsingiselo Ushintsho zomkhosi Karla Martella. Phantsi yakhe ngakwibhanile wavuka amajoni amaninzi, abakhonzi bokwenyaniso kutshintshiselwano Holdings umhlaba. Ngokusisiseko bafunwe Franks, kodwa nazo eqokelelwe ezahlukeneyo izizwe German, kuxhomekeke usodolophu ebhotwe. Zizo ezo Bavarians, Frisians, amaSaxons, Alemanni, njalo njalo. D. ngezizathu Karla Martella ohlaziya nje umnqweno ukuqokelela imikhosi ezinkulu mzuzu ibaluleke kakhulu. Lo msebenzi wagqitywa ngexesha nje elifutshane.

Abd ar-Rahman ngeli xesha kuye weba isixa omkhulu neembasa ngenxa yoko imikhosi yakhe, yaba nempahla, nto leyo kakhulu isantya inkqubela yomkhosi. Emva kokufunda senjongo ukungena franc Aquitaine, Wali wayalela ukuba afudukele Poitiers. Kwabonakala ke kuye ukuba uya kuba nexesha elaneleyo lokuba kwidabi.

Battle of Poitiers

Apha, imikhosi amabini adibana. Nam uKarl okanye Abd ar-Rahman akazange abe nobuganga ukuhlasela kuqala, yaye le meko wahlala ixesha kangangeveki. Lonke eli xesha, waqhubeka odla ezincinane - abachasi baye bazama ukufumana indawo engcono. Okokugqibela, i-Arabhu wagqiba ukuhlasela kuqala ku-Oktobha 10 engama-732. Xa intloko amahashe yena 'Abd al-Rahman.

imikhosi Umbutho phantsi Charles Martell ibandakanya uqeqesho ephawulekayo xa inxalenye nganye umkhosi wenza ngokungathi omnye. Umlo phakathi macala ezimbini liliphalaza igazi elimsulwa, yaye ekuqaleni akazange anike iingenelo akakho omnye okanye abanye. Xa ngokuhlwa, ibutho encinane Franks wasityhobozela kwindlela engabonakaliyo ukuba inkampu Arabhu. Kukho zagcinwa isixa esikhulu kwimveliso: imali, amatye anqabileyo kunye neminye imithombo ezixabisekileyo.

NgamaSilamsi yinxalenye yomkhosi Muslim bavakalelwa ukuba ukho undonakele yaye wafudukela ngasemva, ezama knock kwaphuma utshaba waphuma ndawo. Xa indawo eziwafaka kunye Arabhu isikhewu wabonakala. Umkhosi iphambili phantsi kwephiko Franks Martel ngexesha waphawula ndawo zibuthathaka ukuhlasela.

Le kushenxa waba obungahexiyo. I-Arabhu asinga, yaye abanye babo zandingqonga. Kuquka inkokheli yombutho Abd al-Rahman. Wafa ezama ukubuyela ekampini. Sebegula imikhosi ezimbini ngokwahlukana. Franks wagqiba ukuba ngosuku olulandelayo ekugqibeleni ziya kuligqiba Muslims. Noko ke, waqonda ukuba iphulo yabo elahlekileyo, Nasebusuku tu sisithokothoko kwizikhundla zabo. Noko ke, bashiya ezikhaphayo enkulu zamaKristu okuthinjiweyo.

Izizathu ngokuba franc Victory

Battle of Poitiers isigqibo isiphumo imfazwe. I-Arabhu saqhutywa ngaphandle Aquitaine noCharles, phezu koko, waqinisa impembelelo yawo apha. igama lakhe, "Martell" yena bayifumana ngenxa uloyiso e Poitiers. Eguqulelwe lithetha "lebhere".

Usindiso kubalulekile nje amabhongo yakhe. Ixesha lubonise ukuba emva kokoyiswa amaSilamsi engasekho wazama ukuba angene ngakumbi eYurophu. Bema eSpeyin, apho walawula de ngenkulungwane XV. Iimpumelelo amaKristu - kusekho imiphumo Ushintsho Karla Martella.

umkhosi Strong, abeyiqwebile, ayikwazanga kuvela ngokusekelwe umyalelo omdala eyayikhona phantsi Merovingian. Inguqu kwezemihlaba Karla Martella wanika ilizwe amajoni ezintsha ekwaziyo. Impumelelo omzalayo.

Ukufa value

Ushintsho Karla Martella waya xa wafa kunyaka 741. Yena ke wangcwatywa Paris yi endaweni yokuphumla yomnye ibandla Abbey ka-Saint-Denis. Usodolophu ibhotwe abemkileyo oonyana eziliqela kunye namandla ngempumelelo. nkqubo izilumko zakhe impi oyimpumelelo yanika Franks baziva bekhuselekile engqongwe ezahlukeneyo kubamelwane. Emva kwamashumi ambalwa iinguqu yayo japan kakhulu ephawuleka, xa ngenzala yakhe - Karl Veliky - umlawuli ngokwakhe kunyaka 800, ngokuhlanganisa inxalenye enkulu Western Europe. Kule ke yancedwa ezintsha Martel, kuquka udidi feudal kakhulu, abanomdla kukomeleza igunya engundoqo.