Inzululwazi esisiseko: imizekelo. inzululwazi Fundamental yaye isicelo

Man, ukuba ube yinxalenye yendalo nokuba ezinye ezifanayo kunye nezilwanyana, ingakumbi obeku-, kodwa unalo impahla ebaluleke kakhulu. ubuchopho bakhe uyakwazi ukwenza iintshukumo, ebizwa bengqondo kwengqondo - ngokwasengqondweni. ubuchule bomntu ukuba obusebenza enxulumene kuphuhliso neuron, amsa ukuqonda imithetho ekujoliswe engunobangela ngendaleko endalo kunye noluntu. Ngenxa yoko, into enjalo kwakuvela kwingqiqo inzululwazi esisiseko.

Kweli nqaku siza kujonga uphuhliso amasebe awo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kwaye ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni na izifundo theoretical component zahlukile iintlobo ezithile lweenkqubo ngokwasengqondweni.

ulwazi jikelele - ntoni na?

Inxalenye imisebenzi yokufunda, ukuhlola imigaqo esisiseko ngesakhiwo ezisebenza iphela, kwakunye echaphazela ulwalamano kobude ezivela impefumlelwano izinto zehlabathi eziphathekayo - yinto inzululwazi esisiseko.

Yenzelwe ku dyondza nemiba yeengcingane kokubili isayensi nemathematika, kunye nezoluntu. amaqumrhu Special yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ababandakanyekayo kwinzululwazi, imfundo kunye nenkcubeko - UNESCO - libhekisela ephanda angundoqo ngabo ezikhokelela ukufunyanwa kwemithetho emitsha iphela, kwakunye ukuseka uqhagamshelwano phakathi nesenzeko endalo kunye izinto into ebonakalayo.

Kutheni kufuneka ukuxhasa izifundo theoretical

Enye iimpawu lokuba kumazwe kakhulu, ngumphakamo omkhulu ulwazi jikelele kunye mali evela kwizikolo zenzululwazi inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi zehlabathi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukho musa zinika inzuzo izinto ngokukhawuleza, yaye zidla ixesha yaye zibiza imali eninzi. Noko ke, loo nto yinto inzululwazi esisiseko sisiseko apho esekelwe kumava nangakumbi kunye nokuphunyezwa iziphumo yokuvelisa, ezolimo, amayeza kunye nezinye iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.

Science elingundoqo kunye isicelo - eziqhuba inkqubela

Ngoko, ulwazi ehlabathini undoqo ubomi zonke iintlobo yimveliso imisebenzi uhlalutyo zokwenziwa of lobuchopho bomntu. uqikelelo somgaqo-zobulumko zamandulo ngemvelo obubobu zenkqunto kukhokelele hypothesis ubukho amasuntswana amancinane - atom, yacaciswa, umzekelo, kulo mbongo ze Lucretius Ngosuku Nature Sezinto ". Uphando brilliant M. V. Lomonosova kunye J. wayeseDalton kukhokelele ekuyilweni kwethiyori obalaseleyo atomic-eziphilayo.

Postulates eyayivelisa inzululwazi esisiseko, wakhonza njengesiseko uphando elandelayo applied kwenziwa zizazinzulu kunye neengcali.

Ukusuka theory ukuba benze

Umendo evela cabinet Isazinzulu theoretical elebhu uphando kungathatha iminyaka emininzi, kwaye kuba namendu kwaye izele izinto ezintsha. Ngokomzekelo, izazinzulu Russian D. D. Ivanenko and E. M. Gapon ngowe-1932 elabhoratri wafumanisa ukwakhiwa nuclei atomic, yaye kungekudala unjingalwazi AP Zhdanov babonisa ubukho phakathi isiqalo imikhosi ezinkulu kakhulu yekeyeke protons kunye neutron kunye. Bathi ngokuba yenyukliya kwaye isicelo ingqeqesho - physics yenyukliya - ifumene ukusetyenziswa yabo tsiklofazotronah (enye lamiswa ngo-1960 e-Dubna) e eKhubheki zamandla enyukliya (ngo-1964 e-Obninsk), kushishino emkhosini. Konke oku kungentla rivedennye thina imizekelo ebonisa indlela ezalanayo elingundoqo isicelo nenzululwazi.

Indima yophando theoretical ekuqondeni nasekusungulweni kulomhlaba

Oko kwenzeka ekuqaleni ukuyilwa kolwazi lomntu malunga nophuhliso, inzululwazi inkqubo zendalo kakhulu. uluntu lwethu waqale wazama ukwazi nje kuphela imithetho ezikhona eziphathekayo, kodwa ukuze phezu kwabo amandla iyonke. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula aphorism odumileyo I. V. Michurina: ". Asikwazi kulindela umusa kwindalo, ubasuse kuyo - ngxaki yethu" Ngokomzekelo, makhe siqwalasele kuphuhliswa ngayo inzululwazi esisiseko emzimbeni. Imizekelo zokuxhasa le misebenzi yabantu inokufumaneka ezifunyaniswe ezakhokelela ekuyilweni umthetho gravitation jikelele.

ukusebenzisa Apho ulwazi umthetho womxhuzulane

Yonke le nto yaqala sokuhlola uGalileo, owaba ukuba ubunzima umzimba aluchaphazeli izinga apho uwela phantsi. Emva koko, ngo-1666, Isaak Nyuton baqulunqe postulate lwamaxabiso jikelele - umthetho womxhuzulane.

ulwazi senkolelo, apho waphumelela nokwakheka - eyinhloko inzululwazi endalo, uluntu iye isetyenziswe ngempumelelo iindlela mihla wokuhlola, xa okubonisa emazeni olwandle. imithetho Newton bakaThixo zisetyenziselwa ukuqhuba izibalo zendlela-Hewana zomhlaba iisoyi kunye nezikhululo intergalactic.

Biology - inzululwazi esisiseko

Mhlawumbi akukho yesebe ulwazi lwabantu akukho yentabalala izibakala abe ngumzekelo ocacileyo iziganeko ezenzeke iinkqubo cognitive kwi-Homo sapiens iintlobo. Postulates yesayensi yendalo ziqulunqwe Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel, uThomas Morgan, I. P. Pavlovym, I. I. Mechnikovym kunye nezinye izazinzulu, ngokwesiseko nempembelelo uphuhliso mihla yendaleko theory, amayeza, engazali yemfuza kunye nezolimo. Ngezantsi, sinikela imizekelo ezingqina isibakala sokuba kwicandelo eziphilayo, inzululwazi elingundoqo isicelo zihlobene ezihambelanayo.

Ukususela imifuniselo uNothozamile kwiibhedi - ukuya engineering genetic

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX kwidolophu encinane kumzantsi eBohemia Mendel echithwe imifuniselo yokuwela phakathi ertyisi iintlobo ezimbalwa nezahlukileyo umbala kunye nefomu iimbewu. Ekuvelisweni kwezityalo gqith Mendel waqokelela iziqhamo kunye nembewu ukubala usebenzisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa kalukhuni yayo ezigqithisileyo pedantry, lo experimenter wachitha amawaka amalinge, iziphumo zazo thaca kule ngxelo.

oosonzululwazi Mfondini, waphulaphula ngembeko, wamshiya ebumnandini. Kodwa watsho phantsi. Kwadlula phantse kwiminyaka elikhulu, yaye izazinzulu ezininzi - de Vries kunye Correns Cermak - isaziso kokufunyanwa imithetho yofuzo kunye nokudalwa esitsha yebhayoloji uqeqesho - imizila yemfuza. Kodwa umxakatho ubuntshatsheli akaya kubo.

Ixesha into kwi ukuqonda ulwazi theoretical

Kwathi kanti, ukuba kuphindwa yemifuniselo ka Mendel, ethatha kuphela nezinye izibonelelo zophando lwabo. Ngu phakathi kwenkulungwane XX izinto ezintsha izakhi kwesinye a cornucopia. De Vries yenza ngcamango yakhe ukuguquka, T. Morgan - chromosome theory kwimfuza, Watson kunye Crick izakhi isakhiwo DNA.

Noko ke, postulates ezintathu eziphambili ziqulunqwe G. Mendel, zisekho lembombo apho kukho biology. isayensi Fundamental iye kwakhona wabonisa ukuba iziphumo zayo abaze nilwamkelele ilize. Balinde nje ngexesha elifanelekileyo, xa uluntu luya kuba ukulungele ukuqonda nokuvavanya ulwazi olutsha merit.

Indima kwicala lezingluntu eyala kuphuhliso lolwazi lwehlabathi malunga inkqubo yehlabathi

Imbali - enye kwamasebe lolwazi yabantu, nesuka kumaxesha amandulo. Umsunguli kwayo ingqalelo yi uHerodotus umsebenzi wokuqala senkolelo - lo othi "Imbali", ebhalwe nguye. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inzululwazi uqhubeka ukufunda iziganeko elidlulileyo, kwakunye ukuchonga kunokwenzeka ubudlelwane unobangela kunye nesiphumo phakathi kwabo isikali nje ngendaleko jikelele, kwaye kuphuhliso lwamazwe ngamanye.

uphando Outstanding Comte, M. Weber, G. Spencer wakhonza ubungqina esinamandla ingxelo ukuba imbali - inzululwazi esisiseko, eyenzelwe ukuba ukumisela imithetho nophuhliso loluntu oluntu amanqanaba ahlukeneyo yophuhliso lwayo.

kumacandelo application - imbali kwezoqoqosho, zakudala, imbali karhulumente kunye nomthetho - nzulu ukuqonda kwethu lombutho kunye nasekusungulweni ngemigaqo uluntu kwimeko kuphuhliso impucuko.

Kileyo nendawo yayo zenzululwazi theoretical

Njani urhulumente, leyo uyakwazi ukuchaza iipateni kwinkqubo yophuhliso wayo, yintoni na le migaqo wentsebenziswano phakathi karhulumente kunye nelungelo - ukuphendula imibuzo esisiseko nenzululwazi yomthetho. Uqulathe eyona oluqhelekilyo onke amasimi isicelo kweendidi komthetho namabinza. Emva koko isicelo ngempumelelo kumsebenzi wolwaphulo mthetho, forensics, bengqondo zabo zomthetho.

UMthetho iqinisekise ukungqinelana nemigaqo zomthetho kunye nemithetho, leyo yinto ebalulekileyo yokwenza ukuba ulondolozo kunye nempumelelo ombuso.

Indima intambo yekhompyutha kwiinkqubo jikelele

Ukuze siyiqonde indlela kwemfuno kule nenzululwazi kweli hlabathi mihla, sinikela le mifanekiso ilandelayo: ngaphezu kwama-60% azo zonke imisebenzi ehlabathini lonke kukho iikhompyutha kunye namashishini eliphezulu zobugcisa kulo mzobo liphuma kwi-95%. Ngokususa imiqobo ngolwazi phakathi kwamazwe kunye bawo, ukusekwa kurhwebo lwehlabathi jikelele kwaye bodwa kwezoqoqosho, ukuyilwa kothungelwano ngamazwe zonxibelelwano kunokwenzeka ngaphandle IT-technologies hayi.

Computing inzululwazi esisiseko idala iseti imigaqo kunye neendlela ngokunika ulawulo ngekhompyutha yazo naziphi na iindlela izinto kunye neenkqubo eluntwini. ishishini ethembisayo isicelo - luphuhliso zothungelwano, yokwazisa kwezoqoqosho, kunye nolawulo lwemveliso computer.

Economy nendawo yayo amandla yenzululwazi ngamazwe

yesayensi Economic esisiseko sisiseko kwimveliso mveliso mihla interstate. Ichaza links kobude phakathi zonke izifundo zemisebenzi yezoqoqosho inkampani, kwakunye nokuphuhlisa indlela ngokwephanyazo kwezoqoqosho eqhelekileyo kwi kwisikali lasisiseko senkcubeko yoluntu mihla.

Okuvela kwimibhalo Adam Smith kunye noDavide Ricardo, akuba ithathe iingcamango M. Friedman of monetarism, inzululwazi zoqoqosho zale mihla wenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu ngayo ingqiqo zeniyo-bamandulo zesiqhelo. Ngokusekelwe kuwo, kwakheka isicelo loshishino: zoMmandla kunye noqoqosho post-mveliso. Bafunda indlela imigaqo ulwabiwo eyiyo imveliso, kwakunye neziphumo revolution kwezobuchwepheshe.

Kweli nqaku siye safumanisa ukuba yintoni na indima eluntwini nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi esisiseko. Le mizekelo inikwe ngentla ukuqinisekisa ukubaluleka zalo eziphambili ulwazi nemithetho kunye nemigaqo yokusebenza yehlabathi eziphathekayo.