Intlekele esabangela "Columbia" February 1, 2003: izinto, crew

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba uhambo isithuba ezinxulumene emngciphekweni omkhulu ebomini. Plus ubungqina oko kwisiphekepheke xikepe "Columbia". Kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iziganeko ezifanayo, esi siganeko kabuhlungu kungenxa Iintetha ingakumbi abaninzi twisisaka. Makhe nangoku sijonge kwenzeka njani isiphekepheke "Columbia" ingozi.

Imbali isiphekepheke "Columbia"

Phambi kokuba ukhanyise ukubhabha yokugqibela isiphekepheke "Columbia", makhe sijonge imbali yayo. Oku kuza kusivumela ukuba afunde banzi ngale ndlela bokuqonda ntlekele.
Kwisiphekepheke ngebhegi isiphekepheke "Columbia" waqala ukwakha njengenxalenye yenkqubo NASA ngo-1975. Lo msebenzi athunywa ngo-1979.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba "Columbia" yaba inkqubo iziphekepheke Space Shuttle kuqala. Le program ilungiselelwe uhambo isithuba ukuba usebenzise indlela entsha yothutho - ezi shuttles space, imilo leyo kusikhumbuza kakhulu ubume moya. Mu kuya kwa nshita isiphekepheke ngaphambili kwisizukulwana shuttles enze namnye, kodwa ixesha elininzi yokuhamba isithuba. Ngaphambi koku, izazinzulu NASA vo sungula iingcinga kwiklasi efanayo kwinkqubo "Enterprise" esabhabha kwimida ojikeleze umhlaba.

Ibizwa ngokuba esabangela "Columbia 'imbeko emkhombeni, nto leyo kwinkulungwane XVIII kade, ayihlola kunxweme British Columbia.

Qala kwisiphekepheke kwenzeka ngo-1981. Loo moya wokuqala, awayenzayo isiphekepheke yaseMelika emi-6 edluleyo. sele yabelwe I-NASA inombolo yekhowudi yokuhlela yena titsh-1.

Ngalunye elandelayo ngaphakathi kwinkqubo Space Shuttle unikwe inani elilandelayo. Lo moya yokugqibela isiphekepheke "Columbia" ngo-2003, i-th 28 emgceni, waba inani lezibuko ukubala NASA titsh-107.

Uyilo kwisiphekepheke "Columbia"

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kwisiphekepheke "Columbia" Noko ke, njengazo zonke iinqanawa isithuba hlobo, moya waba ifomu.

"Columbia" yayahlukile kwisiphekepheke wenza kamva, ubunzima nzima kwaye yokusilela module befikile. Ngoko ke, lo isixhobo selaybri asifumanekanga onamathele nokuba i "Mir" isitishi okanye Station Space International.

Ubaleko kwisiphekepheke yenziwa ngumntu kwizomelezi rocket esiqinileyo. Ngaphandle iziphekepheke kanye kunye dvuhraketnogo namafutha ifakiwe kuyilo itanki yezibaso ngokomthamo kakhulu ezele ioksijini ulwelo hydrogen. Irula booster ngokwahlukana lwenzeka kwi ezinobude 45 km kunye itanki yezibaso - kwintaba ephakame km 113.

Orbital irula moya abe ubude kancinane ngaphezulu kwe-37 m, namaphiko - malunga ne-24 m, ubunzima ngaphandle payload - iitoni 68.5.

Mission titsh-107

Titsh-107 yaba mkhankaso 2003, ukubhabha 113 ka Space Shuttle njengenxalenye yenkqubo space US kunye ukubhabha 28 isiphekepheke "Columbia".

Injongo yale saba mkhankaso ukuqwalaselwa Umhlaba ezahlukeneyo kunye imifuniselo microgravity (Ubude Extended Orbiter kunye Freestar). Shuttle "Columbia" (2003) waye imodyuli uphando "SPACEHAB» (SPACEHAB), nto leyo umthwalo owongezelelweyo. Lo mnqongo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ku-flight esithubeni, oosomajukujuku ukuba nako ukwenza izifundo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

crew

Ngoku makhe sibone ukuba yintoni eyenza abasebenzi titsh-107. Kwakugcwele amalungu asixhenxe: Amadoda amahlanu kunye nabafazi ababini. Ezintandathu izisebenzi baba US abemi, omnye emele uSirayeli.

usomajukujuku American uRichard myeni alimwi aba belungu bayehluthe kubo. Kwi ixesha moya wayeneminyaka engama-45 ubudala. Indoda yaba moya yesibini. uhambo lwakhe lokuqala emajukujukwini kwenzeka ngo-1999 njengenxalenye ye titsh-96 mission kwi kwisiphekepheke "Discovery".

compatriot wakhe, sorokaodnoletny Uilyam Makkul, waba co-elilingwayo. Uye waba amava elide yenkonzo kwi US Navy. McCool waye inxaxheba mncinane eneminyaka yokubhabha.

usomajukujuku American Devid Braun yaba specialist ebufundisini. usomajukujuku nyaka-46 ubudala yaba omdala kubakhaya bakhe inxaxheba moya. David Brown waba iqondo zonyango, yaye waba ngugqirha. Njengoko ne usomajukujuku yangaphambili uDavide yaba moya wokuqala emajukujukwini.

Ezingamashumi amane anesibini American Indian-wazalwa Kalpana Chawla sele waba phezu kwamagxa abo amava okubhabha emajukujukwini. Yena inxaxheba kule titsh-87 hambo ngo-1997, ngomhla kwisiphekepheke efanayo "Columbia", apho wayeza kufa ngo-2003. Hi ndlela leyi, inxalenye yokuqala kwi hambo olufanayo cosmonaut Ukrainian Z Kadeniuk. Ngenxa yoko, Chawla waba libhinqa lokuqala imvelaphi Indian (nangona ngummi India), nto leyo yenze vaakelani va. Le hambo titsh-107 flight injineli indawo waba.

Kuba sorokatrehletnego American Michael Filippa Andersona Kwakhona kwaba vaakelani va yesibini. Wathabatha inxaxheba kwiphulo titsh-89 ngo-1998 phezu isithuba isiphekepheke "Endeavour" kunye Russian Salizhan Sharipov. Anderson wafumana isidanga zobunjineli yaba US Air Force pilot, ekuphumeni ukuya kutsho kwisikhundla sombutho. Le titsh-107 uhambo, yena umthetheli-payload, oko kukuthi onoxanduva lokwenza uphando.

Lorel Klark waba wesibini abafazi ababini athatha inxaxheba mission titsh-107. Yaba the American Civil, wayeneminyaka engama-40 ubudala. Waye gqirha ngu uqeqesho, kodwa akazange inxaxheba kwimisebenzi isithuba. Hambo uzalisekise izibophelelo abantu abaziingcali zezilwanyana.

ummi Israeli Ilan uRamon waye sabamema ngokukodwa specialist angaphandle NASA. Kwi ixesha moya wayeneminyaka engama-48 ubudala, oko kukuthi, waba lilungu abaphezulu be aba belungu bayehluthe kubo. URamon liyincutshe zemfundo zobunjineli elektroniki kunye nekhompyutha, kwaye selinge Air Force yakwaSirayeli. Kwakuyinto eyokuqala nomnqophiso wakhe isithuba, apho uzuzele imeko payload, oko kukuthi, kunye Michael Anderson iye inxaxheba kuphando. Ukongeza, enkosi lo moya ka Ilan uRamon yaba usomajukujuku lokuqala yakwaSirayeli.

amalungu ezininzi nqanawa abantwana.

ekuqaleni

Titsh-107 umkhankaso wenza isiqalo isithuba January 16, 2003 ukusuka Kennedy Centre Space e Cape Canaveral, ibekwe kwi US of Florida. Inani yokuqalisa pad - 39-A.

Xa uthatha angabikho kwisiphekepheke banduluka iqhekeza kusalekwa ubushushu-zokwambathisa ezikhoyo. Wagwaza iithayile ukhuselo ubushushu phezu iphiko ekhohlo yeqokobhe 'Colombia'. Kodwa iingcali NASA Musa ndayicingisisa le nto kukho ingozi ezinzulu ngandlel 'ukutshintsha isicwangciso moya okanye ukubeka ubomi amalungu enqanaweni emngciphekweni. Kodwa kamva, esi siganeko wabonwa njengomnye kweenguqulelo ze oonobangela ntlekele.

flight

Njengenxalenye abasebenza moya xa iyonke ukumelana nayo yonke imisebenzi, kuquka amalinge ngaphezu kwama-80 zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo. Hambo lwathatha iintsuku 15 kunye neeyure 22. Eli ligama umgangatho iinqanawa iklasi kwisiphekepheke yokubhabha. Ngeli xesha, "Columbia" wenze 255 neziphithiphithi ehlabathini Umhlaba ubude elipheleleyo km-1.6 yezigidi. Lo moya kwenzeka ejikeleza uMhlaba kwintaba ephakame km 307.

February 1, 2003, emva kokwenza yonke imisebenzi ngexesha ezicwangcisiweyo, kwisiphekepheke waqalisa indiza inkqubo.

intlekele

Le ntlekele isiphekepheke "Columbia" Njani?

Ngo-8 imizuzu kwiiyure 10, Eastern Ixesha Central ulawulo moya (DRM) uvumela iqela isiphekepheke "Columbia" uqhubeke uye encotsheni nkqubo baxhomekeka lokuhlala. imizuzu emihlanu kamva injini inkqubo eqondisa Orbital, ekufuneka ukuba libonelele adubule sungula. Emva esinye isiqingatha seyure "DC" na koMhlaba.

Xa 8:48 womenzi woluvo iphiko lasekhohlo ithi ukwanda yokusebenza olungaqhelekanga thermal kwezi isebenza khona. Kodwa data ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu, azizange zidluliselwe kwi-MCC okanye ukubonisa kwi-kwibhodi kwikhompyutha. Lo mthombo kuphela uyazi ngoku kuso malunga ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu i "ibhokisi elimnyama."

E 8:53 yi kwisiphekepheke aqale iwe kwitekisi. Kwaye nje abenzi yemizuzu PCOS babonisa utshintsho ezingaqhelekanga parameters. Ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha apha "Columbia" ababebukele ikuqaphele ukukhanya.

Xa 8:58 wenqanawa yawa iithayile usambathisa thermal. At 8:59 kunqunyulwa iseshoni yokugqibela kunye nomphathi kwisiphekepheke. At 9:00 "Columbia" esibhakabhakeni uyachitheka. At 09:05 Kwenzeke ukuwa nobutyobo esabangela ukuba umhlaba kummandla US isimo eTexas.

Nalu uluhlu enjalo elifutshane iziganeko leyo uphelela kwisiphekepheke xikepe "Columbia". Kule ntlekele, akukho namnye amalungu enqanaweni wayengenalo ithuba lokusinda.

emva kwentlekele,

Emva kokuba ngozi, xa ngokubanzi ukuba kuyenzeka ukuvavanya ubungakanani wesiganeko, February 1, 2003 at 11:00 am onke iiflegi zaye bewuhlisele kungena Centre Space. iiyure Emva ezimbini ezinesiqingatha walandelwa isibhengezo esemthethweni yale ngozi. isiphekepheke "Columbia" ntlekele wakhonza njengesizathu ngokufuna US UMongameli George W. Bush ukuya nesizwe 13:05 loo mini. Uvakalise amazwi ovelwano kwiintsapho amaxhoba, kwaye kuhlawulwa irhafu ukuya ubuqhawe amalungu enqanaweni.

Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba ungqubano baqalisa ukufuna ukuba izidumbu enqanaweni. Ngokusemthethweni, abantu abangaphezu kwama-500 bathatha inxaxheba kuzo. Ukufunwa wawunzima kukuba yinxalenye kwisiphekepheke asasazwa kwindawo enkulu kangangoko, nesigubungelo United of eTexas, Louisiana, California, Arizona kwafunyanwa Kukho malunga 12,000 iziqwenga. Ngokukodwa, kwafunyaniswa isixhobo othatha indawo bhokisi elimnyama.

Amanxiwa imizimba abasebenzi zifunyenweyo.

Uphando ngoonobangela kunye nezigqibo

Ekuqaleni ingqalelo izinto ezininzi sokonakala; kodwa ke kungenzeka ngenxa yesifo wogrogriso nangoko kwaba njalo, kuba Nngokobuchwepheshe kwaba nzima ukwenza. Nangona ngaxa lithile kwi Internet nkqu uguqulelo yasasazwa, loo ngozi isiphekepheke kwenzeke ngokumandla ngenxa yokwaziswa lwegciwane yekhompyutha kwinkqubo kwishatile. Kodwa olu guqulelo akuthethi ukugcina amanzi.

Ekuhambeni uphando uphando wala iinguqulelo ezintathu, ngaphambili ziqukwe core. On omnye wabo, ekuweni kwabangelwa "ukuguga" ukwakhiwa kwisiphekepheke. Ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo, unobangela le ngozi eweni kakhulu kwaye elibukhali-entry kwishatile. Ngomhla wesithathu - le ntlekele yenzeke ngenxa yokusilela kwenkqubo unyathela. Kodwa ke, njengoko kutshiwo apha ngasentla, kunye kwexesha ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, ezi nokucingela bala.

Kwakukho iinguqulelo ezimbini eziphambili. Kolunye kuzo ngozi yenzeke ngenxa umonakalo ukutyabeka yokugquma thermal, nto leyo eyenzeka ngakumbi ekuqaleni kwisiphekepheke. Ngokutsho termopokrytiya yesibini umonakalo kwenzeke kwisithuba ngenxa zimpahla ekungqulekeni.

Xa imveliso yokugqibela, apho wayifunda ku-Agasti 2003, ukwenzela ukuba ngozi yenzeke ngenxa yokusilela iphiko lasekhohlo kwisiphekepheke kunye neegesi eyangena kwisisu yayo ngenxa umonakalo yokwambathisa ebomvu-eshushu.

imiphumela

Iziphumo ezingundoqo ntlekele yaba ugxininiso olukhulu kukhuseleko kubasebenzi ikhupha NASA iziphekepheke kunye amaqela phezu kwabo. Le thesis iye ngokukhethekileyo ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha ekupheleni kuka-2008 kwingxelo ekhethekileyo NASA.

Intlekele esabangela "Columbia" isiphekepheke intlekele "Challenger" ngo-1986, kwakunye iingxaki ezininzi ngexesha moya olandelayo kwanyanzeleka NASA ngo-2011 ukuya ukunqamla inkqubo Space Shuttle.

memory

Nangona kunjalo, lo memory of the amaqhawe oosomajukujuku, abo amalungu crew kwisiphekepheke, ubudlela unanamhla.

Enye rock Swiss ngo-2005 ikhuphe ingoma leyo sanikezelwa kwesi sihelegu. Kwaye kule minyaka mibini phambi qela ethandwayo band British Deep Purple abhalwe ingoma-ukuzinikela, sabelwa ababekelwe bafelweyo iintsapho oosomajukujuku.

Kwakhona imbeko kwisiphekepheke ukuba igama elinye anamandla, asetyenziswe NASA - Columbia. Enye zeNtaba Kit Carson eColorado Columbia Point igama.

ufelwe intsingiselo

Intlekele esabangela "Columbia" ngelo xesha elinye zesiganeko ebalulekileyo kuluntu American. Ebonisa lo unreliability ye-flight isiphekepheke kunye nenkqubo yonke, ngelo xesha esetyenziswa yi NASA.

Oku le ntlekele yaba esinye sezizathu ngenxa apho kwaphakama umbuzo malunga yokuvalwa kwenkqubo Space Shuttle.