Uphuhliso astronautics. Imbali kuphuhliso cosmonautics eRashiya

Imbali Uphuhliso isithuba - eli bali ngengqondo ngokungaqhelekanga kunye nabantu, umnqweno ukuqonda imithetho indalo kunye nomnqweno olugqitha njengesiqhelo yaye kunokwenzeka. Space ukuhlola, leyo yaqala ngenkulungwane yokugqibela, banika ihlabathi eninzi obafunyanwa. Zichaphazela zombini sites iminyele ezikude, kunye neenkqubo kakhulu ezisentlabathini. Uphuhliso Space yakhuthaza ukuphuculwa kobugcisa kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni eziye zafunyaniswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ngolwazi, ukususela yemvelo ukuba amayeza. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ithathe ixesha elide.

yalahlekelwa

Uphuhliso astronautics eRashiya nakumazwe aphesheya, baqalisa kudala ngaphambi kokuba kwisiphekepheke lokuqala. Uphando lokuqala yezenzululwazi malunga oku theoretical kuphela, kwaye sibonise indlela yokuhamba isithuba. Kwilizwe lethu, enye vulindlela ze astronautics kwincam ebuhlanti yaba uKonstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. "Enye" - ngenxa yokuba phambili uNikolay Ivanovich Kibalchich, wagwetywa intambo ngenxa kokubulawa Alexander II, kwaye iintsuku ezimbalwa phambi kokuba izixhobo nesisitheliso ukuphuhlisa iprojekthi leyo bangazisa umntu emajukujukwini. Kwaba ngo-1881, kodwa iprojekthi Kibalchicha akazange yapapashwa de-1918.

umfundisi zasemaphandleni

Tsiolkovsky, ogama inqaku kunye iziseko yeengcingane vaakelani va wafika ngowe-1903, wayengazi malunga Kibalchicha. Ngelo xesha, wafundisa kwi ukulungela College izibalo kunye nejiyometri. Inqaku yakhe edumileyo lwenzululwazi "Ukuphandwa zombane irula yangaphandle" lwaveza ithuba lokusebenzisa umjukujelwa esithubeni. Uphuhliso astronautics eRashiya, ngoko nangoku yasebukhosini, waqala Tsiolkovsky. Inkulumo Ukuyilwa kolwakhiwo irula, nabakwaziyo ukuthwala umntu iinkwenkwezi, wamkhusela ingcamango zezinto eziphilayo kwindalo iphela, wathetha yentswelo lokwakha Hewana iisoyi kunye nezikhululo isithuba.

Ngaxeshanye, le astronautics theoretical component kuphuhliswa amazwe. Noko ke, le ikwadibanisa phakathi kwabaphandi okanye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, okanye kamva, kwi-30, phantse wayengekho. Robert Goddard, kaHermann Oberth, kunye Esnault-Pelterie, waseMelika, a isiJamani kunye Frenchman ngokulandelelana, wasebenza kwimiba efanayo ixesha elide wayengazi nto malunga nomsebenzi Tsiolkovsky. Nditsho ke, lo kobunye phakathi kwezizwe ukuba kuchaphazela isantya sophuhliso lwamashishini amatsha.

iminyaka Pre-imfazwe kunye War Enkulu Patriotic

Development of Space waqhubeka-imi- 20-40 sempi Igesi Dynamics Laboratory kunye Jet basafunda Research Group, kulandele Jet Research Institute. Phakathi kweendonga zamaziko emfundo asebenza kakuhle zobunjineli iingqondo kweli lizwe, kuquka F. A. Tsander, M. K. Tihonravov kunye SP Korolev. , Kwiilebhu lisebenze ukuphuhlisa oomatshini yokuqala jet ze izibaso zolwelo aqinileyo yaqulunqa isiseko theoretical component astronautics.

Kwiminyaka pre-imfazwe kwaye ngethuba loyilo beMfazwe Yehlabathi II nokwakha iinjini jet kunye yafakwa irula. Ngeli xesha, ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo, ingqalelo kakhulu yahlawulwa kuphuhliso imijukujelwa iza rocket engakhokelwa.

Queens and "V2"

I okokuqala kwimbali imijukujelwa zomkhosi udidi mihla wadala eJamani ebudeni bemfazwe phantsi umyalelo Werner von Braun. Emva koko ke V-2, okanye "V-2" yabangela ezininzi iingxaki. Emva kokoyiswa eJamani, von Braun abathuthwayo ukuya eMelika, apho waqalisa ukusebenza kwiiprojekthi ezintsha, kuquka kuphuhliso imijukujelwa yokubalekela isithuba.

Ngowe-1945, emva kwemfazwe eJamani ukufunda "V-2" ifikile iqela iinjineli Soviet. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho neQueens. Wamiselwa injineli oyintloko ngumlawuli lobugcisa bala ziko "Nordhausen", kwasekwa eJamani kunyaka omnye. Ngaphandle kokufunda imijukujelwa German, Korolev kunye noogxa bakhe inxaxheba kuphuhliso amaphulo amatsha. Kwi-50 ka-ofisi yoyilo phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe wadala R-7. Le irula Isigaba-ezimbini nako ukuphuhlisa yokuqala isantya isithuba kwaye nokuqinisekisa imveliso eliphantsi-Earth orbit izithuthi multi-ton.

Amanqanaba ekukhuleni astronautics

Okuhle kule baseMerika kumalungiselelo zezithuthi zokuhlola isithuba ezinxulumene ne umsebenzi von Braun, ngasekhohlo kwixesha elidlulileyo, xa Oktobha 4, 1957 eSoviet Union ivule isathelayithi yokuqala. Ukususela ngoko Waphuma uphuhliso ngokukhawuleza of astronautics. In imi--50-60 kwenziwa amalinge eziliqela kunye nezilwanyana. Xa space, izinja kunye neemfene batyelela. Ngenxa yoko, izazinzulu ziye iqokelele iinkcukacha esixabiseke ukwenza lula ukuhlala obutofotofo isithuba bomntu. Ekuqaleni kuka-1959 oko ikwazile ukufikelela yokuphuma Velocity.

Uphuhliso oluphambili lwe cosmonautics Russian iye yamkelwa kulo lonke ihlabathi, xa izulu wadliswa kaYuri Gagarin. It ayithimba, ngaphandle ubaxo, isiganeko esikhulu kwi-Aprili 12 kunyaka 1961. Ukususela ngaloo mini yaqala umthondo oluntu babeziindleko enkulu angqonge i-Earth.

kuphuhliso olungaphezulu astronautics edityaniswa nokuphuculwa izakhono zobugcisa kunye nokudala bume ngakumbi oosomajukujuku. Qaphela amanqanaba eziyintloko nkqubo:

• October 12, 1964 - nezijikeleza weza kumatshini nabantu abaliqela kwibhodi (USSR);
• Matshi 18, 1965 - wokuqala umntu spacewalk (USSR);
• Februwari 3, 1966 - ukugaleleka lokuqala izixhobo nenyanga (USSR);
• NgoDisemba 24, 1968 - kwisigqibo wokuqala andize iziphekepheke ukuba ukujikeleza Umhlaba satellite (USA);
• July 20, 1969 - imini emhlabeni lokuqala abantu kwi-Moon (USA);
• April 19, 1971 - okokuqala orbiter (USSR);
• July 17, 1975 - ixesha lokuqala kwakukho ebekwe iinqanawa ezimbini (Soviet kunye American);
• April 12, 1981 - wokuqala "Space Shuttle" (US) iye emajukujukwini.

Uphuhliso astronautics mihla

Namhlanje, ukuhlolwa uyaqhubeka. Impumelelo yenkqubo zangaphambili ndithwele iziqhamo - abantu abaye batyelela iNyanga kwaye ilungiselela ukwalathisa noqheleneyo Mars. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo moya swi ngoku ekuphuhliseni iiprojekthi incinane isikhululo oluzenzekelayo omncane. Imeko yangoku ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni kukuba oomatshini eziveliswe ekwaziyo ekudluliseleni ulwazi Earth malunga uSaturn kude, uJupiter iPluto, Mercury nkqu ukuya kuphanda awe esibhakabhakeni.
Parallel zokhenketho nendawo kuphuhliswa. ukubaluleka Great namhlanje abafowunelwa ngamazwe. Uluntu jikelele kuxhaphaka esiza kwisigqibo sokuba le mpumelelo inkulu kwaye ezifunyaniswe zenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye kaninzi ukuba sihlanganise iinzame kanye amakhono kumazwe awahlukeneyo.