Sobulumko umbhali Dokinz Richard: biography kunye nemisebenzi

On network kwesibhakabhaka wasebenzisa meme "izazinzulu British". Egameni labo, epapashwe amanani kwinani eChina abakwaziyo ukufumana ngentetho impumlo, okanye iziphumo zophando yempembelelo uSaturn phezu acuity zokubonwayo cockatoo Australian. igama lombhali kwegama elithi "meme" - Dawkins. Richard - eziphilayo sabiza baseBritani yendaleko, sobulumko, umbhali, a popularizer adumileyo isayensi nonqulo. Lukamongameli uhlobo efanayo kuluntu wezifundo ngokufanelekileyo imibuzo.

Esakhula

Wazalwa ngoMatshi 26, 1941 e Nairobi, Kenya, waza wakhulela Nyasaland - izinto British eMzantsi Afrika. Ukhumbula ukuba ngezilwanyana lokuqala Botany, waba nomdla nto ngaphezu nezinye izifundo zesayensi. sebhayoloji engahlawulwayo eyayingamonwabisanga uyise - igosa bobukoloniyali Klinton Dzhon Dawkins. URichard kunye nodade wabo omncinane waba nomdla kakhulu ngeenkwenkwezi isixhobo jikelele okusingqongileyo yabantu. boy benelungelo usindwa ukuntsonkotha iphela, yaye ingcaciso elide kangaka injongo yakhe uMdali phambi evuna naye, kuba Dawkins usapho Zinjalo eNgilani.

Imfundo Dawkins kwafuneka ukuba eNgilani, apho bafudukela ngo-1949. Ngesindululo uyise, wangena iklasi yezinto eziphilayo kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi, kunye njongo Oxford. Oku kulapho ngokwenene waba nomdla inzululwazi wendalo. Utitshala wakhe eziphilayo sabiza kunye Nobel Prize Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907-1988). Phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe, omnye umfundi owaphumelela uRichard Dawkins yangena benza inzululwazi zokuziphatha izilwanyana - ethology, nto leyo eye waphumelela ephawulekayo. Ingakumbi wayengomnye wabantu bokuqala ukusebenzisa ikhompyutha, wada kakuhle le izakhono kweenkqubo.

gap inkolo

A Intshayelelo eneenkcukacha ukuba imfundiso yokuzivelela iye isehlakalo ebalulekileyo kubomi zezenzululwazi. Kuyo wafumana impendulo umbuzo malunga ezibangela engqongileyo iyantlukwano indalo, imvelaphi ihlabathi kwezilwanyana nabantu, kwaye uqhagamshelwano bakhe abasondeleyo. Njengoko wabhala kamva Richard Dokinz, incwadi enkulu zikaDarwin wambetha njengento ebalulekileyo iphelele kunye efanayo, ngaphezu kwezo zinto zenziwa abaxhasi ngolwalathiso lobuthixo.

De kube ngoku, ukholelwa ixabiso elikhulu owned uhlelo lokuqala "The Origin of Species Esebenzisa Natural Ukhetho" UCharles Darwin ngemibhalo yombhali. Le wenguquko olukhulu zenzululwazi zendalo, Uloqonda omnye ebomini bakhe kunye namaqhawe yenzululwazi kulwa abachasi imfundiso yokuzivelela wenze eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimfundo yabo. URichard Dawkins, ogama ncwadi kwavusa wasabela zobundlobongela ukusuka kwindalo, ukususela ebutsheni wakhe waba kubukho akholwa campaigner ze kuluntu namhlanje.

ekuqaleni elikhulu

Le ncwadi yokuqala, leyo nangoko iimfundiso aziwayo phakathi iingcali kunye noluntu ngokubanzi yapapashwa ngo-1976 "yokuzingca Gene". Richard Dawkins wavakalisa kolu phando ukusebenza izimvo Darwin yendaleko. Ifezekisa kuphuhlisa impumelelo zabo kwiindawo ezininzi phambili eziphilayo - zofuzo ethology. Igama, nto leyo isuntswana inkanuko, umbhali kubandakanywa agxininise indima isakhi njengoko into ephambili yendaleko, kungekhona abantu okanye abemi yonke. Ngokupheleleyo umbono omtsha kukuba ephilayo yinqwelo ukuba izakhi efuna ukugcina ngokwabo ezizukulwaneni ezintsha kuphela.

Ithatha kwemvelo ngakumbi, ngaphezu imizila yemfuza. Apha yokuba isakhi elingana yokuziphatha kwe uthe meme. Incwadi ethi "The abazingcayo Gene" Richard Dokinz kuye kwatsala ingqalelo izazinzulu kwiingxaki yendaleko yenkcubeko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zasendle. Le yinto kwesayensi entsha - memetics - ke ecetywayo ukuqwalasela didi zezilwanyana ezingezo-net okanye Botany. Kusenokuba iingcamango, ubugcisa, iindlela ezintsha fashion nenkcubeko. Umzekelo kule ncwadi, izisusa zokuvuma isuka kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana ezinye iintlobo yimilonji.

Uphuhliso izimvo incwadi entsha

Ixesha iye yaqinisekisa ukubaluleka incwadi yokuqala Dawkins. Iimbono thaca iprozi ezintle, ecacileyo ndakhangela kakhulu, nangona yabangela iingxabano zikrakra, maxa wambi ezopolitiko. Dawkins atshintshelwe kwelona kukuzingca umlweli bemkhanyela ixabiso nayiphi na imibutho yasekuhlaleni. Wazama ukuchaza isikhundla sakhe iinkcukacha ngakumbi umsebenzi wakhe "Le Phenotype esandisiweyo" (1982), ababethwala nzululwazi.

Lo mbono basic yaba: ezinye iimpawu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yaye ngokuxhomekeke kutshintsho yokuzivelela ungabi imida ecacileyo, coinciding kunye eziphilayo iqokobhe engaphandle. Isebenza ukuba yonke into enxulumene nobomi. Ngoko ke, kunokuba beaver amadama zabo, echaphazela ummandla weehektare eziliqela kwindawo, izithuthi isithuba, eyenziwe ngumntu, awele imida Galaxy yethu.

Lo ngumzabalazo wenkululeko lenzululwazi

Emva phaya gqira Dawkins wabonisa umsebenzi yoluntu, abathatha inxaxheba izenzo anti-imfazwe. Kule yee-, wavakalelwa isoyikiso inkululeko kwabo oososayensi yokuzivelela nasekunqandeni ukufikelela isizukulwana esitsha yolwazi progressive lwenzululwazi. Nkolelo baye bafumana inkxaso karhulumente, kwaye ukufundiswa kwethiyori zikaDarwin iye yadibana imiqobo kakhulu kumazwe amaninzi "bakhanyiselwa". "ZikaDarwin Rottweiler" - isiteketiso efunyenweyo ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe uRichard Dawkins. "I Blind weewotshi" - ekuthiwa-ncwadi kunye uguqulelo yayo TV, yakhululwa ngowe-1987. Bavakalisa isimo sengqondo sisazinzulu ukuze abaxhasi Design Okrelekrele.

Kubagxeki kwemvelo bathi ukuntsonkotha indalo kuchazwe kuphela umsebenzi uMdali, yaye imvelaphi yomntu ngokusebenzisa inguqu okuthe eziphilayo eyayingekaphuhli hlobo akunakwenzeka ukuvela mechanism olunzima kuyilo ngabom. Dawkins njalo ngelithi ukuba kuphela ukhetho yendalo kungakhokelela ukuvela eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo kunye ngokweempawu ezizodwa.

URichard Dawkins 'I Blind weewotshi, "nto leyo eye baphawuleka amabhaso eliqela amabhaso, waye owaziwa yokuba akukho Thixo ukuba nenkani. Le ncwadi elandelayo, enikelwe nemiba yentsebenziswano phakathi kwenkolo kunye noluntu, baba kakhulu zithengwe kwaye ibangele intiyo ezikwekwayo ngaye amalungu iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo kunye namahlelo.

Kwikhusi kunye neencwadi

Dawkins ngokukhawuleza kakhulu waba eendaba uphawu wabonakala eNgilani, eYurophu nase-United States. Lakhe erudition, izakhono unobalisa kunye polemicist yamenza undwendwe wamkelekile yemfundo kunye nomabonakude emfundo. A uthotho lwezifundo zikamabonakude abantwana nabo bakwishumi elivisayo kwi BBB-4 channel, apho kubhaliweyo encwadini "Ukunyuka i Peak Izidalwa" (1996), kuhlala kusebenza namhlanje. Kuyo uthetha malunga ngemvelaphi yobomi, imfundiso yokuzivelela indima Darwin kuphuhliso bezenzululwazi, amatyala "UThixo hypothesis".

iincwadi yakhe kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uphikise. Izazi abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo bayavuma ukuba kwiindawo ezininzi ngenzululwazi, nozimanya ngokupheleleyo kunye iinzululwazi zendalo, enye izazinzulu anempembelelo ixesha lethu - URichard Dawkins. "Tale I izinyanya kaThixo" (2004), "Le Bonisa Sikhulu Emhlabeni" (2009), "The Magic of Sinjalo" (2011) - kuphela lokugqibela kwexesha emsebenzini. Bathi Ukudaleka zasendle ibonakala umdla magnificent inkqubo nokunconywa leyo Dawkins udlula kunye nobuchule okumangalisayo.

"Mna - sisazinzulu, kungekhona-sobulumko"

Phatha yonke into ngokunzulu kwaye ukhangele ubungqina ngaphandle ngokuthembela veru- wabiza uRichard Dawkins. "UThixo ulahlekiso" (2006) - incwadi leyo evakalisa le umnxeba ngokucacileyo kakhulu. Linemali ezinye iingxoxo ezininzi kwindalo, nxamnye ekubonakalisweni ezingalunganga fundamentalism zonqulo:

• indima isithembiso unqulo, ixabiso layo lemfundo elalivunyiwe nkqu ngabanye kubukho bukaThixo, yaye underestimation le bikho Dawkins. Kwaye waqiqa ukuba umntu onwabe, abavakalelwa nabaziphatha ngayo ngokupheleleyo yabantu ngaphandle ukuzithoba amandla aphezulu.
• kwemvelo kwaye zisekelwe phezu kwaso ngokupheleleyo imfundiso ngakumbi ngokuchanileyo ukuchaza ihlabathi. Amvumela ukuba ingakumbi babubone ubuhle kunye neyantlukwano bayo, akayi kuvela ngokuthanda enye, kwaye ngethuba yinkqubo ecothayo umdla.
• Awukwazi Wayitsala indlela yokucinga yokuziphatha neemfundiso zabantu, kuphela ngokusekelwe kwindawo wokuzalwa kunye nokusingqongileyo, apho bayavuswa. Ingcamango umntwana yomntwana-Muslim okanye kumProtestanti ayikwazi ngqiqweni, kwakunye umntwana okanye umntwana-Nietzschean abangabaxhasi bakaMarx.
• iimfundiso zenkolo - umthombo intransigence kunye ndlongo, ingakumbi yingozi namhlanje. Kunokuba imifanekiso kuzo iminyinyiva esifakiweyo kunye nokunyenyiswa linjalo kunye yempambano.

Inkxalabo ikamva le planethi

Iincwadi kunye neenkqubo zabantwana - yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemfundo. okwangoku yi uRichard Dawkins. "UThixo ulahlekiso" - incwadi kunye movie kamabonwakude, ingakumbi zokwalatha ngengqiqo Wezazinzulu, ziyahlelwa ngekamva inzululwazi umhlaba uphela. Urhulumente kwinkulungwane xxi, ixhasa ngokuphandle ukuvulwa kwezikolo abangamaKristu bamaSilamsi iiyunivesithi, kunye neenkqubo uqeqesho yonke into enxulumene ne imfundiso zikaDarwin ngemvelaphi yobomi isusiwe.

Ukungabikho umkhwa ukucinga ngokukhululekileyo, ngaphandle impembelelo lesithathu, ukholo oyimfama enyanisweni, omashini abenziwe umntu kwaye xa into - yiloo nto le sisazinzulu ubona ingozi ngenxa ngamnye asakhasayo. Ukuzimela nenkululeko, ukuzimela ekuvuleni incopho entsha, ukukwazi ukubona imbonakalo Umhlaba ibe nempumelelo ezinqabileyo, ukusukela umbono elivuyisayo lobomi - kubalulekile ukuba umntwana kufuneka uthathe kunye nalo.

ipropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda

Igama lakhe iplanethi minor, ke, ilitye, ababalwayo 8331 kwisithuba enzulu sodidi angenawo ukusuka zeCARP iliwa ezihlala eMzantsi India kunye Sri Lanka. Nguye oyiphumeleleyo makhulu lamabhaso ezidumileyo kunye amabhaso. iincwadi eziphezulu - Ithemba, Time, I-Daily Telegraph enze igama lakhe kwizintlu yawona abadumileyo ixesha lethu.

Umntu e-mail lizele iileta ngezithuko ezingcolileyo kunye izoyikiso izohlwayo anomngcipheko langoku kokufa - kuba nalo uRichard Dawkins. "Unqulo ubhubhisa yonke" "Iintshaba engqiqo", - bakholelwa engqondweni eziphezulu ukuba ukulungele ukuxolela kwakhe, amagama iimpapasho.

Abhale iincwadi, wenza iifilim, yena obekade bhanyabhanya kunye neekhathuni, kwaye uthathe inxaxheba kwimiboniso kunye Ikonsathi rock. Uhlala ngokuthobela ngokupheleleyo ibinzana kunye posters zisindwe kwi iibhasi London kwi-sikhokelo phulo kwenziwa inxaxheba Dawkins: "Ngokuqinisekileyo, akukho Thixo. Kwanele kuyakhathaza banandiphe ubomi bakho. "