Ukubunjwa, Indaba
Andrew Bogolyubskii: abonakale zembali. Prince Andrew Bogolyubskii: xa kulawula, biography elifutshane
Ukuba sithethe ngayo kwimbali yelizwe lethu, ngoko awunazo nosaziwayo. On abanye abantu ezaziwayo phantse wonke umntu, kodwa ukuba umntu asazi lutho. Yintoni kubenza kukuba ubomi babo baba nefuthe elikhulu kuphuhliso Russia. Enye yezi manani ngu Andrew Bogolyubskii. abonakale Historical ithi ukuba i ubuntu obalaseleyo.
isishwankathelo
Kutheni le nto kubalulekile ukuba imbali yeli lizwe lethu elizayo Prince Andrew Bogolyubskii? abonakale Historical ithi ukuba lezopolitiko ngokomoya mntu enkulu kule minyaka 1160-1170, ekubeni kaloku into negalelo kuphela ekudalweni enamandla Vladimir-Suzdal ubulawuli (kwisiza owayesakuba Rostov nempahla kayisemkhulu, uVladimir Monomakh), kodwa kwakhona wajika isixeko Vladimir-on -Klyazme embindini ubomi kwezopolitiko nangokomoya Russia. Ngenxa yoko, Wazijoka kule "post" Kiev.
Imisebenzi benganga eya umbusi kwitrone Vladimir
Into yokuba akazange wahlala ngayo Andrew Bogolyubskii (biography emfutshane enikwe kweli nqaku) de 1146, thina asazi ngokupheleleyo nto. Kodwa kukho iingxelo enokuthenjwa emva 1130 watshata intombi imfumba ozalwa. Le yokugqibela wazibalula embalini ngokuba umnini zorhwebo ezweni elibanzi esemacaleni koMlambo eMoscow.
Uyise, uYuri Dolgoruky, wayesoloko efuna ukuba ungukumkani etroneni Kiev. Kwaye ibhaxa elula kungekudala thaca. Ngowe-1146 Kiev wamenywa ukuba ngukumkani Izyaslav Mstislavovitch eza Dolgoruky umtshana. Yaqala kwidabi esiyinjubaqa, bungwanyalala, elo akuzi kuphela zonke zezepolitiki eRashiya, kodwa imiqobo kunye Cumans, akazange aphoswe ithuba imali kwi ingxokozelo olandelayo.
KaYuri wakwazi kabini ukuze bawuthimbe loo mzi, kodwa kabili ithuba ukugxothwa apho. Kuphela 1155, xa Izyaslav wafa (mhlawumbi ngo-1154), wakwazi ukuba ekugqibeleni zibuse eKiev. ulonwabo lwakhe akuzange kube kudala kakhulu, imisebenzi benganga wadlula shwaka ngo-1157. Andrei kuwo lo mzabalazo nyaka esibhozo-liye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wabonisa isibindi nanto. iziphiwo zakhe zomkhosi nengqondo yohlalutyo ngaphezu benifudula inkonzo elungileyo kuyise.
okokuqala kwi imeko yezopolitiko
Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala namathole Prince Andrew Bogolyubskii (biography elifutshane lizele mathuba ezinjalo) ubonisa ngokucacileyo ngokwayo apha ngentla 1146, xa sikunye Rostislav, umninawa wakhe, Prince Rostislav inkqonkqoza (Izyaslav sizana) eyinkunzi yayo. Xa Dolgoruky kwakhona ithumba Kiev, uAndreya ifumana isipho esivela kuye Vyshgorod (kufutshane eKiev).
Ukongeza, yena wahamba uyise kwiphulo lokulwa Volyn dolophu, licandelo Izyaslav. E Lutsk, owayehleli Vladimir (umntakwabo Izyaslav), ukuba phantse wabulawa kakade 1149. Prince kunjalo lasiwa intshutshiso iintshaba, nto leyo ephala kude namadoda akhe. ihashe lakhe walimala, ukususela iindonga zesixeko wamxuluba ngamatye emalunga naye, yaye ezinye druzhinnik isityhwentywe semali Vladimir sele babopha ngomkhonto Andrei.
yokugcinwa Andrew
Emva kokuba Ukungqingwa Lutsk Izyaslav waqalisa zicele uxolo. Nje ngenxa yokuba Dolgoruky waliphulaphula uluvo, unyana wakhe, kodwa yena kakhulu nyanya ingxabano engeyomfuneko, sivumelwano uxolo isayinwe.
ngonyaka nje omnye Izyaslav ukungena eKiev ngenxa yokuba bendawo ibekwe naye aphinde akwazi. Igxothwa Dolgoruky, Prince akazange afune ukuyeka apho saza sagqiba ekubeni siye ekhaya, kunye noonyana bakhe. Wagqiba ukuqala nge Rostislav, ngelo xesha walawula Pereyaslavl. Kodwa mna ndiza kumnceda noAndreya umzalwana wakhe. Bobabini ke yakwazi kwisixeko tinuous. Dolgoruky wahlala phezu komhlaba kunye, ngoncedo Prince Volodimirka, zifakwe kwakhona Kiev. Andrew wabelwa ukuziphendulela e Peresopitse nenokuthi ngempumelelo ukukhusela umda evela Volyn.
Izyaslav wathumela kuye abathunywa nemiyalelo ukubuza kuBawo isipho ezilokishini zakhe umtshana "ye Gorin." Kodwa ke eli xesha, uAndreya akakwazanga ukuthambisa uyise, ngubani nenqala kunye Izyaslav. Wambiza izizwe uncedo abantu Ugric, esebenzisa apho, kunye noncedo esebenzayo yabantu Kiev, kwakhona wakwazi ndiwuthimbe lo mzi ukuzeka kade umsindo. KaYuri Kwanyanzeleka ukuba siphumele e Gorodets-Oster, apho uAndreya wafika kamsinya.
ngokoyiswa Dolgoruky
Ngowe-1151, uYuri waya emfazweni kwakhona, apho Andrew uye wabonisa inkalipho kungekho ngaphantsi kwe kwi ekungqingweni ka Lutsk. Noko ke, bonke lilize, imikhosi Dolgoruky boyiswa. Waye egcweleyo Pereyaslavl Izyaslav, yaye ngenxa yoko kwanyanzeleka ukuba afunge ukuba umtshana wakhe ukuba arhoxise ilungelo lakhe lokufuna ibango layo Kiev, isithembisa ngenyanga ukuze aye Suzdal. Andrew, ngamasiko ayo abathanda uxolo, kwaoko waya ozithandayo Suzdal wakhe, ngokufudumeleyo ebongoza uyise ukuba bashiye imfazwe yobuyatha kunye abanyabileyo nezityhakala, ukulandela umzekelo wakhe. Special Nenkani zazenzela elinye inzame zokufumana zintshula kuloo emhlabeni Kiev, wahlala phantsi edolophini, kodwa Izyaslav kwakhona waziqhekeza waza wamsongela entolongweni, wakwazi ukufumana umalume wakhe ukuba bahambe.
sobukhosi Umsebenzi Suzdal
Ngowe-1152, Andrew inxaxheba kwiphulo kayise kwisixeko Chernihiv. Esi siganeko sasikhethekile Dolgoruky likwazile ukubeka phantsi kwebhanile wayo nje kuphela eninzi abathetheli Russian, kodwa kwemingxilo Polovtsian. Kodwa ke isixeko yadityaniswa squad nako ukuthatha njengoko Izyaslav Mstislavich weza awayihlangula le ongqingiweyo. Xa 1155, uYuri wayengekabi nako anyukela kwisihlalo sobukhosi of Kiev ekugqibeleni, wahlala phezu kobukumkani yakuloAndreya e Vyshgorod. Kodwa ke umthetheli mfana akazange nje ezo ndawo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba yena udiniwe embambanweni engaphele ndawo, ngaphandle ukuthanda uyise waya Suzdal. Emazweni webhodi Andreya Bogolyubskogo kukhokelele ukuvela ubulawuli entsha kwaye enamandla kakhulu.
wobukumkani Greater (1157-1174)
Bekhumbula iimfazwe bamagazi yatshabalalisa kurhulumente, apho wabangela uyise ekuqaleni Andrew Bogolyubskii (wolawulo - ngo 1157 for 1174) yonke imikhosi kuthunyelwa ekudalweni ubukumkani yomelele ize. Around 1161 ezigcinela a komdlalo nenani junior Yurevich, iyileyo wayefuna kulawula yedwa.
Ngenxa yoko, iphosa bonke abazalwana bakhe abancinane, umfazi Dolgoruky kunye kwabeMi zihlobo Byzantium, apho zifumana indawo yokusabela kunye nokhuselo * uKhesare Manuila I Komnina. Ukongeza, Prince wabagxotha phantse zonke izinduna kayise, nto leyo ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba isikali eningenakukholwa yiyo le nguqulelo kwenziwa ngabo.
Relations kunye nebandla
Ngeli xesha, ungquzulwano eshushu kunye ubhishophu Rostov Leon (m) th, apho umthetheli phakathi kweminyaka 1159-1164 wagxothwa kabini kuwo umzi. Isizathu sokuba loo ubutshaba prince wangumququzeleli ngendlela olungenanceba ngakumbi, ibandla, ubhishophu ngumnqweno ukungena lo mkhuba lamaByzantine. A yasekhaya Politika Andreya Bogolyubskogo akazange umnqweno bakuthembe.
Sithetha ukupheliswa ngokwesiko kwizikhundla Russian ngoLwesithathu nangoLwesihlanu, ukuba loo mini iwela ecaweni okanye iholide enkulu. Bishop nxamnye enjalo "inkululeko" akhalaza ngolunya. Imvelaphi kwimbambano kwaba kanye iBandla, akukho mfuneko ukubona kuyo ukuzama umngeni ubukhulu nobunganga boMgaqo prince of Byzantium: iingxabano ngelo xesha, lwavakala kulo lonke eRashiya, ukuba babandakanywe kuphela Andrew Bogolyubskii. Ngokufutshane ecacisa, siya kucinga ukuba ubungqongqo kwale ntswela waza wanikela imeko enzima ecaweni-yezopolitiko eRashiya ngelo xesha.
Isibakala sokuba uAndreya leyo kakhulu uzimisele ukwahlula Metropolitan of Kiev e Rostov. Inkulu wayefuna ukubeka phezu Rostov WASE ayithandayo, uBhishophu Feodortsa leyo babephikisana-nkqubo of Kiev nje kuphela, kodwa iinkokeli zecawa Rostov. Kakade ke, Andrew ungaphumeleli eConstantinople uBhishophu Luke Hrisoverga. Noko ke, yenkathalo ekhoyo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokunyanisekileyo Church Prince yanikwa imvume ngokutshintshelwa yokuhlala zikabhishophu in Vladimir.
Kodwa oku kwenziwa kuphela ngo-1169. Ngenxa ezithile ukungavisisani elibukhali Feodortsem, uAndrew Bogolyubskii uthumela ukuba eKiev, apho ubhishophu wangaphambili wabulawa kabuhlungu.
ukwakhiwa nezigodlo
Nathanda ubuhle angcwele iitempile emgceni ngoko ngokucacileyo ibonisa ukongama Orthodox phezu izithethe zobuhedeni. Andrew Bogolyubskii eningayakhanga kuphela ibandla - yakha isiseko esiluqilima Orthodox kwilizwe labo.
Ukongeza, onke negalelo kwimfundo Rostov-Suzdal. Sizizigidimi ke abaninzi amazwe njengoko owayephila wabhala: "kodwa engaboni istinnoe hristyanstvo kwaye ubhaptiza." Ngamafutshane, uAndreya nayo wevangeli abanetalente abaye negalelo shift omkhulu labantu Orthodox. Ibandla elaziwa. Ngoko ke, lo mfanekiso Andreya Bogolyubskogo yafakwa yeseti icon ngexesha.
Kodwa ke umthetheli wayengekho confessor ngenzondelelo, owayehlala bodwa evela kwimicimbi ezisentlabathini. Okokuqala, sele ekubonise ukubaluleka wokwakha iitempile kwezemfundo. Okwesibini, ukungaphumeleli ibandla ukuya kumazwe ngaphambili ezingaphuhliswanga, uAndreya negalelo ukubandakanyeka kwabo inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Isibakala sokuba Templars ziqokelelwe ngokugqibeleleyo irhafu, asithabathele wona kubo kungcono kakhulu abalawuli behlabathi. Ekugqibeleni, ababhali-mbali ngokunyanisekileyo nombulelo wenguquko.
Andrew Bogolyubskii, ngexesha ukubusa yabalasela iziganeko ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, luphunyeziwe Rostov ulawulo wayalela yemicimbi yemihla, nto leyo wamthabathela iimonki yingxenye ngombono Cathedral. Kukho kwakhona vekeleke mnyakazo ukuba inxaxheba ekudalweni Charter of St. Vladimir, leyo kule mini sisiseko amaxwebhu ezininzi zecawa.
Ukomeleza ulawulo lwe Vladimir
Musa ukucinga ukuba Andrew Bogolyubskii waba akanayo ngokupheleleyo namabhongo amandla. Ngenxa yoko, le nto ezininzi iinguqu bakhe ikamva ngokuvela Vladimir ubulawuli. Zonke luhlala imfuneko ukubheka amandla alo ka Novgorod kunye Kiev. Xa sithe isikhulu, kananjalo sezopolitiko abanetalente, wakwazi ukusombulula imiba kunye neenkosana Ryazan, kodwa bona baye bazingqina namahlakani bakhe abathembekileyo, abathatha inxaxheba onke amaphulo yamajoni ubulawuli ka Vladimir. Mazigalelwe ngempumelelo, uAndreya Bogolyubskii uqala ilungelo ukuphazamisa kwimicimbi yangaphakathi ye Novgorod ozimeleyo, befuna ukuhlonipheka kokubekwa kwakhe elikholekileyo kuphela kuye abathetheli.
Xa ngo-1160 itrone iilali Novgorod Svyatoslav Rostislavich, lowo ngokobuqu nobutshaba Vladmirskomu Prince, abemi Prince Andrew Bogolyubskii wathumela umyalezo ocacileyo: "Yiba wena uyazi: Ndifuna ukujonga Novgorod okulungileyo ukwaphulwa." Novgorod bazaliswa ngamazwi ezoyikekayo, Svyatoslav kanye bagxothwa wahlala phezu kobukumkani Mstislav lowo uzayo Andreyu Bogolyubskomu umtshana. Kodwa ngo-1161 uyise Svyatoslav ibalelane uAndreya, bavele kunye waphinda wafaka walawula Novgorod umthetheli asekuthinjweni. Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba ibhodi Andreya Bogolyubskogo kukhokelele ephikisana kunye neenkosana olusemazantsi okwenyaniso usmotrevshimi kwaso okhuphisana ngqo ukuzimela kwabo.
Ukwandiswa kwinkalo
Ekupheleni kuka-1160 izinto prince waya kude ngaphaya elizweni lakhe. Ukuba kukho isivumelwano esikhethekileyo, nto leyo delimit amanqwanqwa yempembelelo phakathi iinkosana ezahlukeneyo, kwathi gqi emva kokufa kwakhe, ukuba preponderance igunya kubomi kwezopolitiko ibonisa ukongama Vladimir ubulawuli ebudeni bolawulo Rostislav Mstislavovitch ESmolensk (umzala Andrew). Xa oku kwakhokelela abanobuchule Politika Andreya Bogolyubskogo.
March on Kiev
A umkhosi onamandla ezinamava kunye ehlotyeni wathabatha Kiev (Andrew Bogolyubskii waba isixeko ezininzi akhawunti yakho) ngo-1169, yaye 'isichotho Stolny "kwaba nobudlova cleaner. Noko ke, akukho namnye sympathized kunye nabantu of Kiev, phambi njengokuba kamsinya kubo kwakhona, ukruthakruthwano ibandla elitsha. Into yokuba i-Metropolitan Constantine II lakuphelisa inkonzo Kiev-Pechora umphathi UPolycarp, owaxhasa Andrews ekhumbulekayo "unogada" ingxabano. Emva kokoyiswa Kiev etroneni yakhe umntakwabo omncinane Andrew Gleb Yurievich. Ngelo xesha, wawukhomba ngokucacileyo into yokuba Kiev uye waba njengongaphantsi umzi. Ngoko ke, lo mgaqo-nkqubo Bogolyubsky wazala iziqhamo.
umkhankaso Novgorod
Ebusika 1169-1170, yenziwa iphulo lokulwa Novgorod. Kwakunxibelelene ekudibaneni kwe komdla oozilawuli ezimbini Dvina, ngelo xesha kakhulu koloniyalizim ukwanda. Kweli dabi Suzdal-Vladimir umkhosi woyiswa. Kukho banentsomi yokuba Novgorod wakwazi ukuyikhusela kuphela ukuba bathethe ngokungummangaliso ungowokubongwa Virgin uMariya yi icon "Ngena". Imbeko lo icon siganeko lwalupayintiwe "Idabi of Novgorod kunye Suzdal."
Noko ke, Novgorod ayikho kuluncedo kakhulu. emva konyaka omnye, kunyaka ebusika 1171-1172, kwanyanzeleka ukuba baqaphele amandla Prince Vladimir. Kwakunxibelelene nesibakala sokuba abantu bakhe nje sinamafu unikezelo yengqolowa ukusuka ezantsi. Ngo-1172 kule itrone Novgorod bakukhutshelwa uYuri, nyana ka-Andrew. Kungekudala walibona amandla Rostislavichi, waqukumbela Bogolyubsky ubuhlobo emkhosini. Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha kwamanye amazwe Politika Andreya Bogolyubskogo iye efana kakhulu yokuziphatha kayise, Yuriya Dolgorukogo.
Intlekele eyehlele i-Bhodi
Ngelo xesha, ummandla Vladimir-Suzdal ubulawuli iye yandiswa kakhulu ukusuka empumalanga ngeendleko zamazwe ka iVolga Bulgaria (emva kungekabekwa Gorodets-Radilov). Ukongeza koku, ukwanda ngenxa yokuba ukulawula nemimandla wasentla. Ngaloo ndlela, kungenzeka ukuba zifake Zavolochye (Dvina).
nkqubo yezentlalo
Ababhali-mbali bathi kuye kwakhokelela kule imeko umsebenzi ngokwayo Andreya Bogolyubskogo. uxinzelelo amajoni karhulumente abasisigxina kwakhokelela ekubeni ulwalamano inkosana kunye yezikhulu yacaphuka. Kwaye kumayelana kuphela izinduna ka Rostov, kodwa ke abantu abathembekileyo yenkulu Vladimir, awamvusayo kwiklasi serviceman. Kungekudala Zidilikile neentlobano zokwazana Rostislavovich. UAndreya ukulahlwa echaza ukuba umzalwana wakhe Gleb ityhefu, wabiza amagama ezinye izinduna Kiev, abathatha inxaxheba kulo. Prince Rostislav efunekayo ukukhupha ethile kwi yokulahlwa zabantu.
Kodwa bafumana ukuba isityholo akukho zizathu ezaneleyo kwaye ngoko uwuphikisile umyalelo. Angry, Prince Andrew Bogolyubskii wayalela ukuba lirhoxe imizi apho balawulwa kukuthanda kwakhe. Prince Roman wathobela, kodwa abanye abalawuli bekhubeka. Bathumela umyalezo uAndreya, leyo balatha ngqo isimo sakhe ezilungileyo kuwo, kodwa walumkisa ukuba kwakuza kufuneka aye uNkosana Vladimir imfazwe, ukuba uthe waqinisela ukubanyanzela ukuba bayithobele.
Kwakungekho impendulo. Ke Rostislavichi wayithimba eKiev, bagxothwa umzalwana apho Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod, waza wahlala phezu ebukumkanini umzalwana wakhe Rurik. Omnye umzalwana, uAndreya, uMikayeli, ngubani bayingqinga e Torchesk ke, wenza nabo isivumelwano union, kodwa kwangaxeshanye babefuna, ukuba phantsi ingalo yakhe yabangela Pereyaslavl.
Ukufunda ezi ziganeko, abazalwana bathumela Bogolyubskii Rostislavich unozakuzaku, ngubani waphinda wabanika imiyalelo yakhe ashiye isixeko phantsi kolawulo lwabo, uhambe 'emva ekhaya kuye. " Emva akukho lucky Mstislav, amazibulo labathetheli, akazange baqhele ukuba zinkwantye, zigungqe, yaye ngoko ke wayalela ukuba achebe umthunywa nalyso wazicheba ngeendevu zakhe. Wayalela ukuba adlulisele UAndrew: "Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku siye Zukile ukuba ube nguyise ... kodwa ukuba uthumele kum emva iintetho ezinjalo, indlela uThixo uya kubagweba nathi." Ababephila Prince wangqina ukuba Bogolyubskii ubuso eyoyikisayo mnyama akuweva la mazwi, waza wayalela ukuba babuthe umkhosi omkhulu (50 amawaka) uye Mstislav Vyshgorod.
abonakale Social Andreya Bogolyubskogo elo xesha unenzondelelo iinguqu ezinkulu: endaweni uxolo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo echanileyo wabonakala nzima yaye inani nkohlakalo apho zonke iimpawu ezibonakalayo ngokucacileyo uyise indelelo. Ekugqibeleni, kuba nempembelelo embi ngemicimbi angaphakathi ubulawuli.
Ukuphelelwa yempembelelo
Prince Andrew uphulukene ngokupheleleyo impembelelo yayo abalawuli esemazantsi. Kodwa abo babengenayo egudileyo ngonyaka nje omnye emafeni abo baqalisa nengxokozelo ezinxulumene kunye nokulahlekelwa etroneni Kiev, kodwa ngenxa yokuba Rostislavichi wathumela abathunywa Bogoliubsky ukuze ucele kuye itrone Kiev ukuya Prince yamaRoma. Akukho mntu owaziyo yintoni eyayiza yaphela thethwano, kodwa eli xesha Andrew Bogolyubskii, abonakale zembali esiye enikwe kweli nqaku bayafa.
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