Imizi yamapango: imbali, inkcazo kunye neenkcukacha ezithakazelisayo

Kwaye kumntu ode kwimbali, xa kuziwa ekuhlaleni izixeko, umdla uyavuswa, kuba kanye into into engavamile kwaye engaqondakaliyo iyavela khona kanye. Izakhiwo ezona zidlulileyo, iingxelo ezibonakala malunga neminyaka eyinkulungwane edlulileyo, zikhutshwe kwiimbali kunye neemfihlelo.

Ixesha elingavumelekanga

Kwakukholelwa ukuba ookhokho bethu babehlala emaphandleni, okwakumakhaya kunye nendawo yokunqula imimoya. Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu azivumelani nalo mbono, ekubeni izakhiwo zazisemhlabeni, kungekhona phantsi kwayo. Kuze kube ngoku, ezi zakhiwo azizange zisinde, kwaye yonke into esishiye yimimango ejoliswe kwiimfundiso zonqulo kunye neemfuno zasekhaya.

Ngeli-XIX leminyaka, abavubukuli bafumanisa izikhumbuzo zamandulo, ngenxa yeengcinga eziphosakeleyo zabizwa ngokuba "imizi yamagquma". Iimonasteri, iindawo ezincinci okanye iinqaba zaziyinxalenye yazo eyona nto, eyakuvumela ukuqwalasela eli thuba ngokwemiqathango, kuba abantu abazange bahlale phantsi komhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, le ncazelo imiswe ngokuqinisekileyo kwizakhiwo ezishiyiweyo ezakhiwe ematyeni.

IiNkcazo zeMyuziyam kwiCrimea

Siyazi ubuncwane be-cave eYordan, eTurkey, e-Iran, eChina, eSpain, eFransi, e-Itali nakwamanye amazwe. Uhlobo lwezendalo olubukeka ngokungaqhelekanga ludla umdla wabakhenkethi bevela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeplanethi yethu ngemfihlelo yabo, kuba awaziwa ngubani na oomathathi abangenamagama abadweba ubugcisa bobugcisa.

Nangona kunjalo, eCrimea, eyona nto yayininzi kwiminyaka emininzi imiphakathi eyahlukileyo, imimango yamagumbi ayimimyuziyamu yangempela phantsi kwezulu evulekileyo igcinwe. Iziko lezakhiwo eziyingqayizivele iBakshchisaray, kwaye abakhenkethi abaphupha ngokuchukumisa imfihlakalo baqala kulo mzi. Kuyo yonke imbali yobomi, imimiselo yezakhiwo eziyimfihlakalo zexesha elidlulileyo kunye nolwakhiwo lwentlalo lwabemi litshintshile, kunye neetalente zabo eziyingqayizivele ziyadibanisa abo bahamba ngeendleko zabasebenzi abakhulu benza imisebenzi yamatye anamandla. Kuyaziwa ukuba izikhumbuzo zembali zaze zaba ngamaziko emimandla, kufuphi nalapho kwakufuneka khona iindlela zokurhweba.

Izikhumbuzo zamandulo

Iidolophu zaseCrimea, eziqoshwe emadwaleni, abantu abaqalayo abananto, kwaye abaphandi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba izikhumbuzo zamandulo zavela ngexesha lolawulo loBukhosi baseByzantine. Nangona ezinye izazinzulu ezingavumelani nale nguqulelo, bhengeza ukuba imbali yeendawo zokuhlala ayikwazi ukuncitshiswa kwipatheni, kwaye yavela kwiixesha ezahlukahlukeneyo. Abemi bezo zixeko abakwazi ukubizwa ngokuba ngamaqhawe, kuba imisebenzi yabo eyona nto yayiyimashishini kunye nezolimo, nangona xa bekungengozini babenokuthatha iingalo. Kukholelwa ukuba ekuhlaleni imizi yemiqolomba eyayishiywe ngabemi beza emva kokuhlasela kweTatar-Mongol kwi-XIII leminyaka.

IMangup-Calais

Ekubeni kwintaba yentaba yaseBabadag, indawo ekhethekileyo enegunya elingenammangaliso yayinabantu bade bafika kwikhulu le-15, xa amaTurks ayithatha. Iingcali zenzululwazi abanalo uluvo olufanayo malunga nexesha leemiboniso zendawo. Isixeko esikhulu samadlelo aseCrimea iMangup-Kale, ebizwa ngokuba yiDoros, yayiyinkunzi-dolobha yakudala yegunya eliyinhloko likaTheodoro. Ukukhankanywa kokuqala kokuhlaliswa okungavumelekanga kususela kwinkulungwane ye-BC.

Indawo kufuphi neBhchischisarai inqaba engenakulinganiswa, eqoshwe edwaleni, ngokwenene yayiyidolophu yangempela kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso, intolongo, ingqungquthela, indawo yokuhlala, iinkokeli zamaKristu nezinye izakhiwo. Ngoku abakhenkethi babona kuphela amanxuwa endlu enkulu yamandulo, apho abantu abangama-150 bahlala khona. Imihlaba yamagquma, apho ikhwelo lomoya, iindwendwe zeCrimea, zivile ngamandla amangalisayo ale ndawo. Apha kukho i-neon ekhanyayo iibhola ezihamba phezu kwesiza kunye nokuchithwa emoyeni, kwaye i-lama yaseTibetan ehambele iBakchisaray, iqinisekise ukuba ivakalelwa ngamandla amakhulu esikhumbuzo sasendulo.

Eski-Kermen

Ukuyeka ukuhlala kwawo malunga nekhulu le-14, idolophu yase-Eski-Kermen yecala yayingenye yezona zikhulu kwaye zininzi ziphuhlisiwe. Ephakamileyo yentaba, malunga nemihlaba engama-400 yayiphunyiwe, eyasetyenziswa njengeendawo zokuhlala kunye nezinto zokugcina iimfuno zendlu. Kamva, abemi bezakhiwo eziqiniweyo zakhiwo eziqingqiweyo kwaye bazijikeleze ngeendonga ezikhuselayo. Kwintliziyo yeso sixeko yayiyintloko yetempile, iindawo zayo ezibhubhiso zingabonakala. Ukongezelela kukho, kwakunezinye izakhiwo zonqulo, kunye nethempile ezintathu zamaHamahashe, apho udonga lwamahhashi luhlala khona, lufanele luqwalaselwe ngokukhethekileyo.

Kukho iikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka kwidolophana yaseRed Poppy Complex, egama layo liguqulela ngokuthi "inqaba enkulu", ivakalisa zonke iindwendwe. Apha, kukho iindawo zokubhujiswa kwezakhiwo zomhlaba, i-casemates, i-necropolis, i-granary, i-30 meter deep. Abakhenkethi bajonga ngokuzisola kwindawo leyo, eyachithwa entabeni, ihlupheke ngelo xesha.

Kunokuthiwa u-Eski-Kermen, olele kwiindawo ezibhuqiweyo, ubukumkani obumhlaba wamagumbi anikezela iindwendwe zayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezingaphantsi komhlaba ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba wazi ngolunye usuku. Ngokuqhelekileyo iinqaba zokuzivikela zakhiwa kunye neendonga zenkqantosi, kwaye nanko imvelo ngokwayo ibenegalelo ekukhuseleni abantu kwaye yakha iinqwelwe ezinamaqhwenga ezinqabileyo ngaphesheya kwinqaba.

Iingcali zenzululwazi zibonisa ukuba ukuhlaliswa kwamagquma asekuhlaleni kwakhiwe ngamaByzantium, kodwa akukho mntu uyazi ixesha kunye nesizathu sokufa kwakhe. Mhlawumbi yabhujiswa ngamasosha aseMongolia.

Chufut-Calais

Isiko esiphezulu sokuzikhusela saseByzantium saqaphela umzi wamathoba waseChufut-Kale, umhla ochanekileyo wokuvela kwawo awusungulwanga. Kuyaziwa ukuba amaTatars ayifumene ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, kunye neenkulungwane ezimbini kamva inqaba yayiyinkunzi yokuqala yeCrimean Khanate. Apho babamba ekuthunjweni abantu abazizityebi, abo bacela ukuba bahlawulelwe. Kuyaziwa ukuba phakathi kwamabanjwa kwakukho izigidimi zaseRashiya kunye ne-Polish hetman eyayilwa namaCosacks, iintshaba ezide zihlala kwiCrimean Tatars, kodwa le meko ayizange imncede. UKhan Hadji-Giray akazange ahlukanise nabani na ababambisana kunye nabachasi kwaye bafuna inkululeko yomntu wonke. Kodwa urhuluneli waseRussia uSheremetev, lowo uKazan noAstrakhan abangaceli lutho, bachitha iminyaka engama-20 kwiindonga zenkqantosi.

Xa amaTatar aphuma kuloo mzi, kwakhiwa amaKaraite ekugqoke isikhumba. Ngemva kwemini bathengisa eBhakshchisaray, kwaye ukususela kusihlwa kuze kube sekuseni balinda iChufut-Kale. Abahlali abatsha bakhele olunye udonga, okwenza umzi wamapolisa ukwanda ngobukhulu. Ngoku ke wahlula zibe zimbini, kwaye ngamnye unokuzimela ngokuzimela. Kwakuye ngeli xesha lifumene igama layo, eliguqulela ngokuthi "iinqaba ezimbini", isikhumbuzo somlando. Ngethuba lolawulo luka-Anna Ioanovna, amasosha aseRussia awathatha iBakshchisaray awonakalisa umhume.

Okumangalisa kukuba, kwinqanaba laseChufut-Kale, indlu yokuqala yokuprinta eCrimea yakhiwa, eyaqala umsebenzi wayo ngo-1731. Ngaphakathi kwesi sixeko, iinkonzo zenkcubeko zalungiselelwe, apho amakholwa aqokelele, nango abo baphula imithetho yokuziphatha yoluntu bazama.

ITerm-Kermen

Xa kuziwa ekuhlaleni izixeko, umntu akanakukwazi ukukhankanya esinye sezikhumbuzo ezingamangalisa zomlando wethu. Inqaba yasendulo, ekhumbuza isiqithi esingahlali kuyo, yabonakala kwikhulu le-VI. Isakhiwo sokuzivikela, esixutywe ngxondorha, akulula lula ukutshabalalisa njengoko umhlaba wokwakhiwa. Idolophu yaseTepe-Kermen, elaliqhathaniswa nesiqhumiso esikhulu esikhulu senyuka ngentlaba, ibonakala kude. Ngokumalunga nobukhulu bayo, izazinzulu zigwetywa kwiinkomfa ezisele, zigcinwe kakuhle kwiintsuku zethu.

Le yinto ebizwa ngokuba yifa efile, igama langaphambili apho imbali ayizange igcinwe. Ukususela kwi-11 ukuya kwele-13 leminyaka, ukuhlaliswa kwempahla kwaqulunqwa, okwaba yindawo ephakamileyo kwintlambo yaseKacha, kodwa sele ikhona kwi-XIV leminyaka, ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwamaTatars, ubomi belapha buya kuphuma, kwaye abemi kuphela babengama-monks abashiya iinqaba kwiminyaka emininzi.

Abadala be-Archaeologists baye bafumanisa amaqonga angaphezu kwama-250, ahluke ngendlela kunye nenjongo. Kuzo kwakukho izakhiwo zomngcwabo kunye neendawo zokugcina iimali. Ngendlela, amaninzi amagumbi afikelela ezintandathu, kwaye kwakungenokwenzeka ukuba ufike kwindawo ephezulu ngaphandle kwintaba yeentaba, kwaye kwiinkomo ezantsi zagcinwa.

Izithwele zesakhiwo sasendulo

Amapolangwe amaninzi avaliwe ngeengcango ezenziwe ngamatye kwaye zahlula ngamaqela ahlukeneyo. Iingcali zenzululwazi zifumene isakhiwo esingokwenkolo esingavamile, sisetyenziswe sisuka ngasenyakatho ukuya ngasentla, kwaye kungekhona i-axis, njengesiko kumaKristu. Kodwa eyona nto inomdla kukuba abaqambi abangaziwa banqumla ngefestile ngemfihlo: ngeentsuku zePasika ukukhanya kuwela ukuze umgca wesiphambano ubonakale eludongeni.

Ukumangalisa kunye ne-menhir, kukukhumbuza ukuma kwe-sundial, elandelwa ngabaphandi, ikhupha onke amandla kunye namandla aloo dolophu yakudala.

I-Multi-storey complex Vardzia

Hayi kuphela iCrimea inokuziqhayisa ngezinto ezikhethiweyo, ukutyelela okubangela umdla. EGeorgia, iVardzia ifumaneka - idolophana yaseKumkanikazi uTamara, ithathwa njengomkhenkethi waseMecca. Kwabonakala malunga neenkulungwane ezisibhozo ezedlulileyo, lugqitywa entabeni ye-monolith. Yaye le ngxinano yezakhiwo ezininzi, ngaphakathi apho kukho izitrato, izitebhisi, imigudu. Amagumbi angamakhulu ayisithandathu axhunyiwe ngamagqabha afihlakeleyo, aphakanyiswe ekuphakameni kwezindlu zindlu ezisibhozo kunye nedwala ngamamitha angama-50.

Isixeko, esihlala kubantu abayi-20 000, sazalisekisa umsebenzi wokomoya, kuba kwakuyi-monastery, phakathi kwendawo apho abakhi bezakhiwo baveze iBandla leNkcazo yeNtombi. Kwinqanaba lezakhiwo zecawa yeefrescos ezilungileyo ezidalwe kwi XII leminyaka zagcinwa. Kukho umxholo othi u- Queen Tamara ungcwatywa apha.

Xa iVardzia yaxhatshazwa yiyo nyikima, umzi wamagxuma awuzange ube yinqaba engenakulinganiswa, kwaye emva kokuhlasela kweMongol kwawela ekuhleni. Namhlanje, isikhumbuzo sembali sichazwa kumyuziyam.

Ukuthinta ihlabathi leenkohlo

Iidolophango ezigcina iimfihlelo ezininzi zinokuthelekiswa nokubaluleka kwembali kunye neenqaba eziphakathi. Ukutyelela izakhiwo zamandulo kunye nokuchaphazela ihlabathi lookhokho bethu abayi kushiya nabani na abachasayo. Abaninzi banqwenela ukufunda iimfihlelo zezinto ezininzi zokuziqonda kwaye bajikelele kwiiyure ezidlulileyo, kwaye abo baye batyelela iindawo zokuzakhela izakhiwo bayavumelana ukuba bafumene iimpawu ezingalindelekanga.