Impawu ezahlukileyo zolawulo lomthetho zi ... UMbuso kunye nomthetho: iimpawu zolawulo lomthetho

Iingcamango zokwakha urhulumente kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ziye zaphazamisa iingqondo zezinzulu, izazi-mafilosofi kunye nezopolitiko. Ngokuqinisekileyo wonk 'ubani wayefuna ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi imeko efanelwe ukuba kuthiwa "yinto engcono." Kwinkqubo yemisebenzi yenzululwazi engapheliyo eyenzeka ngokubhikisha kolawulo lokunyanzelisa ubuninzi kunye namandla onke amakhosari, ingcamango ethile yenkqubo kaRhulumente isekelwe kumthetho. Namhlanje umgaqo "wolawulo lomthetho" awubangeli nantoni na, kodwa emininzi eminyaka edlulileyo le yimboveli yangempela kwihlabathi lezopolitiko kunye nomthetho. Ngekhulu lama-21, amaninzi kumazwe ehlabathi azama ukufumana isihloko "solawulo lomthetho". Kuyathakazelisa ukuba le ngcamango ineempawu ezininzi kunye neempawu eziza kuqwalaselwa ngokubanzi kwinqaku.

Imbali yokuphuhliswa kwengcamango "yolawulo lomthetho"

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ingqalelo ukuba imbono yombuso esekelwe kumgaqo wemithetho yavela kwixesha langoku, kodwa zonke iziganeko zembali zenzeka ngaphambili. Ngaloo ndlela, sinokuthetha ngokuphuhliswa kolwazi, okwenzeka emva koko waba yingxenye yombono. Umbuso wezomthetho lizwe, amandla ahlalayo nokwakha imisebenzi yawo ngokwemigangatho nemigaqo yomthetho. Le ngcamango ichaza kuphela inxalenye yengcamango yonke, izazinzulu ezininzi azivumelani nalo. Imbali yolawulo lomthetho ngengqondo emncinci isukela ngexesha lokulawula kwekosi yaseMesopotamiya uHammurabi. Wayeyindoda yokuqala eyazisa imithetho kwilizwe lakhe. Impembelelo eqhubekayo ilandelelana ngamapolisa aseGrike, apho intando yesininzi ilawulwa khona, umthetho wamaRoma owawulawula onke amasebe wobomi bomntu, kunye nokuhlaziywa okudumileyo kweMinyaka eyiNyaka kunye neNew Times, apho abantu balwela inkululeko yabo. Kulandela ukuba ukuphuhliswa kolwazi ngomthetho, urhulumente kunye nolwalamano lwawo luye lwadlulayo kangangamakhulu eminyaka. Kodwa ukuze siqonde ukuba yiyiphi imiqondiso yolawulo lomthetho, kufuneka siqwalasele i-theory kwifom yeklasi, eyavela kwixesha le-16 ukuya kwekhulu le-18.

Inkcazo yeklasi yolawulo lomthetho

"Ookhokho" beengcamango nguJohn Locke, u-Immanuel Kant, uThomas Hobbes kunye noMontesquieu. Bathetha ukuba iimpawu ezahlukileyo zolawulo lomthetho azibandakanyi nje umgaqo wokungqinelana okufutshane phakathi kwemisebenzi yomthetho nomthetho, kodwa nokuhlonipha inkululeko yabantu, ukwahlula kwamagunya kumasebe amakhulu. Ndiyabulela kule migaqo-siseko, kunokwenzeka ukwakha urhulumente womthetho oya kubakho kubantu, kwaye kungabi ngexabiso. Emva koko, le mbono yayicacisiwe. Kuze kube yimini, kubalulekile kunosululwazi ezininzi, kuba lubonisa indlela uhulumeni kunye nomthetho osebenzisana ngayo. Iimpawu zolawulo lomthetho zibonakalise ukuba nakanjani nawaphi na ilizwe ngowokuqala kuyo yonke imithetho, engekho yezopolitiko.

Umgaqo wolawulo lomthetho

Ngoko, unikezwe ngembali elinezityebi zokuphuhliswa kwengcamango, umntu unokukwazi ukuqaphela ingcamango yanamhlanje yekota. Umbuso wezomthetho yilizwe apho yonke imisebenzi ilawulwa phantsi kwemimiselo kunye nemimiselo yomthetho, iziko zamandla aphezulu zihlulwe ngokwawo ngamagunya azo, kwaye ukhuseleko lwamalungelo kunye nenkululeko inkululeko yenziwa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umgaqo-siseko ngumqondiso obodwa wolawulo lomthetho. Ndiyabulela kuye, umgaqo wokuhlukana kwamagunya kunye nezinye iimbono eziphambili zolawulo ziphunyezwa. Umbuso onjalo ubonakaliswe yinkalo yezinto ezifuneka ukuba ziqwalaselwe kungekhona kuphela kwiinkqubo zesistim, kodwa zihluke kunye.

Iinkalo ezi-3 eziphambili zolawulo lomthetho

Kwimbali yale mbono, izazinzulu ziye zafaka phambili iingcamango ezininzi malunga neempawu zayo eziphambili. Ngaloo ndlela, kwiingcamango zombuso nomthetho, ziyingxaki. Akunakutsholwa ukuba ezinye zinyani, ezinye azikho. Kwiingcamango ngasinye kukho ingqolowa engqiqweni, nangona kunjalo, kwiimpawu ezahlukileyo zolawulo lomthetho ngu:

• Umthetho womthetho (ukusemthethweni).
• Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo kunye nenkululeko.
• Ukwahlula kwamagunya kuya kwamasebe amathathu ahlanganisiweyo.

Uphawu olulodwa lolawulo lomthetho ngumgaqo-siseko, kuba luquka zonke iinkalo ezikhankanyiweyo ngasentla.

Ulawulo lomthetho

Ummandla ohlukileyo wolawulo lomthetho kukulawula komthetho. Lo mgaqo, uchongiweyo njengomgaqo-siseko, ubonakaliswe yinto ekhethekileyo yomthetho kwilizwe. Ngelo xesha, abaphathi banyanzelekile ukuba benze ngaphakathi kwamagunya anikwe zona ngokwemithetho yomthetho. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukulawulwa komthetho kugxininiswa ngumbutho oqinileyo wolawulo lwezenzo eziqhelekileyo, apho umthetho unikwe amandla angaphezu komthetho emva komgaqo-siseko. Umgaqo uphunyezwa ngokuqinisekisa ukulawulwa komthetho, ukulingana kwabo bonke ngaphambi komthetho.

Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo kunye nenkululeko

Iimpawu ezahlukileyo zolawulo lomthetho ziquka ithuba lokwenene lokukhusela amalungelo omntu, kunye neendlela zokuwufezekisa. Uninzi lwabantu abanomthetho wendalo baqinisekile ukuba kwanokuba baqwalasela umbandela wombuso, ukuphulwa kwentlawulelo yabantu akumele kubonakaliswe ngandlela-thile kwintlalo yanamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka sigxininise indlela eyahlukileyo yokuqonda "amalungelo oluntu" kunye nokuphulwa kwabo. Ngokomzekelo, kusekho isigwebo sokufa eUnited States, engathathwa njengento yokunyanzelwa ilungelo lomntu ebomini. Lo kuphela umlinganiselo onzima kakhulu wokujeziswa kwabaphuli-mthetho. Kwamazwe amaninzi aseMpuma Yurophu, abantu baphishekela nayiphi na imbonakalo yobungqingili. Kukho iingcamango ukuba amalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko iya kuqinisekiswa ngokuqinisekileyo kwisixa apho baqatshelwa ngumthetho wesizwe, kwaye akukho.

Ukuhlukana kwamagunya kumasebe amathathu aphezulu

Umgaqo wawucwangciswe ngokukodwa owethulwe ngu "ooyise" weengcamango zomthetho (Locke, Montesquieu, Hobbes). Uthetha imfundiso yokuba onke amandla karhulumente kufuneka ahlulwe ngamasebe amathathu, aya kuthi ahlale emele phantsi. Umgaqo waba ngundoqo kwiingcamango zanamhlanje zomthetho kunye nomthetho. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwilizwe ngalinye le ngqungquthela yazaliseka. Ngokuqinisekileyo, iindlela ezithile zokusebenzisana phakathi kwamasebe aphezulu zaphuhliswa kunye.

Ngaloo ndlela, amandla omthetho amelwa yipalamente, ipalamente, iindibano zabantu (kwilizwe ngalinye igama lingahluke). Igunya elilawulayo lijongene nebhunga eliphambili eligunyazisiweyo, kwaye isigwebo senziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yeenkundla kwilizwe.

Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iimpawu ezahlukileyo zolawulo lomthetho ziquka iinkalo ezongezelelweyo ezingezizo ezisisiseko, kodwa zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, inkqubo yokuphunyezwa komthetho wemithetho (imithetho) iya kuxhomekeka ngokuthe ngqo kwizinga lezomthetho, kuba abantu kufuneka bangayigcini nje kuphela le miqathango, kodwa baqonde kwakhona intsingiselo yabo. Kwakhona, xa uphendula umbuzo malunga naluphi na iimpawu zolawulo lomthetho, kubalulekile ukuthetha malunga nokuxanduva lomntu kunye nomntu ngamnye. Xa imisebenzi iphakanyiswa kuphela kubemi, ngokuqinisekileyo ilahlekelwa ilungelo lokuvota phambi komyalelo wombuso, olwaphulwa ngokukhawuleza inkululeko yabo. Umgaqo wokubambisana komgaqo-siseko uyingqayizivele kwaye ubonakaliswe ebusweni bomgaqo-siseko-siseko esisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo welizwe lonke.

Ngoko, kwinqaku sifunde ukuba yintoni imiqondiso yolawulo lomthetho. Phantse bonke bekunye kuphela amaqhinga angagqibekanga, iingcamango. Kodwa ngoku ke onke amazwe ehlabathi akhona ngokusekelwe kwezi zifundo.