Imisebenzi kunye neentlobo zezicubu (i-biology)

Umzimba wezinto ezininzi eziphilayo ziqukethe izicubu. Imifuziselo yonke i-single-celled, kunye ne-multicellular, umzekelo, izityalo eziphantsi, ezibandakanya i-algae, kunye nama-lichens. Kule nqaku siza kujonga iintlobo zeetishu. I-Biology ifunda le ngongoma, oko kukuthi icandelo layo - i-histology. Igama le shishini livela kumazwi esiGrike "ingubo" kunye "nolwazi". Zininzi iintlobo zeendwangu. Izifundo zeBiology zombini kunye nezilwanyana. Bahluke kakhulu. Izambatho, iindidi zezinto eziphilayo zenyama ziye zafunda ixesha elide. Ngethuba lokuqala bachazwa ngoloo-nzu lulwazi njengoAristotle noAvicenna. Izithambisi, iintlobo zeetyhubhu, i-biology iyaqhubeka isifundo-ngakumbi kwi-XIX leminyaka baye bafundiswa ngabazinzulu abadumileyo njengoMoldingauer, uMirbel, uHartig nabanye. Ngokuthatha inxaxheba, iintlobo ezintsha zeesethi zeetekisi zafunyanwa, imisebenzi yazo yafundwa.

Uhlobo lweetekisi - i-biology

Okokuqala, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izicubu ezinobungakanani bezityalo azikho izilwanyana. Ngoko ke, iindidi ze-biology zezicubu zinokwahlukana ngamaqela amakhulu amabini: izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Bobabili badibanisa inani elikhulu leentlobo. Siza kuziqwalasela ngakumbi.

Iintlobo zezicubu zezilwanyana

Masiqale ngokusondeleyo kuthi. Ekubeni sisebukumkanini bezilwanyana, umzimba wethu uququzelele ngokuthe ngqo kwezicubu, iintlobo zazo ngoku ziya kuchazwa. Iintlobo zezicubu zezilwanyana zinokudibaniswa zibe ngamaqela amakhulu amane: i-epithelial, i-muscular, idibeneyo kunye nexhala. Ezi zintathu zokuqala zihluke kwiintlobo ezininzi. Kuphela iqela lokugqibela limelelwe luhlobo olulodwa kuphela. Emva koko, qwalasela zonke iintlobo zezicubu, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi ephawulekayo kubo, ukwenzela.

Iimpawu zesisu

Ekubeni kwenzeka ukuba yintlobo enye, masiqale ngawo. Iiseli zalezi zicubu zibizwa ngokuba ngama-neurons. Ngamnye wabo uqukethe umzimba, i-axon kunye ne-dendrites. Ezi zilandelayo ziinkqubo apho umfutho wombane ugqithiselwa ukusuka kwiseli ukuya kwiseli. I-axoni kwi-neuron yodwa yinkqubo ende, kukho iindidi ezininzi, zincinci kuneyona yokuqala. Emzimbeni weseli yisucleus. Ukongezelela, iziganeko ezithiwa yiNissla zifumaneka kwi-cytoplasm - i-analog ye-endoplasmic reticulum, i-mitochondria, eyenza amandla, kunye ne-neurotransmitters, ezithatha inxaxheba kwisishenya esinye kwesinye. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi yabo, i-neurons yahlula kwiindidi ezininzi. Uhlobo lo kuqala luvezwa, okanye lufana. Benza umxhelo kwiingqondo ukuya kwengqondo. Uhlobo lwesibini lwe-neuron luhlobo, okanye luguqula. Bahlalutya ulwazi oluvela kwiintsingiselo, kwaye bahlakulele umtsalane. Ezi ntlobo ze-neurons zifumaneka kwingqondo kunye nomtya womgca. Iintlobo ezilandelayo zihamba ngeemoto, okanye zihambelana. Benza umququzelelo kwi-orurons ezinxulumene nezitho. Kwakhona kwimizimba yesigulane kukho into ephakathi. Yenza imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu, oko kukuthi, inikeza ilungiselelo elichanekileyo le-neurons kwindawo, ithatha inxaxheba ekususweni kwezinto ezingadingekile kwiseli.

Epithelial

Ezi zinjalo iintlobo zezicubu, iiseli zazo zifanelane ngokufanelekileyo. Baya kuba neemeko ezahlukeneyo, kodwa bahlala besondele. Zonke iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicubu zeli qela zinokufana nento yokuba into ephakathi kwayo incinci. Ixhomekeke ngokukodwa njengolwelo, kwezinye iimeko kungenako. Le yimihlobo yeetomzimba zomzimba ezinikezela ngokukhusela, kwaye zenza umsebenzi wokubhala. Eli qela lidibanisa iintlobo ezininzi. Ibalapha, i-cylindrical, i cubub, i-sensory, i-ciliate kunye ne-epithelium enobuhlungu. Ukusuka egameni lomntu ngamnye unokuyiqonda, ukusuka kwiiseli zoluphi uhlobo abalunziweyo. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicubu ze-epithelial zihluke kwindawo yazo emzimbeni. Ngoko, ukucwenga kwiplani yesigxina samalungu angaphezulu kwendlela yokugaya - umlomo womlomo kunye nesigxina. I-epithelium ye-Cylindrical isesiswini nasemathumbu. I-Cubic inokufumaneka kwi-tubal renal. I-sensory ityunyiwe kwisigxina se-nasal, kukho kukho i-villi ekhethekileyo, ukubonelela ngeengcamango. Iiseli ze-epithelium ezinamacandelo, njengoko kucacile kwigama layo, zine-cytoplasmic cilia. Olu hlobo lwama-tissue lining in the airways, ephantsi kwendawo yamanzi. I-cilia, nganye yeseli, yenza umsebenzi wokuhlanjululwa - ngokukodwa ukucoca umoya ogqithiseleyo kwiimpawu ezigqitywa yilo hlobo lwe-epithelium. Kwaye iindidi zokugqibela zeli qela lezicubu ziyi-epithelium. Iiseli zaso zenza umsebenzi wecala. Zifumaneka kwiingqungquthela, kunye nakwiqumrhu lezitho ezithile, ezifana nesisu. Amaseli alo hlobo lwe-epithelium akhiqiza i-hormone, i- earwax, i- juice esiswini, ubisi, i-sebum kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.

Izicubu ze-muscular

Eli qela lihlulwe zibe zintathu iintlobo. Imisipha ihamba kakuhle, iqhutywe kunye neyentliziyo. Zonke izicubu ze-muscle zifana nokuba ziquka iiseli ezide - iifiber, ziqukethe inani elikhulu kakhulu le-mitochondria, kuba zifuna amandla amaninzi ukuqhuba ukuhamba. Izitho zomzimba zomzimba ezinobunzima obufake umgca wezitho zangaphakathi. Asikwazi ukulawula ukuqhekeka kwezi zihlunu ezifana nathi, njengoko zingenakulungiswa yinkqubo ye-nervous autonomic system. Iiseli zeethambo ezixhatshazwayo zihamba ngokungafaniyo ngokuba ziqukethe i-mitochondria ngaphezulu kuneyokuqala. Oku kungenxa yokuba badinga amandla amaninzi. Isihlunu esicatshulwayo sinakho ukukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza kunokugqithiseleyo. Iqukethe izihlunu zamathambo. Bayihlaselwa yinkqubo ye-nervous system, ngoko ke sinokuyilawula kakuhle. Iimpawu ze-muscular cardiac zidibanisa ezinye iimpawu zokuqala ezimbini. Iyakwazi ukuthenga isivumelwano ngokukhawuleza, ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kungenakulungiswa yinkqubo ye-nervous autonomic, kunye ne-smooth.

Iintlobo ezixhumeneyo kunye nemisebenzi yazo

Zonke iifom zeli qela zibonakaliswa ngumthamo omkhulu wezinto ezikhoyo. Kwezinye iimeko, kubonakala kwimeko yolwabiwo lwamanzi, ngamanye amaxesha kwimeko yamanzi, ngamanye amaxesha ngesimo sobunzima be-amorphous. Kukho iintlobo ezisixhenxe kule qela. Lixakekile kwaye likhululekile, i-bone, i-cartilaginous, i-reticular, i-fatty, igazi. Iintlobo zokuqala zilawulwa yimigu. Itholakala kwizitho zangaphakathi. Imisebenzi yayo iquka ukuzinika amandla kunye nokukhuselwa kwabo. Ngomgubo ongabonakaliyo, ubukhulu be-amorphous bubangelwa ngaphezu kweemicu. Izalise ngokupheleleyo izipaka phakathi kwezitho zangaphakathi, ngelixa iifomfri ezinamaqabunga kuphela zenza iigobolondo eziqhelekileyo ezijikelezayo. Ikwadlala indima yokukhusela. Amathambo kunye neethambo ezinomzimba zenza i-skeleton. Iyenza emzimbeni umsebenzi oxhasayo kwaye ikhusela ngokuthe ngqo. Kwiiseli kunye ne-intercellular substance yamathambo esithambo, izixhobo ezingekho phantsi kwezona zinto zihamba phambili , ikakhulukazi i-phosphates kunye ne-calcium compounds. Ukutshintshisiswa kwezi zinto phakathi kwegazi kunye negazi kulawula i-hormone efana ne-calcitonin kunye ne-parathyreotropin. Ixesha langaphambili ligcina imeko eqhelekileyo yamathambo ngokuthatha inxaxheba ekuguquleni i-phosphorus kunye ne-calcium ions kwiimveliso ezikhoyo ezigcinwe kwisigidi. Kwaye okwesibini, ngokuchasene noko, ukungabikho kwale ion kwigazi kubangela ukuba bafumane kwiimfucu zamathambo.

Igazi liqukethe ininzi ye-intellular substance, ibizwa ngokuba yi-plasma. Iiseli zakhe zihluke kakhulu. Bahlula kwiintlobo ezintathu: iiplatelet, i-erythrocytes kunye ne-leukocyte. Iyokuqala inoxanduva lokucima igazi. Ngethuba le nkqubo, iifom ezincinci zegazi, ezivimbela ukulahleka kwegazi. I-Erythrocytes inembopheleleko yokuthutha i-oksijini emzimbeni kwaye ibonelele ngazo zonke iisculi kunye namalungu. Zingaba ne-aglyutinogens, ezikhoyo kwiintlobo ezimbini-A ne-B. Kwi-plasma yegazi, umxholo we-alpha okanye i-beta agglutinins inokwenzeka. Ziyi-antibodies kwi-aglutinogens. Ngenxa yalezi zinto, iqela legazi lizimisele. Kwiqela lokuqala kwi-erythrocyte, akukho zixhobo ze-aglutinogens, kwaye kwiplasma kukho i-aglutinins yezilwanyana ezimbini ngexesha elilodwa. Iqela lesibini li-aglyutinogen A kunye ne-aglutinin beta. Okwesithathu yi-B kunye ne-alpha. Kwi-plasma yesine, ayikho i-aglutinins, kodwa kwiiseli ezibomvu zegazi zikhona i-aglutinogens kunye ne-A kunye ne-B. Ukuba i-A iyenzeka nge-alpha okanye i-B nge-beta, okubizwa ngokuba yi-agglutination reaction, kwenzeka ekufeni kwe-erythrocytes kunye nokubunjwa kwe-thrombi. Oku kunokwenzeka xa uguqula igazi leqela elingalunganga. Ukuqwalasela ukuba iiselomzi zegazi ezibomvu zisetyenziselwa ukuxilongwa (i-plasma ihlolwe kwinqanaba leyonyango legazi lomnikelo), ngoko umntu ophethe iqela lokuqala angagxothwa kuphela ngegazi leqela lakhe, okwesibini ngegazi leqela lokuqala neyesibini, okwesithathu kunye namaqela okuqala neyesithathu, Ngowesine - nayiphina iqela.

Kwakhona kunye neeseli ezibomvu zegazi zikhona ii-antigens D, ezenza isigqibo seRhesus, ukuba zikhona, ukugcina okulungileyo, ukuba akukho, akukho nto. I-lymphocyte ixanduva lokuzikhusela. Zidibene ngamacandelo amabini aphezulu: i-L-lymphocytes kunye ne-T-lymphocytes. Eyokuqala iveliswa emnzini wethambo, i-endmus kwi-thymus (intsimbi ehlala emva kwesifuba). I-lymphocytes ihlukaniswe yaba T-inducers, Abancedisi be-T kunye nabaxhasi be-T. Izicubu ezinxulumene neengqungquthela ziqukethe ubuninzi bezinto ezikhoyo kunye nama-stem cells. Iiseli zegazi zenziwa kubo. Ezi zicubu zenza isiseko somongo wethambo kunye nezinye izitho ze-hematopoiesis. Kwakhona kukho izicubu ezinamafutha, iiseli eziqukethe i-lipids. Yenza umsebenzi okhuselekileyo, wokufaka ukufudumeza ukushisa nokukhusela ngamanye amaxesha.

Zilungiswa njani izityalo?

Ezi ziphilayo, njengezilwanyana, ziqulethwe ngamaqela eeseli kunye ne-intercellular substance. Sichaza iintlobo zeetyhulwa zezityalo. Zonke ziyahlukana zibe ngamaqela amaninzi. Ezi zifundo, ukumboza, ukuqhuba, ukucwangcisa kunye neziphambili. Iintlobo zezityalo zomzimba zizininzi, njengamaqela amaninzi eqela ngalinye.

LeMfundo

Ezi ziquka i-apical, i-lateral, i-intercalary kunye neyingozi. Umsebenzi wabo oyintloko kukuqinisekisa ukukhula kwesityalo. Ziquka iiseli ezincinci ezizahlula ngokwahlukileyo, ize zihluke, zenze naziphi na ezinye iintlobo zeethambo. I-apical iinqophiso zeempawu kunye neengcambu, i-latal yona ingaphakathi kwintonga, phantsi kweemigca, i-intercalary-based, isilonda-kwindawo yesilima.

Ukufihla

Ziye zibonakaliswe ngeendonga ezinqamle zeseli ezine-cellulose. Badlala indima yokukhusela. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu: i-epidermis, i-crust, iorkork. Iyokuqala ihlanganisa yonke indawo yesityalo. Ingaba neengubo zokukhusela i-wax, iqulethe neenwele, i-stomata, i-cuticle, i-pores. Ukuqhaqhazeka kwehluka kunokuba kungenayo i-pores, kuba zonke ezinye iimpawu zifana ne-epidermis. Ingqungquthela - yiyo i-coverlips efile, eyenza i-bark yemithi.

Ukuqhuba

Ezi zicubu ziza kwiintlobo ezimbini: xylem kunye nephloem. Imisebenzi yabo iyothuthwa kwezinto ezichithwe ngamanzi ukusuka kwingcambu ukuya kwezinye izitho kunye nangaphandle. I-Xylem yenziwe kwiimpahla ezenziwe ngamaseli afile ezinommiselo oqinileyo, akukho zimbilini ezingenanto. Bathutha i-liquid ukuya phezulu. Izibilini ze-Floe-sieve - iiseli eziphilayo apho kungekho nuclei. Iimbrane ezijikelezayo zinamaqondo amakhulu. Ngokuncediswa kwezi ntlobo zezityalo, izixhobo ezichithwa ngamanzi zihanjiswa.

Iimpawu

Zineentlobo ezimbini: i-collenchyma kunye ne-sclerenchyma. Umsebenzi wabo oyintloko kukuba kuqinisekiswe amandla onke amalungu. I-Collenchyma imelwa ngamaseli aphilayo kunye neembumba ezinzima, ezihambelana ngokubambisana. I-Sclerenchyma iqulethwe iiseli ezifile kunye neembrane eziqinileyo.

Siseko

Njengoko igama labo lithetha, bayakha isiseko sawo onke amalungu esityalo. Ziyafana kunye kunye. Iyokuqala ivela kumagqabi kunye nenxalenye eluhlaza kwintsika. Kwiiseli zazo zikhona ii-chloroplast, ezijongene ne-photosynthesis. Izinto ezinobungozi ziqokelela kwiisisitye zokuqokelela, kwiimeko ezininzi zikhona isitashi.