Inkqubela eziphilayo

inkqubela eziphilayo - kodwa kwicala kuphela izinto zazivelela, nto leyo eye yakhokelela ekubeni yimbonakalo yomntu. Le meko ikhokelela inguqulelo kwinkqubo izinto zazivelela kwi kwinqanaba loluntu.

Njengoko usazi, impumelelo nenkqubela eziphilayo, uphuhliso zembali (phylogeny) ukwenzela taxon nganye ethile (group) ixhomekeke izowuni encomekayo kuzo apho, eneneni, azivelele le taxon. Enye into ebalulekileyo yile kuhlenga kubume bombutho qela.

Echaphazela le ngxaki eziphambili ekufuneka isonjululwe inkqubela zebhayoloji, iingcali ukunikela ingqalelo indima into nganye ekhoyo ekumiseleni ukuba ngaba intsingiselo ethile kuphuhliso. Ngamanye amazwi, oku ukufunda lo mbuzo kuvumela sibone indlela ukwandisa imfanelo nasekusungulweni yonke.

Eyokuqala abaqala ukufunda le ndawo, waba zh. B. Lamark. Scientist kwabelwane inkqubela zeekhemikhali ezinobungozi kwezi ntlobo zimbini. Owokuqala wathabatha ukushiyana - ukunyusa umgangatho bombutho. Owesibini kubo, ngako izazinzulu, Ukwakheka iyantlukwano ntlobo okuququzelela kwinqanaba elithile ngalinye. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ezi nkqubo zimbini ezizimeleyo omnye komnye. Ngenxa yoko, kwezidalwa yabangela umnqweno lwangaphakathi zokuphuculwa, kwiyantlukwano eveliswe yi-bume. Kufuneka ke ukuba, nangona zh. B. Lamark atolikwe gwenxa oluqhuba kumacala amabini, ubukho babo kanye sisiganeko njongo.

Darwin ingqalelo inkqubela zebhayoloji kwenye. Ke lifike la mabinzana yendaleko kunye nokuziqhelanisa. Ngenxa yoko, ngokutsho Darwin, ukwandisa inqanaba lombutho inxenye kuphela ngenxa yonke inkqubo. Njengoko umthetho, kunye ukuntsonkotha mbutho inkqubo zazivelela odityanisiweyo ukwanda lohlengahlengiso. Xa iimpawu divergence (divergence) oqhubekayo ingxaki zasemanzini medium. Darwin wacebisa ngakumbi ukuba lithathelwe indawo lunzima kakhulu medium enokwen- isakhiwo ngxuba kuphela komzimba. Kamva, inkqubela begazi sele kufundwe ngeendlela ezimbini. Izifundo zabanjwa Russian Severtsov aphesheya J. Huxley kunye B. Rensch.

Njengoko zh. B. Lamark, B. Rensch wayekholelwa ukuba uphuhliso kwemvelo ingase kuphela nkqo, kodwa tye. iyantlukwano yemfundo kwinqanaba elifanayo lombutho ngokuba Renshaw kladogenezom, imveliso phezu kwinqanaba elitsha - anagenesis. Ngenxa yoko, uYohane. UHuxley wabuyela kwenkcazo 'Grad "(level), ocetywayo yi Lamarck. Nangona kunjalo, lo sisazinzulu olwabiweyo kwicala lesithathu eyenzeka inkqubela eziphilayo, ngokuthi stasigenezom. Le indlela awayecinga isenzeko lokujamelana, ulondolozo olungapheliyo, amasebe engatshintshiyo. Ukuhlalutya yonke imiyalelo, J .. uHuxley weza nomba kangakanani ngokubanzi kunokubangela kwemvelo yaye oko kunokuba umbandela progressiveness yayo. Umphumo waba imangalisayo J. Huxley ngubani inkqubela - tubercle bacilli, ukumqumbisa isifo yomntu, okanye umntu ngokwakhe.?

Izazinzulu zizama ukusombulula imiba asakhulayo imfundiso yakhe yophuhliso engenasiphelo kwaye lunomnyino. Ngokuhambelana nale ngcamango yendaleko, Kakade - yinkqubela eziphilayo. Nangona kunjalo, oku liqela, yaye ngenxa yoko, umda. Watyhutyha ukusuka kwinqanaba omnye komnye, taxon ngamnye (group) luqhuba, kodwa ngaxeshanye, uza yokutshabalala, oko kukuthi ukuba stasigenezu. Kulo mzekelo, omnye kuphela kwicala lophuhliso, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni inkangeleko yomntu alipheli. Oku kubangelwa, ikakhulu, kunye ukufikelela kwinqanaba entsha lonke zazivelela - lwentlalo.