Yintoni i-zinc? I-Formula, izakhi ze-zinc. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-zinc

Enye yezinyithi ezazifunyenwe ngaphambili, kodwa nanamhlanje azilahlekanga ukufaneleka kwazo ekusebenziseni ngenxa yeempawu zabo eziphawulekayo, yi-zinc. Iipropati zalo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zenza ukuba kubekho ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa kunye nosuku. Unempembelelo enkulu kwimpilo yabantu.

Umfutshane omfutshane wokuvula into

Ziyintoni i-zininc, abantu babesazi ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Emva koko, kwafundwa ukuba kusetyenziswe i-alloys equle le nsimbi. AmaYiputa ayesebenzisa ii-ores eziqukethe ubhedu kunye ne-zinc, zazisusa kwaye zathola into enamandla kakhulu yokukhupha i-oxidation. Izinto zobomi bemihla ngemihla, izitsha ezenziwe kule ncwadi zifunyenwe.

Igama le-zinc lifumaneka kwiincwadi zedokotela waseParacelsus ngekhulu le-16 AD. Ngeli xesha, isinyithi sisetyenziswe ngokusetyenziswa ngamaTshayina, ukuhlawula iimali ezivela kuyo. Kancinci, ulwazi malunga nale nto kunye neendawo ezifanelekileyo zobugcisa zihanjiswa kwiYurophu. Emva koko eJamani, iNgilani nayo yafunda ukuba yiyinc yiphi na apho ingasetyenziswa khona.

I-Brass yayingenye yezona alloys ezidumileyo ezazisetyenziswa ukususela kwiinkulungwane zamandulo eKyprus, kwaye emva koko eJamani nakwamanye amazwe.

Igama livela kwi-Latin zincum, kodwa i-etymology ayifani ngokupheleleyo. Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi.

1. Ukusuka kwiJinke yaseJamani, eguqulela ngokuthi "isicu".
2. Ukususela kwisiLatini zincum, oku kuthetha "i-plaque emhlophe."
3. IPersian "cheng", oko kukuthi, ilitye.
4. IYanco yamandulo ye-zinco, eguqulela ngokuthi "i-plaque", "ivava kwiso."

Igama lanamhlanje linikezelwa kwinqalo kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ukubaluleka kwama-zinc ion emzimbeni womntu kwaza kwaziwa nje ngoku kutshanje (i-XX leminyaka). Ngaphambi, akukho zigulo kunye nale nxalenye zixhunyiwe.

Nangona kunjalo, kuyaziwa ukuba sele kudala, iintlanga ezininzi zasebenzisa isobho kumntwana wenkomo omncinci njengendlela yokubuyisela kwisifo nokulungiswa kwangaphambili. Namhlanje sinokuthi isiphumo siphumelele ngenxa yee-zinc ions, eziqulethe ezininzi zezi kutya. Uncedise ukubuyisela ukujikeleza kwegazi, ukunciphisa ukukhathala nokusebenzisa umsebenzi wengqondo.

I-Element Zinc: Impawu

Eli qela lisekhompyutheni kwinkqubo yeqela lesibini, iqela elincinane. Inombolo yomyalelo ngowama-30, ubunzima beZinc buyi-65.37. Iqondo elilodwa kunye nexesha eliqhubekayo le-oxidation +2. Ukucwangciswa kweekhompyutheni kwinqanaba langaphandle le-atom 4s ² .

Etafileni, i-Zinc, iCopper, iCadmium, iChromium, i-Manganese kunye nezinye iinguqu zentsimbi. Ezi ziquka zonke ezo i-electron zizalisa zangaphandle kwaye zikhona zangaphambili kwaye zikhona.

Iinguqu zenguqu ziquka iqela leplatinum (iGold, Iridium, Palladium, Platinum, Osmium nabanye). Zonke zibonakaliswa ngokubunjwa kweemveliso eziyinkimbinkimbi apho zisebenza njenge-agent engxubekiyo kunye neenombolo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlanganisa. Konke oku kufana nento esiyiqwalaselayo.

Kukho ama-isotop 5 azinzile ngokwemvelo ngamanani amaninzi ukususela kuma-64 ukuya ku-70. ⁶⁵ Zn i-radioactive, ne-half-life of 244 days.

I-Zinc njengento elula

Iyintoni i-zinc ngendlela eqhelekileyo? Isinyithi, isilivere-eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngokukhawuleza ihlanganiswe nefilimu ye-oxide ekhusela emoyeni. Ngenxa yoko, kubonakala ngathi akabi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kukufanelekile ukususa ifilimu, njengoko i-zinc ibonisa iipropati zazo zonke izitye-iindawo ezintle zikhanya kunye nokukhanya.

Kwizinto zendalo ziqulethwe ezininzi kwiimaminerali kunye neeyure. Ngoko, eziqhelekileyo zazo zi:

• I-Zinc blende, okanye i-sphalerite;
• Kleofan;
• Marmatitis;
• IWurtzite;
• Smithsonite;
• ICalamine;
• Zincite;
• Willemite;
• Franklenite nabanye.

Njengenxalenye yeores edibeneyo, i-Zinc idla ngokuhlangana namaqabane aqhelekileyo, afana:

• Thallium;
• Germanium;
• EIndiya;
• Gallium;
• Cadmium.

Ingqikithi, isabelo sale nsimbi kwi-crust earth is 0.076%. Oku kuncinane ngaphezu kobhedu. Kwakhona, i-0.07 mg / l yale nkunkuma iqulethwe ngamanzi olwandle.

Ifom ye-zinc njengento elula yiZn. I-crystal lattice i-hexagonal, dense. Udidi lwebhondi yeekhemikhali - isinyithi.

Iipropati zomzimba

Impawu ezininzi zingaboniswa.

1. Umbala - isilivere-eluhlaza.
2. Ubuninzi bunzima be-7.13 g / cm ³ .
3. Ingqungquthela i-420 ° C (ivela kwiqela lentsimbi ephantsi).
4. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo - into ephosakeleyo.
5. Iqondo lokubilisa li-906 ° C.
6. Xa utyumbile ukuya ku-100-150 ^o C, ukunyuka kwamathambo kunye nokunyuka kwamathambo, kunokwenzeka ukwenza ucingo kunye nokugqithisa.
7. Ngaphezu kwama- ^{o-o o-o-} 5 uhamba ngokukhawuleza ube ngumgubo omnyama, ukulahlekelwa yiplastiki.
8. Ngaba umqhubi obalaseleyo.
9. Ukuqhuba kwe-thermal kulungile, njengawo amandla okushisa.

Iimpawu zeempawu ezinjalo zivumela ukusetyenziswa kwesinyithi ekudibanisaneni nezinye izinto. Ngokomzekelo, i-zinc yolsimbi yombane iyaziwa ngokubanzi.

Iimpawu zeChimpi

Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, umgangatho wesinyithi unxiba ngokukhawuleza ngeengubo ezimhlophe ezimhlophe-i-zinc oxide. Oku kubangelwa ukuba i-oksijini yomoya ikhupha ngokukhawuleza into ecocekileyo.

Ukuba, ixesha elide, isinyithi ecocekileyo igcinwa kwindawo evulekileyo yomoya, ngoko iya kutshabalaliswa yintsebenzo ye-carbon dioxide. Njengombuzo olula, i-zinc iphendula nge:

• Halogens;
• MaKalgogenes;
• Oxygen;
• Acids;
• Alkalis;
• Amoniya kunye ne-ammonium (i-salts yayo);
• Isitye esinezixhobo.

Ayenzi njani nge nitrogen. Ukuba sithatha i-zinc ecocekileyo ngokwemichiza, ngoko ayenzi nayiphi na into ebhaliweyo.

Kucacile ukuba i-zinc yintsimbi ye-amphoteric. Kwiempendulo kunye ne-alkalis, iyenze i-compounds-hydroxo-succinates.

Zinc

Ezi zinokuthiwa ngamacandelo amaninzi:

1. Zinc silicide.
2. _I- carbide ye-three-dimensional - Ni ₃ ZnC.
3. Zinc halides (i-chloride, i-fluoride, iodide, i-bromide).
4. Sulphide, selenide, i-zinc arsenide.
5. Phosphide kunye ne-boride.
6. Ammiakatnye iingxube ezenziwe ngokusebenzisana kwezityambo kunye nesisombululo se-ammonia.
7. I-Cyanides, i-thiosulphates kunye ne-thiocyanate zikhona njengezidibaniselwano ezihambelana nesisombululo esinamandla.
8. I-oxide kunye ne- hydroxide ye-zinc ziimveliso ze-amphoteric ezisetyenziselwa ukulungiselela i- hydroxyzincate complexes.

Uninzi lweemveliso zelungu elibhekiselweyo lusetyenziswa kumashishini ekhemikhali okanye nakwamanye amashishini (ubunjineli, i-synthetics yasekhaya, imboni yepende kunye ne-varnish).

I-zinc oxide isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiyeza. Unesiphumo esihle sokuchasa, sitshisa kwaye sibulala amagciwane. Ngako oko, isetyenziswe kwimveliso yokonkcenkcaza yokunyanga i-acne, i-genum, i-acne nezinye izifo zesikhumba.

I-zinc

Ngokuqhelekileyo zonke izityi ezingabini kwaye ziyinkimbinkimbi, oko kukuthi, aziqukethe ion i-colored i-color, i-colorless crystalline. Eyona nto idume ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni abantu yiyo ilandelayo.

1. I-zinc chloride yi-ZnCL _2. Elinye igama lenkomfa yi-soldering acid. Ngaphandle i-crystals ezimhlophe, ezithatha umswakama womoya. Kusetshenziselwa ukucoca umgangatho wezinyithi phambi kokuxutywa, ukufumana i-fiber, kwiibhetri, ukuba ungenise imithi ngaphambi kokucwangciswa njengesifo sokubulala i-disinfectant.
2. I-sinc sulfide. Umpu omhlophe, ngokukhawuleza ukuphuza xa ushushu. Ingaba kukho indawo ephakamileyo yokuqhaqhazela, ngokungafani neyinyithi. Isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezikhanyisiweyo ezisetyenziswe kwizikrini, iipaneli kunye nezinye izinto. Ngaba i-semiconductor.
3. I-pincphide ye-Zinc isisonya esisetyenzisiweyo esisetyenziselwa ukurhoxisa izilwanyana (iigundane, iifos).
4. I-Smithsonite, okanye i-zinc carbonate-ZnCO ₃ . I-crystalline engenambala, engenayo into emanzi. Isetyenziswe kwimveliso ye-petrochemical, kunye nokuphendula kwe-silk production. Yisisombululo kwi-organic synthesis, esetyenzisiweyo njengesichumiso somhlabathi.
5. I-acetate ye-Zinc (CH ₃ COO) ₂ Zn. Amakristal angenambala, ahlaziywe ngokulula kuwo onke amavolvants of any nature. Ifunyenwe ngokubanzi kwiikhemikhali, nakwiimveliso zonyango kunye nezokutya. Isetshenziselwa ukuphatha i-nosafaringitis. Isetyenziswe njengesongezelelo sokutya e-E650 - i-freshens ukuphefumula, kuvimbela ukubonakala kwepali kumazinyo xa inxalenye yokuhlafuna i-gum. Kwakhona kusetyenziselwa ukutshiza idayi, ukugcinwa kweenkuni, ukuveliswa kweeplastiki kunye nezinye izinto ezikhoyo. Phantse yonke indawo idlala indima ye-inhibitor.
6. I-iodide ye-Zinc i-crystal emhlophe esetyenziswe kwi-radiography, njenge-electrolyte kwiibhetri, njengombala we-microassay.
7. Amakristal asemnyama okanye amnyama, angenakufumaneka ngokubambisana ngokukodwa, ekubeni i-zinc ne-nitrogen ayiphenduli. Yenziwe kwi-ammonia zetsimbi. Emazingeni aphezulu okushisa adibanisa nokukhutshwa kwe-zinc, ngoko isetyenziswe ukuyivelisa.
8. I-nitrate yeZinc. Amakristal angenakubala. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-zinc kule fomu kuqhutyelwa kwiimveliso zetektile kunye neekhumba ukwenzela ukuba zifake izicubu.

Zinc alloys

Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, kukho enye i-zinc alloy eqhelekileyo - ithusi. Kuyaziwa ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye lisetyenziswa ngabantu ngoku kube ngoku. Umela ntoni?

Ubhedu bubhedu kunye ne-zinc, ezihambelanayo nezinye izinto ezinesinyithi, ukunika ingqungquthela eyongezelelweyo, amandla kunye nokukhanyela kwi-alloy. I-Zinc ekwakhekeni njengento yokubambisa, ubhedu - njengento ephambili. Umbala wezinto ziluphuzi, zikhanyayo, kodwa zimnyama emoyeni kwindawo ehlazileyo. I-melting point malunga ne-950 ° C, ingahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto zinc (nangona kunjalo, ixabiso eliphantsi).

Ezi zinto zifakwe kakuhle kwiimakhishithi, iipayipi, eziphethwe yindlela yokudibanisa. Iimpawu ezintle zobugcisa, ngoko ke ezi zinto zilandelayo zivela kuyo:

1. Amashishini omatshini kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa.
2. Imikhono kunye nemveliso yecampu.
3. Amantongomane, iibhotshi, iingono.
4. Amashishini, ama-bushings, ama-anti-corrosion nxalenye yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho.
5. Iinkcukacha zeeyure.

Ininzi yesinyithi esiyichitha kwihlabathi isetyenziswe kwimveliso yale alloy.

Olunye uhlobo lwe-intermetallic compound yi-zinc antimonide. I-formula yayo yi-Zn ₄ Sb _3. Kwakhona i-alloy esetyenziswe njenge-semiconductor kwi-transistors, imifanekiso ye-thermal, i-magnetoresistive devices.

Kucacile ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-zinc kunye nezixhobo zayo zininzi kakhulu kwaye ziphantse ziphela. Esi sinyithi sithandwa njengethusi kunye ne-aluminium, isiliva negolide, i-manganese kunye nentsimbi. Ukubaluleka kwayo kwiinjongo zobugcisa njengempahla engabonakaliyo inkulu kakhulu. Emva kwakho konke, i-zinc ihlanganiswe ngama-alloys ahlukeneyo kunye nemveliso ukukhusela kule nkqubo yendalo yemonakalo.

Indima yezinto eziphilayo

Ziziphi izincinci ngokweliyeza kunye ne-biology? Ingaba kubalulekile ebomini bezinto eziphilayo kunye nokuba likhulu kangakanani? Kuvela ukuba ion zinc nje kufuneka zibe khona kwizinto eziphilayo. Ngaphandle koko, ukusilela kuya kubangela iziphumo ezilandelayo:

• IAnemia;
• Ukunciphisa i-insulin;
• Utywala;
• Ukulahlekelwa ubunzima kunye nememori;
• Ukukhathala;
• Uxinzelelo;
• Umbono onzima;
• Ukutshatyalaliswa nabanye.

Iindawo eziphambili zokuxinwa kwee-zinc i-body ion i- pancreas, isibindi kunye nezihlunu. Kwakhona le nsimbi eyenza inxalenye yeenzyme ezininzi (umzekelo, i-anhydrase kabhonic). Ngako ke, ukuphendula okuninzi kwe-catalysis kwenzeka ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-zinc.

Ziyintoni na ezi ion?

1. Bathatha inxaxheba kwi-hormone yamadoda kunye ne-seminal fluid.
2. Nika isandla kwi-assimilation ye vithamini E.
3. Ukuthatha inxaxheba ekuqhekekeni kwamamolekyuli otywala emzimbeni.
4. Bayaba nxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwi-hormone ezininzi (i-insulin, i-hormone yokukhula, i-testosterone kunye nabanye).
5. Uthatha inxaxheba kwi-hematopoiesis kunye nokuphilisa izicubu ezinobungozi.
6. Ilawula ukukhutshwa kweengqungquthela ezithembekileyo, isekela ukukhula okuqhelekileyo kweenwele kunye nezipikili, kukhuthaze iinkqubo zokuvuselela kwesikhumba.
7. Ngaba unako ukuphelisa i-toxins evela emzimbeni kunye nokuqinisa umzimba.
8. Ichaphazela ukubunjwa kweentlobo zentetho, kunye nomoya wokuvumba.
9. Uthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokubhalwa kwephepha, ukutshintshiselwa kwe-vitamin A, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nucleic kunye nokubola.
10. Ngaba uthatha inxaxheba kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula nokuphuhliswa kweseli, kwaye ihamba kunye nenkqubo yesimo somzimba.

Konke oku kuqinisekisa kwakhona ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani into ekhoyo kule nsimbi. Inxaxheba yakhe kwiinkqubo zezinto eziphilayo zacaciswa kuphela ngekhulu le-20. Iingxaki ezininzi kunye nezifo kwixesha elidlulileyo zingagwenywa ukuba abantu bayazi malunga nonyango ngoncedo lwamalungiselelo asekelwe kwi-zinc.

Ungalondoloza njani inani elifanelekileyo leli qumrhu emzimbeni? Impendulo iyabonakala. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa iimveliso eziqukethe i-zinc. Uluhlu lunokuba lude, ngoko makhe sikhankanye kuphela ezo ziphezulu apho inani eliphakamileyo elikulo mbuzo lilandelayo:

• Amantonga kunye nembewu;
• Iibhontshisi;
• Inyama;
• Ukutya kwezilwandle, ngakumbi i-oyster;
• Ukutya kunye nesonka;
• Imveliso yobisi;
• Imifuno, imifuno kunye neziqhamo.

Benzisa umntu

Siye sichaza ngokubanzi kuwo amashishini kunye namashishini e-zinc asetyenziswa. Ixabiso le nsimbi kunye nealloys zalo liphezulu kakhulu. Umzekelo, ishidi lobhedu elilinganisa i-0.6 x 1.5 liqikelelwa kuma-ruble angama-260. Kwaye oku kulungile, kuba umgangatho wezinto eziphezulu ziphezulu.

Ngoko, i-zinc metallic, oko kukuthi, njengemveliso elula, isetyenziswa:

• Ukugubungela ukutshabalalisa kwintsimbi kunye nemveliso yensimbi;
• Kwiibhetri;
• Ukuprinta;
• Njengomthengisi wokunciphisisa kunye ne-catalyst kwi-organic synthesis;
• Kwi-metallurgy yokuhlukana kwezinye izinyithi kwiisombululo zabo.

I-zinc oxide ayisetyenziselwa kuphela iinjongo zokuzicoca, esiye sichazile, kodwa kwakhona njengento yokuzaliswa kwerubha, njenge-pigment emhlophe kwiipende.

Ngokuphathelele apho kusetyenziswe khona i-salts e-zinc ehlukeneyo, sathetha ngala macebo. Ngokucacileyo, ngokubanzi, i-zinc kunye nezinto zayo zibalulekile izinto ezibalulekileyo kwishishini, amayeza kunye namanye amasebe, ngaphandle kweenkqubo ezininzi ezingenakwenzeka okanye ezinzima kakhulu.