Afghanistan: Imbali ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ukuya namhlanje

Afghanistan - lizwe libe kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-200, i indawo umdla abadlali zibalulekileyo kwezopolitiko ehlabathini. igama layo imiswe kakuhle kuluhlu lwe neyona miceli mngeni kakhulu yingozi iplanethi yethu. Noko ke, zimbalwa bayazi imbali Afghanistan, leyo kuthiwa ngokufutshane kweli nqaku. Ukongezelela, abantu balo iminyaka emininzi iye udale inkcubeko elityebileyo asondele Persian, leyo ngoku okwixesha ukuhla ngenxa yokuqhubeka kozinzo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho kunye nemisebenzi abanqolobi imibutho olukhulu Islamist.

Imbali Afghanistan ukususela kumaxesha amandulo

Kwabonakala Abantu bokuqala kuloo mmandla lizwe malunga 5,000 eminyaka eyadlulayo. Abaninzi abaphandi abakholelwa ukuba oku kulapho ukuba uluntu yokuqala ehlabathini yolimo omdala. Ukongeza, loo nto ixela ukuba wabhala wabonakala phezu intsimi akhoyo Afghanistan phakathi kweminyaka 1800 no 800 BC, kwaye umseki unqulo, leyo yenye omdala, wachitha iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe waza wafela Balkh.

Embindini ka BC ngenkulungwane yesi-6. e. Achaemenids zibandakanya ezi amazwe uBukhosi basePersi. Noko ke, emva konyaka 330 BC. e. yena yathinjwa umkhosi Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Njengenxalenye kwiNtetho yakhe Afghanistan de ukuwa, uze emva koko yaba yinxalenye yoBukhosi kaSeleucus, kukho ezityalwe ubuBhuda. Emva koko, lo mmandla weza phantsi zegunya lobukumkani lwamaGrike-Bactrian. Ekupheleni kwale BC ngenkulungwane yesi-2. e. Indo-amaGrike wawoyisa amaSkitiya, yaye ngenkulungwane yokuqala. e. Afghanistan iphumelele uBukhosi Parthian.

abanemvume

Ngenkulungwane 6, kwintsimi lizwe yaba yinxalenye yoBukhosi Sassanid, yaye kamva - i Samanids. Afghanistan ke, imbali apho phantse babengazi ixesha elide yoxolo, wasinda nokuhlaselwa Arab, eyaphelela kwinkulungwane 8 kwexesha.

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane 9 elandelayo, eli lizwe idla udlule isandla ngesandla de ngenkulungwane ye-14 kange lifakwe uBukhosi Timurid. Ngeli xesha Herat yaba liziko yesibini karhulumente. Emva eminyaka 2 yokugqibela Timurid ubukhosi - Babur - waseka lobukhosi lusesazulwini Kabul waza waqalisa ukwenza iihambo eIndiya. Kungekudala safudukela eIndiya, Afghanistan kunye intsimi yaba yinxalenye yelizwe Safavid.

Ukuhla yombuso ngenkulungwane ye-18 kwakhokelela ukuyilwa khans feudal kunye imvukelo nxamnye Iran. Ngelo efanayo ixesha wabumba Gilzeyskoe ubulawuli nekomkhulu yayo kwisixeko Kandahar, yisiwe umkhosi 1737 bamaPersi of Nadir Shah.

Durrani wombuso

Okuphoxayo kukuba, Afghanistan (imbali eli lizwe kumaxesha amandulo sele ukwazi) ifumene geqe kuphela ngo-1747 xa Ahmad Shah Durrani waseka ubukumkani nekomkhulu yayo Kandahar. Phantsi unyana wakhe, Timur Shah, idolophu iphambili kurhulumente wavakalisa Kabul kunye nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, eli lizwe waba ngumlawuli Shah Mahmud.

bemisa amakoloni British

Imbali Afghanistan ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kwinkulungwane ye-19, ibamba iimfihlelo ezininzi, ngoko abaninzi amaphepha ayo zezifundo xa zithelekiswa kakuhle. Kunjalo akunakuthethwa malunga ixesha emva kokuba ukuphazamisa ummandla wayo butho Anglo-Indiya. "Abanikazi New" Afghanistan wayemthanda umyalelo nezibhaliweyo ngenyameko zonke iziganeko. Ngokukodwa, amaxwebhu lokusinda kunye neeleta ezivela amajoni aseBritani kunye namagosa kwiintsapho zabo uyazazi iinkcukacha, iimfazwe hayi kuphela zaseSoweto abantu balapha, kodwa kwakhona indlela yalo yokuphila kunye nezithethe.

Ngoko ke, imbali kwemfazwe e Afghanistan, apho olwenziwa ngumkhosi Anglo-Indian kwaqala ngo-1838. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva iqela 12000th imikhosi Britani nkobe Kandahar kunye Kabul kunye kamva. Emir yasusa zicinywe kunye umchasi kunabanye, waya kungena ezintabeni. Noko ke, abameli balo hlale batyelela ikomkhulu, yaye ngowe-1841 e Kabul waqalisa uchulumanco phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni. umyalelo waseBritani wagqiba ekubeni abhenele eIndiya, kodwa kwindlela abantu babulawa luqalile Afghanistan. Impendulo yaba kuphangwa olunengcwangu sazela.

Anglo-Afghanistan War yokuqala

Isizathu sokuba kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe kwicala koBukhosi baseBritani yaba uthumelo urhulumente Russian ngo-1837, uLieutenant Witkiewicz e Kabul. Apho kwafuneka ukuba bahlale njengomhlali kwi ekuthatheni samandla eyinkunzi Afghanistan ka Akumoyiki Muhammad. Last ngelo xesha sele Bole iminyaka 10 kwakhe noAzayeli olandelayo yakhe nakwinye inyama yenyama, Shuja Shah, zixhaswa yi eLondon. I-British ithathwa umsebenzi njengoko injongo Witkiewicz Russia ukuba bafumane zintshula kuloo Afghanistan, kwixesha elizayo, ukuba ukungena India.

NgoJanuwari 1839 umkhosi waseBritani wamajoni 12,000 kunye nabasebenzi 38,000 ngo-30 000 iinkamela, awela Bolan Pass. Ngo April 25, wakwazi ukuba ngaphandle umlo Kandahar kwaye asungule kuhlaselwa Kabul.

ukumelana enamandla amaNgesi waba inqaba kuphela Ghazni, kunjalo, kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba anikezele. Indlela eya Kabul iye yavulwa, yaye isixeko yawa 7 Agasti 1839. Phezu kwetrone ngenkxaso wokulawula British Emir Shuja Shah kunye Amir Akumoyiki Mohammad abalekela ezintabeni kunye neqela elincinane amajoni.

IBhodi uTimoti British zange kube kudala, njengoko izinduna weengingqi oqingqiweyo yombhodamo kuzo zonke iindawo zeli lizwe waqalisa ukuba ahlasele bahlaseli.

Ebutsheni bowe-1842, i-British kunye AmaNdiya ekuvunyelwene nabo sakuvula kwindlela apho umntu baleka India. Noko ke, Jalalabad Afghanistan wahlaselwa amaNgesi, ndasinda 16,000 amadoda, umntu omnye kuphela.

Ukuphendula, elandelwa matutu sazela, yaye emva kokuba kwezithandani le mvukelo amaBritane wangena thethwano kunye Akumoyiki Mohammed, ukucenga ukuba ayiyeke rapprochement ne-Russia. Kamva, isivumelwano soxolo sisayinwe.

Okwesibini Anglo-Afghanistan War

Imeko kweli lizwe yahlala izinzile noko de 1877 singaqalisi imfazwe Russian-Turkish. Afghanistan, imbali yakhe - oko uluhlu olude yongquzulwano ngezixhobo, waphinda abanjiswe crossfire. Inyaniso kukuba xa London uthe wavakalisa ukunganeliseki kunye impumelelo umkhosi Russian ukuba akhawuleze Istanbul, eSt Petersburg wagqiba ukudlala imaphu Indiya. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kukho ebufundisini wathunyelwa Kabul, apho ndamkelwa iimbeko Emir Sher Ali Khan. Ngengcebiso oonozakuzaku Russian, le yokugqibela wala ukuvumela yelizwe British Embassy. Oku kwakhokelela ukungena imikhosi yaseBritani Afghanistan. Yahlala eyinkunzi lanyanzela Uemir entsha Yaqub Khan asayina isivumelwano, njengako apho urhulumente bakhe akukho ilungelo ukuqhuba inkqubo angaphandle ngaphandle yolamlo loRhulumente yaseBritani.

Ngowe-1880, Emir waba Abdurrahman Khan. Wenza umzamo ukungena yongquzulwano ngezixhobo kunye namajoni Russian e Turkestan, kodwa woyiswa ngoMatshi 1885, le yesibini kwindawo Kushka. Ngenxa yoko, eLondon kunye eSt Petersburg kunye ukuchaza imida apho Afghanistan (imbali kwinkulungwane yama-20 ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi) isekhona namhlanje.

Ukuzimela geqe kuBukhosi British

Ngowe-1919, ngenxa kukubulawa Emir Habibullah Khan kunye mdibi d'AFP etroneni wazibonakalisa Amanullah Khan, owawamemezayo ukuzimela eli lizwe ukususela eBritani yaye bevakalisa jihad nxamnye nayo. Baye zabanjwa ukuhlanganisa kunye India bafudukela umkhosi 12000th wamajoni rhoqo, ixhaswa nekhulu umkhosi sewaka kuzinze mbuya.

Imbali kwemfazwe e Afghanistan, yamiselwa ngamaNgesi ukwenzela ukugcina impembelelo yayo, nayo iqulathe Ngokubhekiselele okokuqala kwimbali airstrike enkulu eli lizwe. Abahlaselwa RAF yalulanyiselwa Kabul. Ngenxa ukwesaba kwenzeka phakathi kwabahlali kwikomkhulu, yaye emva kokuba isibini amadabi ezilahlekileyo Amanullah Khan wabuza ngehlabathi.

Le isivumelwano soxolo yasayinwa Agasti 1919. Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu, eli lizwe ufumene ilungelo nonxibelelwano lwangaphandle, kodwa ndayihluthwa-mali yonyaka British of 60,000 neekhilogram omhle, apho de-1919 kwaba malunga kwesiqingatha sengeniso mali Afghanistan kaThixo.

umbuso

Ngowe-1929, Amanullah Khan, owathi, emva kohambo eYurophu kunye eSoviet Union wayesele eza ukuqala utshintsho olukhulu, waye bagxothwa kwi imvukelo Habibullah Kalakani igama bacha Saqao (unyana yenethiwekhi wamanzi). Ukuzama ukuba aphinde etroneni Uemir yangaphambili, exhaswa amajoni yiSoviet, andibanga ibe yimpumelelo. Asiphanganga amaNgesi, ngubani wabhukuqa bacha Saqao wambeka etroneni Nadir Khan. Xa ibekwa wakhe waqalisa imbali zakutshanje Afghanistan. NeNgonyama e Afghanistan kwathiwa yasebukhosini, kwaye kubhangise emirate.

Ngowe-1933, Nadir Khan, owabulawa a ngodaba ngexesha ekundleni e Kabul, indawo unyana wakhe etroneni, Zahir Shah. Yena waba wenguquko kwaye ingqalelo enye ngookumkani kunayo kunye nenkqubela Asia ngexesha lakhe.

Ngowe-1964, Zahir Shah likhuphe umgaqo-siseko omtsha, leyo ejoliswe ngokwentando yesininzi Afghanistan kunye nokuphelisa ucalulo kwamabhinqa. Ngenxa yoko, abefundisi ngokupheleleyo wena waqalisa ukubonisa ukunganeliseki kunye sixakekile destabilization le meko kweli lizwe.

Ulawulo ngokozwi lakhe Daud

Njengoko imbali Afghanistan, kwinkulungwane yama-20 (phakathi kwe-1933 no-1973) kwenzeka ukuba urhulumente wegolide ngokwenene, njengoko le lizwe wabonakala kushishino, iindlela ezilungileyo, nokuphuculwa kwenkqubo yemfundo, yasekwa University, wakha izibhedlele kunye njalo njalo. Nangona kunjalo, kunyaka wama-40 emva ukufikelela yakhe etroneni, Zahir Shah wahliswa yi nomzala wakhe - Prince Mohammed Daoud, wavakalisa Afghanistan republic. Emva koko, eli lizwe liye enkundleni ukuliwa phakathi amaqela ezahlukeneyo awatsho umdla Pashtuns, Uzbeks, Tajiks kwaye Hazaras, kunye nezinye uluntu iintlanga. Ukongeza, longquzulwano athathe imikhosi olukhulu Islamic. Ngowe-1975, Bavuka mvukelo imisinga kwiphondo Paktia, Badakhshan kunye Nangarhar. Noko ke, urhulumente uzwilakhe Daud nzima, kodwa wakwazi zokuyifihla.

Ngelo xesha wafuna lakhelwe meko, kunye nabameli baka-Democratic Party lizwe zaBantu (PDPA). Noko ke, kwafuneka inkxaso eninzi e Afghanistan Sun

Isidlo

History of Afghanistan (kwinkulungwane yama-20) uye waba esinye yalitshintsha 1978. April 27 kwabakho revolution. Emva kokuba igunya, Nur Mohammad Taraki Mohammed Daoud yaye onke amalungu entsapho yakhe zabulawa. kwizikhundla zolawulo eziphezulu baba Hafizullah Amin kunye Babrak Karmal.

Imvelaphi wangena Afghanistan a anokuvela eliqingqiweyo amabutho Soviet

Umgaqo-nkqubo we-mandla ezintsha ukuphelisa omninzi eli lizwe liye lahlangabezana ukungawi Islamists, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Ayikwazi ukumelana nale meko, urhulumente Afghanistan kuye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wabhenela eSoviet Politburo nesicelo ekunikeni uncedo emkhosini. Noko ke, abasemagunyeni eSoviet phindo, njengoko iziphumo ezibi ezilindelekileyo elo nyathelo. Kwangaxeshanye, bahlehla phezulu ukhuseleko kwindawo Afghan kunye nokunyusa inani lwabacebisi zomkhosi kwilizwe elingummelwane. Kwangaxeshanye njalo bafika ubukrelekrele KGB ukuthi US ngokubonakalayo imali amandla anti-government.

Lokubulala Taraki

History of Afghanistan (kwinkulungwane yama-20) iqulathe iinkcukacha malunga ukubulala zopolitiko eziliqela ukumbamba amandla. Omnye isiganeko esenzeka ngoSeptemba 1979, xa ngokomyalelo Hafizullah Amin wabanjwa waza wabulawa inkokeli PDPA, Taraki. Phantsi uzwilakhe entsha lizwe wajika yokoyika ukuba iphathwayo, umkhosi, ebe imvukelo ziqheleke yaye okungaziwa. Ekubeni VC aba inkxaso iphambili PDPA, urhulumente waseSoviet akubona kule meko isoyikiso wokuthabatha ulawulo kunye nokuza amandla imikhosi nobutshaba USSR. Ukongeza, kwafunyaniswa ukuba Amin uye abafowunelwa elihlebo ngezithunywa yaseMelika.

Ngenxa yoko, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukuphuhlisa utyando ukuba ibhukuqeke yakhe nokutshintshwa yinkokeli, abalawulwa eSoviet Union. Umviwa esingundoqo le ndima yaba Babrak Karmal.

Imbali kwemfazwe e Afghanistan (1979-1989): Uqeqesho

Amalungiselelo mdibi kweli lizwe elingummelwane yaqala ngo December 1979, xa ngokukodwa ngobugcisa obukhulu "nomkhosi Muslim 'yaye lenza Afghanistan. Imbali yeli candelo kuba kude kwabaninzi igcina ingaziwa. Siyazi kuphela ukuba HIS i GRU esingumzekelo seeRiphablikhi Central Asia, leyo ezazisaziwa nezithethe abantu abahlala Afghanistan, ulwimi lwabo kunye nendlela yokuphila.

Isigqibo sokuba ahlasele senziwa phakathi kuDisemba 1979 kwintlanganiso ye-Politburo. Akazange kuphela ixhaswe Kosygin, ngenxa apho waba ungquzulwano esibi Brezhnev.

Umsebenzi waqala on December 25, 1979, xa kummandla Democratic Republic of Afghanistan wathabatha 781-th nomkhosi ubukrelekrele eyahlukileyo 108 MSD. Weza ukudluliselwa kunye nezinye iiyunithi Soviet emkhosini. Ngu-ngosuku phakathi kokuba zilawulwa ngokupheleleyo Kabul ngoDisemba 27 ngokuhlwa waqalisa ukuba ahlasele ebhotweni Amin. Yena yathatha imizuzu engama-40 kuphela, yaye Kwazeka oko emva kokugqitywa uninzi kwabo apho, kuquka nkokeli lizwe, babulawa.

A maxesha ngokufutshane iziganeko kwixesha ukususela ngo-1980 ukuya 1989

amabali malunga imfazwe e Afghanistan - ibali malunga ubuqhawe lamajoni kunye namagosa, ngubani na njalo, kuba kubani yaye banyanzelwa ukuba esichengeni ubomi babo. Ubalo emfutshane ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Matshi 1980 - Apreli 1985. Ihambo impi, kuquka omkhulu, kwakunye nomsebenzi phezu ngokuhlanganisa omkhosi ye Isidlo.
• Epreli 1985 - Januwari 1987. INkxaso Afghanistan Air Force amajoni moya, iiyunithi isentimitha kunye zokudubula, kunye umlo esebenzayo ukumisa unikezelo kwezixhobo avela kwamanye amazwe.
• Januwari 1987 - Februwari 1989. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi ye-nkqubo uxolelwaniso lwesizwe.

Ngu ekuqaleni kuka-1988 kwaye kwacaca ukuba ubukho imikhosi Soviet abaxhobileyo bagqithele kummandla Isidlo bekungalunganga. Sinako ukucinga ukuba imbali kukuyeka Afghanistan waqala February 8, 1988 xa kwintlanganiso ye-Bureau Political wabuza umbuzo ngokhetho komhla for ukusebenza,.

Yaba May 15. Nakuba kunjalo, iyunithi yokugqibela ngasekhohlo Kabul CA Februwari 4, 1989, yaye baphela ekurhoxisweni umda yokuwela karhulumente Februwari 15, uLieutenant-Jikelele Boris Gromov.

Kule 90

Afghanistan, imbali kunye nethemba zophuhliso enoxolo elizayo kunokuba ngokungacaci elishumi yokugqibela yenkulungwane yama-20, waziphosa enzonzobileni imfazwe yamakhaya kubulawa.

Ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1989 e Peshawar inkcaso Afghan onyuliwe intloko "Government yeThutyana ye Mujahideen" inkokeli "Alliance of Ezisixhenxe" C Mojaddedi kwaye uqale ekulweni elalisakuba yiSoviet-exhaswa.

Ngo-Apreli 1992, imikhosi inkcaso wayithimba Kabul, yaye ngosuku olulandelayo, intloko yakhe phambi oonozakuzaku amazwe lazisiwe uMongameli Islamic State of Afghanistan. Imbali Eli lizwe emva "nokumiswa" wajika elibukhali ukuze radicalism. Omnye imithetho yokuqala esayinwe S. Mojaddedi, eyazisiweyo null yonke imithetho zichasene Islam.

Kulo nyaka mnye wasinika amandla ukuya kudweliswe Burhanuddin Rabbani. Esi sigqibo iye yabangela wobuzwe apho likhetha watshabalalisa enye. Kungekudala igunya Rabbani buthathaka kangangokuba ukuba urhulumente wakhe Uyekile ukwenza nawuphi na umsebenzi kweli lizwe.

Ekupheleni kukaSeptemba 1996, i-Taliban wayithimba Kabul, wasebenzisa zabhukuqwa nguMongameli Najibullah kunye umzalwana wakhe, abo bazimela ekwakheni i-UN, yaye wabulawa ekuhleni ngokuxhonywa kwenye iindawo kwikomkhulu Afghanistan.

I-Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan lazisiwe iintsuku ezimbalwa, wavakalisa indalo yeBhunga elilawulayo lwethutyana, inamalungu ali-6, ikhokelwa ngu Mullah Omar. Emva kokuba igunya, "Taliban" ukusa kumkhamo othile ngcono imeko kweli lizwe. Noko ke, abaninzi yabadlali.

Oktobha 9, 1996 kwintlanganiso enye inkcaso eziphambili - dostum - Rabbani ezijikeleze kwisixeko Mazar-i-Sharif. Ke bona Ahmad Shah Massoud kunye Karim Khalili. Isiphumo yasekwa liBhunga ePhakamileyo kunye neenzame ezidibeneyo ukuba kumzabalazo nxamnye "Taliban". EliCebisayo ubizwa ngokuba "Northern Alliance". Wakwazi ukuseka kumantla inkululeko Afghanistan ebudeni 1996-2001 ,. karhulumente.

Emva ayehlasela imikhosi ngamazwe

Imbali Afghanistan intsha waphila emva kohlaselo odumileyo abagrogrisi September 11, 2001. I-United States walisebenzisa benyhwalaza ayehlasela yelizwe ngokuchaza njongo yayo iphambili ukubhukuqwa Taliban wolawulo ukufukama Busted bin Laden. Oktobha 7 intsimi Afghan yathotyelwa uqhankqalazo ekwakuhlaselwa ukuba buthathaka imikhosi Taliban. NgoDisemba, yena obize le Council of Abadala zezizwe Afghanistan, likhokelwa elizayo (ukususela ngo-2004) nguMongameli Hamid Karzai.

Kwangaxeshanye, NATO sele lisigqibile umsebenzi Afghanistan, kwaye Taliban baye bafudukela impi. Ukususela ngoko kule mini musa ayeke ukuhlasela kweli lizwe. Ukongeza, loo nto yonke ngemini iba kumasimi enkulu ezikhulayo poppy umlaliso. Kwanele ukuba bathi, ngokutsho oqikelelo angqingqwa, malunga-1 million abantu kweli lizwe zixhomekeke iziyobisi.

Ngelo xesha, imbali engaziwayo Afghanistan, thaca ngaphandle retouching, baba baseYurophu okanye eMerika shoka, kubandakanywa amatyala ndlongo eboniswe ngamajoni NATO olujoliswe ebantwini. Mhlawumbi oku kubangelwa kukuba yayiphuma kuThixo imfazwe leyo yonke sele pretty benesithukuthezi. Ukungqinwa la magama, kunye nesigqibo Baraka Obamy lokurhoxa amajoni. Nangona kunjalo, iye awukaphunyezwa, kwaye ngoku Afghanistan Siyathemba ukuba umongameli omtsha US akayi ukutshintsha izicwangciso, yaye ekugqibeleni sokuyeka emkhosini langaphandle.

Ngoku uyazi indlela yembali yamandulo zakutshanje Afghanistan. Namhlanje, eli lizwe uya wayengenamali, kwaye singakwazi nethemba kuphela ukuba umhlaba wayo ekugqibeleni emhlabeni.