Inkampani yase-Gorbachev yokhusela utshwala: unyaka. Iingcamango kumkhankaso wokulwa notywala ngaphantsi kwe Gorbachev

Ikhampani yaseGrbachev yokulwa notywala idla ngokuba "ngumthetho owomileyo". Eli gama lithetha ukuthintela (okupheleleyo okanye okuyingxenye) yokuthengiswa kwezinto eziqukethe i-ethanol ngobuninzi. Ukungabikho zizinto zonyango, zoshishino kunye nezinye iinjongo ezifanayo. Kwakhona, ukuvinjelwa akubandakanyi iziyobisi kunye nomxholo ophantsi otywala, umzekelo, ukukhwehlela ama-syrups.

E-USSR, umkhankaso we-1985 wawungewona owokuqala, kodwa wakhunjulwa ngumntu wonke ngenxa yobude bawo. Iimpembelelo zenziwa njani karhulumente, unokufunda kule nqaku.

Iiprogram ze-Antialcoholic kwi-USSR

Kwimbali ye-USSR, "umthetho omile" wasungulwa maxesha amaninzi. Wamkela kwiminyaka eyahlukileyo:

• 1918-1923;
• 1929;
• 1958;
• 1972;
• 1985-1990.

Kutheni i-Gorbachev ye-anti-alcoholic company yaba ngumqondiso wesigxina sexesha layo? Okokuqala, oku kungenxa yokunqongophala okubonakalayo kwempahla yabathengi, kuquka iimveliso zokutya. Ukuvinjelwa kotywala kwandisa imeko yengqondo yabantu nangakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, eso sigqibo malunga nxalenye karhulumente sasidinga iimeko eziye zaphuhliswa ngelo xesha.

Imvelaphi yephulo lika-1985

Ngaphambi kokuqala kwephulo, kwenziwa uphando olwalubonakaliswe ngamanani awonakele kwilizwe. Ngowe-1984, ukusetyenziswa kotywala kunokudlula iilitha ezili-10 ngomntu ngamnye, nangona kwiRussia yangaphambi kokuguqula lo mfanekiso awuzange ungadluli ama-5 litres. Ukuguqulwa kwiingxowa, iibhotile eziyi-90-100 zotywala zifunyenwe ngomntu omdala ngonyaka. Ngaphantsi kotywala kuthetha i-vodka, ibhiya, iwayini, iinyanga.

Abaqalisi bokuqaliswa "komthetho owomileyo" be-MS Solomentsev, E.K. Ligachev. Bathi, njengo Yu. V. Andropov, beqinisekile ukuba isizathu sokunyuka kwezoqoqosho kubunxila. Kwakuye kuye ukuba amalungu e-Politburo abone ukuhla kwehla ngokubanzi kwiimilinganiselo zokuziphatha nokuziphatha, kunye nesimo sengqondo sokungafuni abantu ukuba basebenze.

Inkampani ye-Gorbachev antialcohol yayininzi kakhulu. Ngenxa yokulwa nokunxila, urhulumente wanquma ukunciphisa iindleko zayo ekuthengisweni kotywala.

Oko umthetho we-1985 wanikela

Umthetho waqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla ka-17.05.1985. Kubantu, inkampani yokulwa notywala yaseGrbachev, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, yayibizwa ngokuba "umthetho omile".

Le projekthi icingele inkqubo elandelayo yokuphunyezwa:

1. Ukuchasiswa kokuthengiswa kwe-vodka kuzo zonke iindawo zokutya ezikarhulumente (ngaphandle kweendawo zokutyela), ezazifumaneka kwizikhululo zezithuthi, iziteshi zesikhululo, ii-airports. Kwakhona kwacaca ukungavumeleki kokuthengisa i-vodka kufuphi namashishini ashishino, zonke iindidi zamaziko emfundo, izibhedlele, indawo zokuzonwabisa kwabantu abaninzi.
2. Iziyobisi zithengiswa kuphela kwiivenkile ezizodwa okanye amasebe. Ngethuba elifanayo, inani labo lizimisele ngamagosa ngokwawo, emhlabathini.
3. Ukunqandwa kokuthengiswa kotywala kubantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-21.
4. Ukuphunyezwa okuvumelekileyo kuye kwaphela ngexesha. Utywala bungathengwa kwiiyure ezili-14 ukuya kwe-19 ngosuku.
5. Kwakujoliswe ekunciphiseni ukuveliswa kotywala kotywala rhoqo ngonyaka. Ngo-1988 bekucetywayo ukuyeka ngokupheleleyo imveliso yewayini.
6. Kwi-theater, i-cinema, kumabonwakude, kwi-radio ukusasazwa kwakungavunyelwe ukuba i-propag itywala.
7. Iinkokeli kunye namalungu eqela abenqatshelwe ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala phantsi koyikiso lokuxoshwa kwiCPSU.

Izibalo

Inkampani ye-anti-alcoholic yaseGrbachev yayineengcambu zayo ezintle nezimbi. Unyaka wokuqala ngowama-1985, kwaye ngowe-1988 le nkcukacha zilandelayo zaqokelelwa.

Abachasi bamaphulo kunye neengxabano zabo

Abameli beziko elithile lophando banikezela izizathu zabo, ezenza iingxaki kwiingcamango ezintle malunga nenkampani yotywala. Ngaphansi kweGorbachev, ilahleko lobuchule lenziwe. Abantu bayigcwalise ngokupheleleyo ngotywala olwenziwe ekhaya. Ngoko ke, iifomati azizange zibonise izibonakaliso zangempela.

Ngokuphathelele ukwanda kwinqanaba lokuzalwa, oku kuhambelana nokugqithiswa kwengqondo ngokubanzi kumxholo we-perestroika, owathembisa ukutshintsha ubomi babantu ukuba baphucule.

Ingxaki ebalulekileyo kule minyaka yayingumlutha weziyobisi kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi. Abanye abantu baye bathabathela ekunxileni kotywala baye kwiziyobisi ezinobungozi. Ukufa okuvela kwizifo ze-cardiovascular has actually decreased, kodwa inani labafayo ekusebenziseni iziyobisi liye landa.

Phakathi kwabachasi, baninzi abakholelwa ukuba izenzo 'zomthetho owomileyo' azizange zilondoloze ilizwe ekudakwa, kwaye zingaqhelekanga ekusebenziseni okuhle, iziphuzo eziphezulu.

Abalandeli "yomthetho owomileyo"

Umfundi sele esazi ukuba unyaka onjani Gorbachev ebambe inkampani yokulwa notywala. Ukususela ekuqalisweni "komthetho owomileyo" oogqirha abaninzi baqala ukuphawula ukunciphisa inani lokulimala kunye nokuqhekeka okwenzeka rhoqo kubantu abadakiwe.

Ngaphambi kokuthotyelwa komthetho, iindawo zokulwa nokunxila zadalwa. Abantu abaye baququzelela bavakalisa iingcamango zabo. Benza oku ngokuzithandela, beqonda ingozi yokuxilisa ngokupheleleyo ilizwe. Isikhundla esingenangqiqo phakathi kwamalungu ePolitiki abuphelisa loo phulo, izenzo zenziwa ngabantu ababacaphukisa abantu, bebangela impendulo engalunganga kwiphulo lonke.

Iingcamango malunga nokusika izidiliya

Emva kwexeshana, uMikhail Gorbachev wamkela iimpazamo. Ngokutsho kwenkampani yokulwa notywala kunye nezinto eziphambili zokuphunyezwa kwayo, akusiyo yonke into ehamba phambili, kodwa amanqaku amaninzi ayehlala ecinga nje ngabantu. I-"dada" yangempela yayinolwazi malunga nokuqwengqwa kweediliya. Abantu abasondele kule mibuzo baqinisekisa ukuba yenziwe ngokwenene, kodwa kuphela imivini endala neyesendle.

Ngeendlela ezininzi, idumela lomkhankaso olwaphulo-mthetho kunye namagosa athatha amanyathelo angathandekiyo emhlabeni aphangiwe. Ngokomzekelo, kwimizi emininzi inani elininzi lokuphuza iziyobisi lavalwa ngokukhawuleza. Ukongezelela kuyo yonke into, iikononi zevodka zaqulunqwa kwaye ibhotile enye kuphela evunyelwe ukuba ithengiswe ngakwesandla esinye. UGorbachev akazange asayine amaxwebhu anikezela loo migaqo.

Nciphisa iphulo lakho

Ukunganeliseki koMisa "nomthetho owomileyo" waqala iminyaka emibini emva kokusungulwa kwayo. Nangona ukupheliswa kwazo zonke izigwebo kwenzeka kuphela ngo-1990, sele sele ngo-1987 ukuthengiswa kotywala kwaqala ukwandisa, kwaye inkohliso yokunyaniseka yokuphila ngokunyameko yaphela.

KwiRashiya yanamhlanje, iGrbachev yamkela iimpazamo kwiinkampani zokulwa notywala. Emva kokutsho ukuba ngenxa yeepazamo ezenziwe, ixabiso elihle laphela ngokugqithiseleyo.

Izenzo ezinjalo zikaRhulumente kufuneka zenziwe ngamanyathelo. Ukuzigqiba ngempumelelo, isizukulwana esitsha kwakuza kukhula kunye neengcamango zokuphila ngokucokisekileyo. Izenzo ezinokukhawuleza kunye nezigwenxa zamagunya zombini ukusuka phezulu kunye nasemhlabeni zaholela ekubeni nesimo sengqondo esifanelekileyo malunga nephulo ngokubanzi, kubangele ukuvakalelwa phakathi kwabantu kwaye ngenxa yoko akubangakho kwiziphumo ezilungileyo.