Imfazwe ye-1812. I-Tarutin yokuhamba (ngokufutshane)

Akukho ziganeko ezingaqhelekanga kwimfazwe . Yonke into eyenzekayo ineempembelelo zayo ezinzulu. Kodwa kukho iimeko eziguqula ngokubanzi inkambo yembali. Uhambo lweTarutino lomkhosi waseRussia kwimfazwe ye-1812 yenye yeziqendu. Kwaba yinto yesibili yokujika emva kwemfazwe yaseBorodino kwaye yanyanzeliswa umkhosi kaNapoleon I ukuba ndibuyele kwiinjongo ezijoliswe kuyo.

Imfazwe ye-1812

Kuyo yonke imbali yayo yeminyaka eyinkulungwane, iRussia kuye kwafuneka ikhusele kwiintshaba ezifuna ukuyenza isigqila ngaphezu kwesinye. Ukuqala kweXesti yeXIX kwakungekho nto. Iinguqulelo ezinkulu zaseFransi, kwaye emva kokuza kwamandla kwilizwe likaNapoleon Bonaparte, owazibiza ngokuba ngumbusi, waphanga ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe amabini anamaqabane. Amagunya aseRashiya, ngo-Alexander I, ayesaba impembelelo yenguqulelo eFransi kwimeko engaphakathi kolawulo lwaseRashiya. Kodwa ekugqibeleni ulwalamano lwaye lwachithwa ngumgaqo onobugwenxa owenziwa nguNapoleon I ukuziphatha ngokumelene namazwe aseYurophu, ingakumbi iNgilani, eyayingumhlobo omdala waseRussia.

Ekugqibeleni, izenzo zaseFransi zakhokelela kwimfazwe neRussia, eyayibizwa ngokuba yimbali-mlando yaseRashiya yayibizwa ngokuba yiMfazwe yamaPhropiki ka-1812 .

Iimbangela zokulwa kwempi

Ngo-1812, lonke elaseYurophu, ngaphandle kwelo lutshaba lwaseFransi-eNgilani, lwayiswa ngumkhosi waseNapoleon. Kwamanye amagunya ehlabathi, kuphela uMbuso waseRashiya waqhubeka nokuphinda umgaqo-nkqubo wokuzimela wangaphandle, ongafanelanga umbusi waseFransi. Ukongezelela, iRashiya ngokwenene yephule i-continental block blockkade, eyakufuneka yamkele eNgilani njengento esemgangathweni yesivumelwano saseTilsit phakathi kolawulo lwaseRussia neFransi. Ukukhusela kubangele umonakalo omkhulu kumnotho welizwe, ngoko iRashiya yaqala ukuthengisa kunye neNgilani ngamazwe angathathi hlangothi. Ngelo xesha, akuzange kuphule ngokusemthethweni iimeko zelizwe elikhuselekileyo. IFransi yacaphuka, kodwa ayikwazanga ukuveza ukukhusela.

I-Russia, ngokusebenzisa umgaqo wayo ozimeleyo, wathintela iphupha likaNapoleon lokulawula umhlaba. Ukuqala ngemfazwe yakhe, wayecwangcise kwimfazwe yokuqala ukuba ahlangabezane nokubethelwa komkhosi waseRashiya aze acele uxolo lwakhe kuAlexander I.

Ulwalamano lwamandla

Ibutho laseRashiya lalibalwe ngabantu abangama-480 ukuya kumawaka amawaka ama-500, neFransi-malunga namawaka angama-600. Inombolo enjalo, ngokweengxelo-mbali ezininzi, zombini amazwe akwazi ukubonisa ukuqhuba imisebenzi yempi. Kwiimeko ezinzima ezinjalo, ukwazi ukuba uNapoleon ulindele ukugqiba intshaba ngomlilo, inkokheli yomkhosi waseRashiya yagqiba ukuphepha ukulwa nelokuba intshaba yonke into enokwenzeka. Eli qhinga lavunywa nguAlexander I.

Imfazwe yaseBorodino

Ukulandela icebo elivunyiweyo lokungena ekulweni jikelele kunye notshaba, emva kokuhlasela ngoJuni 1812 kweempi zamaNapoleon, imikhosi yaseRussia yaqalisa ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza, ifuna ukuhlanganisana. Kwakunokwenzeka ukwenza oku ngaphantsi kweSmolensk, apho uNapoleon wazama kwakhona ukunika imfazwe eqinile. Kodwa umphathi-nqununu wombutho waseRashiya, uBarlay de de Tolly, akazange avumele oku kwaye wahola umkhosi ngaphandle kwesixeko.

Imfazwe jikelele yagqitywa ukuba inike kwisithuba esikhethwe yi nkokheli yomkhosi. Ngelo xesha, uMikhail Kutuzov wayamkele umyalelo. Kwagqitywa isigqibo sokunika imfazwe kufuphi neMohaisk, kwintsimi kufuphi nedolophana yaseBorodino. Apha, enye yezinto eziphambili zenzeke ngexesha lemfazwe. Umqhubi weTarutin olandelayo uzakuguqula umlando wayo.

Nangona imfazwe yayingagqithwanga, kwaye amabini omabili ahlala kwiindawo zakhe, wabangela ukulahlekelwa kakubi kumkhosi waseFransi, okwakuthiwa nguTuzouzov.

IBhunga eFili kunye nokunikezelwa kweMoscow

Emva kweMfazwe yaseBorodino, umkhosi waseRashiya wasuka eMohaisk. Apha, kwidolophana yaseFili, Kutuzov ibambe iqumrhu lezempi, eliza kugqiba isigqibo senkunzi yaseRashiya. Uninzi lwabaphathi bekungenxa yokunika enye imfazwe kufuphi neMoscow. Kodwa abanye abaphathi, abaye bahlola indawo yokulwa emva kwangaphambili, bavotela ngokuqinisekileyo ukugcina umkhosi ngeendleko zokunikezela uMoscow kwiintshaba. Kutuzov wanikela umyalelo wokushiya inkunzi.

I-Tarutinsky-maneuver: umhla kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba

Ukuqonda ubunzima kunye neentlekele zengxaki, umntu kufuneka aqonde oku kulandelayo: akakafiki ngaphambi kokuwa kwekhulu-mali umkhosi oqhubeka ulwa nawo. UNapoleon akazange akholwe ngokupheleleyo ukuba ukulahleka kweMoscow kwakungeke kuthintele uAlexander I ukuba axoxisane. Kodwa iRashiya ayizange ilahlekelwe nantoni na ukunikezelwa kotshaba kwintlanzi, ukufa komkhosi kwakunokutshatyalaliswa kokugqibela.

Ku-Napoleon ukususela ekuqaleni komkhankaso waseRussia, kubalulekile ukunyanzelisa imfazwe jikelele kwiimpi zentshaba. Ubunkokeli bempi yaseRashiya benza konke okusemandleni ukukhusela oku, ngelixa amandla angalingani.

Emva kokumisa umkhosi eMoscow ngoSeptemba 14 (ngokutsho kwesitayela esitsha), umshayeli wentsimi wayiqondisa kwindlela yaseRyazan kuqala ukuya kwidolophana yaseKrasnaya Pakhra, kwaye kamva wachaza idolophana yaseTarutino njengendawo yomkhosi. Apha amabutho aseRussia afumana ukuphumla okufutshane kodwa kuyimfuneko. Ngelo xesha, umkhosi wanikelwa ukutya kunye namavolontiya.

Isuzov ingcebo

Yayiyintoni isicwangciso sikaTotuzov? I-Tarutino yokuhamba, eyaqala ngoSeptemba 17 kwaye iphelile ngo-Oktobha 3, yayikudibanisa iNapoleon kwaye yenze ixesha lokuphumula lomkhosi waseRussia. Kwafuneka sifihla isimo sethu kwisitha. Ekuphunyezweni kwalo mbono, abalindi baseRashiya nabaseCossacks bancedisa. Umqhubi weTarutin unokuchazwe ngokufutshane ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.

NgoSeptemba 14, ukuya kusihlwa, xa umkhosi waseNapoleon sele ungene eMoscow, iinxalenye zokugqibela zombutho waseRashiya phantsi komyalelo kaGeneral Miloradovich wamshiya. Kwimeko enjalo, imikhosi yaseRashiya, elandelwa yi-vanguard yamahhashi aseFransi, kwakufuneka ifihle ukuhamba kwayo.

Kutuzov ukhokela umkhosi kwindlela yeRyazan, kodwa wabuya wayalela eKaluga endala. Nanku ukuzaliseka kwesicwangciso sokufihla amabutho aseRussia esuka eNapoleon kwaqala - umlawuli waseTutuzov odumileyo waseTutuzov. Ukufuduka kwendlela entsha kunye nokuwela uMlambo waseMoskva kwagqitywa ngabagadi bemikhosi ngaphantsi komyalelo weeGeneral Vasilchikov, uRaevsky noMiloradovich. I-vanguard yamaFrentshi ibheke ukuwela kwebutho laseRashiya. Amasosha aseRussia ayehamba ngamakholamu amabini.

Emva kokuwela umkhosi wuleza ukunyuka kwaye waphula kwiFrentshi. Ukushiya phakathi kwamagumbi okugqibela uRaevsky watshisa onke amabhuloho ewela. Ngoko ngoSeptemba 17, uhambo lweTarutino lomkhosi waseRashiya lwaqalisa ngempumelelo.

Umsebenzi wokuvala

Kwakungekho ngokwaneleyo ukuyeka ukutshutshiswa kwe-French avant-gard garde. UNapoleon emva kokufika kwakhe eMoscow wathumela umnqweno wakhe omhle uMurat efuna umkhosi waseRashiya. Umlindi waseRussia owayengumlindi uRaevsky noMiloradovich, kunye namaqela e-Cossacks, adala ukubonakala komkhosi wokubuyela eRyazan, ukudukisa uNapoleon. Baye bakwazi ukuphazamisa ngokupheleleyo isiFrentshi malunga nommandla waseRashiya kwiintsuku ezinqabileyo kwiTotuzov. Ngeli xesha, wafika ngokusemthethweni kwidolophana yaseTarutino waza wahlala apho ukuze aphumle. Ngokuchukumisayo kwakuyicebo le-Kutuzov.

Umkhosi kunye nabasimizi beedolophana kunye nemizana ejikelezile baye banceda ekugqibeleni ukuhoxiswa. Baququzelele amaqela ahlukeneyo kunye, kunye neCosacks, bahlasela iFrancis avant-garde, babangela umonakalo omkhulu kubo.

Tarutinsky imfazwe

Phantse iiveki ezimbini, uNapoleon wayengazi malunga nokuba ngumkhosi waseRussia, de kube yindawo yakhe yafunyanwa yizimba zikaMurat. Eli xesha lusetyenziswe ngokunenzuzo enkulu. Amajoni athola ikhefu elide elindelwe, ukutya kwanikelwa, ukuzaliswa okutsha kwafika. Ukusuka eTula kwafumana izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye onke amaphondo, ngokuya komlawuli-oyintloko, enza umsebenzi wokubambisa iifom yebusika.

Ngexesha elifanayo, umkhosi we-Kutuzov wawugubungela iindlela eziya kwiphondo ezisemaphandleni ezisemazantsi kunye neTula kunye noshishino layo lempi. Ukuba emva kwebutho laseFransi, i-Kutuzov yaba yingozi enkulu.

Umkhosi waseNapoleon wawuseMoscow ngumgibe. Indlela eya kwiipropati ezisemaphandleni ezisemaphandleni yayigqitywa ngumkhosi waseRashiya oqinisiweyo, kwaye inkunzi enkulu yayithathwa kwindandatho ngamashishini athatyathwa ngamaCosacks nabasimili.

NgoSeptemba 24, uMurat wafumanisa indawo yombutho waseRussia waza wema kufuphi nekampu yakhe ukuze abone umlambo waseChernishnev. Amandla omkhosi wakhe yayingabantu abayi-27 000.

Ekuqaleni kukaOktobha, uNapoleon wazama ukuthetha kunye noTuzouzov, kodwa wayenqaba. Kwagqitywa ukuba kuhlaselwe iqela le-Murat, kuba, ngokweengxelo zabathathi-nxaxheba, wayengenaso inkxaso. Ngo-Oktobha 18, inkampu yaseFransi yahlaselwa ngokukhawuleza yimikhosi yaseRussia. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba unqobe umkhosi wonke weMurat, wakwazi ukulungiselela ukuhamba. Kodwa iTarutinsky ukulwa yabonisa ukuba umkhosi waseRashiya unamandla kwaye ngoku ubeka ingozi enkulu kwiintshaba.

Intsingiselo yombutho waseTarutinsky

Uhambo lwe-Tarutino lwama-1812, olukhulelwe ngokugqithisileyo kwaye lwaqonda ngokugqithiseleyo i-Kutuzov ngoncedo lwabaphathi bakhe kunye namagosa, lwaluyisigqibo sokunqoba umonakalisi. Xa wayekwazi ukuhlukana notshaba kwaye ephumelele iiveki ezimbalwa, umkhosi waseRussia ufumene ukuphumla okuyimfuneko, iingalo, iimpahla kunye neifomfom zenziwa. Kwakhona, umkhosi wawuzaliswa ngokutsha, okubalelwa kumawaka ayi-100 abantu.

Indawo ekhethiweyo yenkampu yaseRashiya ayizange ivumele iNapoleon ukuba iqhubeke phambili kwaye iphoqele umkhosi waseFransi ukuba ushiye umgwaqo osemdala waseSmolensk, okhokelela kwiindawo eziphangaleleyo.