Ubulawuli obuzukileyo Theodoro eCrimea kunye nokuphela kwayo okubuhlungu

Ngaphezulu kwamakhulu amahlanu phambi kokuba Ubhaptizo Rus town Doris, akhiwe (weentaba) inxalenye ekumazantsi i iCrimea Peninsula, yaba liziko ubuKristu kulo mmandla mkhulu Sea Black. Kamva kuye Udale eyodwa ubulawuli yayo hlobo Theodoro, nto leyo eyaba isiqwenga yokugqibela yoBukhosi someleleyo baseByzantium, nomzi zamaKristu amandulo, waliguqula igama lakhe Mangup njengenkunzi yayo.

Inkangeleko wasezantsi-ntshona imeko entsha eCrimea

ubulawuli New kwamiswa ngenxa kokwahlulwa yangaphambili koloni yaseByzantium, ibekwe eCrimea, kwaye ilawulwe lilizwe elincinane zamaGrike ebizwa Trebizond. Ngu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIII eConstantinople becala ezilahlekileyo amandla alo ncinci kwezomkhosi ngaphezu kwaleyo akhawuleza ukuthatha omnye umntu ngamaRoma elungileyo unyolukile abo babamba inxalenye kumntla-ntshona lizwe. Ngelo xesha kwinkalo balawulwa Genoa, bakha geqe, ekhokelwa irhuluneli yangaphambili Trabzon waza wabizwa ubulawuli Theodoro.

ECrimea Le mfihlelo ifihliweyo kuthi igama lakhe, kodwa siyazi ukuba lo mntu abenaso Feodorov indlu kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini walawula zemetropolis wanika igama ukuya seLizwe elalisandul 'ukusekwa. Ngunozala hlobo - uTheodore Gavras, intshisakalo yaseByzantium yokwehla Armenian, ifikelele uyincopho kwamandla, emva kwiminyaka ngaphantsi kwe amabini ikwazile ukuba single-handedly ukunyusa ngabavukeli kunye ukumkhulula Trabzon bayithimba le Seljuk Turks, waza waba ngumlawuli wayo. Power waba ilifa, lo gama ngenxa yokuba inkundla amehlo ubukhosi ukuba ungamkhalimeli okhuphisana ngempumelelo ngakumbi uhlobo Comneni.

Le abenzi bemilingo yangaphambili koloni Byzantine

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIII kwi eCrimea, kwinkalo olawulwa ngamaRoma, oko bakha ulawulo ezimeleyo Theodoro, yathiywa emva kokuba indlu elilawulayo apho. Asakhulayo evela ngaphantsi lizwe kunina wayo wangaphambili kwaye sibonakalisa ngempumelelo iyangena angaboyisi ezininzi, ubukho kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini, waba zebhola Orthodox kunye yobuzwe emazantsi-ntshona esikunxweme losingasiqithi iCrimea.

indawo Duchy Ulaneka phakathi izixeko mihla Balaclava kunye Alushta, kwaye yaba ikomkhulu Mangup inqaba yamandulo awayakhayo umva waye kwinkulungwane V. De kube ngoku, Amanxuwa awo kutsala amawaka abakhenkethi kunyaka emfutshane ngamnye eCrimea. Kukholelwa ukuba kwi kuFeliks labemi ixesha ubulawuli zafikelela ezilikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu amawaka abantu, apho phantse zonke Orthodox. SeLizwe Theodoro eCrimea kuhlale kwa- kwanamaGrike, ngamaGoth, isiArmenia, Russian kunye nabameli bezinye iintlanga Orthodox. Banxibelelana phakathi kwabo ikakhulu lwesigodi yesiGothic German.

Indima ziimbacu entabeni ebomini ubulawuli

ubulawuli iCrimea Theodoro laba yindawo ngamaKristu amaninzi Orthodox ababefuna kumhlangula ukusuka bahlaseli Muslim. Ingakumbi, ayewugqala ekungeneni ebalulekileyo emva kokuba kufakwe Seljuk Turks eseByzantium eMpuma. Maxe- Orthodox Mangup - elikomkhulu Theodora, lendela ningashukunyiswa nimke yoonongendi entabeni kwelaseKapadoki, ukuphanga kunye azitshabalalise iintshaba.

Indima ebalulekileyo ukusekwa kunye nophuhliso karhulumente wayedlala Armenia, ezibe abahlali besixeko Ani, kuhlala Theodoro, emva kokuba ilizwe labo yoyiswa Seljuk Turks. Abameli lamazwe ne inqanaba eliphezulu inkcubeko, le iimbacu ziye zacebisa ukuba ubulawuli namava ayo eminyaka ubudala endle lorhwebo kunye nemisebenzi yezandla.

Inkangeleko yalo, kwafunyaniswa mabandla ezininzi zeCawa yobuOthodoki Armenian kwi feodoritskoy yaye inxalenye ngamaRoma ye eCrimea. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, Armenia luba yinxalenye enkulu yabemi eCrimea, koko le ndlela lwaqhubeka kwaze emva kokoyiswa layo Ottoman.

Ukwanda yezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko feodorites

Phakathi XIII kunye ngenkulungwane XV udla ngokubizwa ngokuba iminyaka yegolide kule meko. Iminyaka engamakhulu amabini le ubulawuli Theodoro ikwazile ukuba banyukele kwinqanaba eliphezulu ubuchule wokwakha, evumela ukuba kwixesha elifutshane ngexesha ziye sakhiwe imizekelo iphawulekayo kwezoqoqosho, itempile kunye inqaba bokwakha. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa iingcibi namagcisa, ukudala kwinqaba iShushan kungenakugqithwa, Theodoret ikwazile ukuba alwe ngokuhlaselwa iintshaba abaninzi.

ICrimea Theodoro ubulawuli idume kwezolimo yayo, ingakumbi iViticulture nemveliso iwayini kuthunyelwa kude ngaphaya karhulumente. Abaphandi Modern yona kule nxalenye eCrimea lubonisa ukuba phantse zonke iindawo zokuhlala bafumana yokugcina iwayini kunye yomdiliya isixovulelo zaye. Ukongeza, feodorites ababesaziwa njengezona begadi abanezakhono kunye horticulturists.

Unxibelelwano karhulumente iCrimea ne eMoscow

Interesting iqiniso - seLizwe Fodor, nabathetheli bakhe kubudlelwane obusondeleyo kakhulu Rus Ancient. Nkqu kwakusazeka ukuba abasuka kwimimandla weentaba eCrimea siphuma iintsapho eziliqela yeengcungcu, nto leyo badlale indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali karhulumente wethu. Hi xikombiso, le ntsapho boyar wehla evela Hovrina bafudukela kwinkulungwane XIV ukusuka Mangupa eMoscow abameli eziliqela kuphatha ubukhosi Gavras apho. In Russia ngenxa iinkulungwane eziliqela iye ephathiswe ulawulo le miba ibalulekileyo kubomi - izimali.

Kwinkulungwane XVI kule ntsapho wabahlula kwamasebe amabini, abameli wayenayo iphawulwe kwimbali Russian - yi Tretyakovs kunye Golovin. Kodwa ke eyona eyaziwa Mangupsky Princess Sofya Paleolog, owaba ngumfazi Grand INkosana Moscow Ivan III. Ngoko ke, sinesizathu ukuthetha malunga nendima edlalwe ubulawuli Theodoro nababusi balo kwimbali Russian.

Amanye amazwe Theodoro karhulumente

Ngaphandle Russia yamandulo kwaye inani uthi, ezazikade amaqhina lwezopolitiko noqoqosho ubulawuli Theodoro. Imbali kumaXesha Aphakathi emva kwexesha ubungqina yobudlelwane lwayo dynastic kunye uninzi izindlu abalawulayo eMpuma Yurophu. Umzekelo, Princess Maria Mangupsky - umlawuli udade feodorskogo, waba ngumfazi ngoMlawuli Moldova Stefana Velikogo, yaye nodade wabo owayetshate indlalifa ukuya trapezuntskogo kwetrone.

Life yayijikelezwe ziintshaba

Xa sikhangela emva kwimbali, bengaqondanga ubuza umbuzo: indlela intaba ubulawuli obuncinane elide ukumelana angaboyisi ezinzima ezifana Yedigei Tatar khans and Nogai? Ngaphandle kwento yokuba utshaba waba noludumileyo ezininzi ngokwamanani, yena akazange ukuphumeza injongo yayo, kodwa, ukuba ilahleko enzima, waphoswa kaRhulumente. Kuphela kamva, ezinye iindawo zeli lizwe phantsi kolawulo lwakhe.

ubulawuli yobu Theodoro eCrimea, naye omnye amaqhekeza yokugqibela Byzantium, yabangela intiyo ngamaRoma Katolika, kunye khans iCrimea. Kulo mba, abemi bayo babehlala ukulungela rhoqo yokugxotha ndlongo, kodwa ixesha elide kangaka akwazi ukuqhubeka. Urhulumente encinane engqongwe iintshaba ngeenxa zonke, umphefumlo.

Ukuhlaselwa lizwe zabahlaseli Turkish

Ndafumana utshaba nxamnye lowo ubulawuli Theodoro waba namandla. Yaba Ottoman, zifakwe ngokupheleleyo ngexesha uBukhosi aseByzantium wammisa imibombo zethu ngamathanga bayo bangaphambili. Ehlasela ummandla eCrimea, baseTurkey nisithimbile ilizwe ngokulula, yaba ngama kunye khans wendawo wenza akhonze zakhe. Le imigca ye Theodoret.

Ngowe-1475 Mangup - Njengekomkhulu ubulawuli ka Theodoro, phantsi zokungqinga ekhethiweyo iinxalenye Turkish, ndiqiniseke imikhosi efanayo akhonze zabo, ezi khans iCrimea. Xa intloko yale ngxokolo amawaka bema Gedik Ahmed Pasha, ngubani wayesenze malivakale nangoloyiso yakhe kunxweme Bosphorus. Ubanjwe umsesane ashinyeneyo iintshaba, ikomkhulu entabeni karhulumente ukubonakalisa ukuhlasela wabo iinyanga ezintlanu.

I kabuhlungu utyhilo

Ekhusela isixeko ngaphandle kubahlali bayo, amajoni angamakhulu amathathu wathabatha inxaxheba, yenzelwa umlawuli aseMoldova uStefano Enkulu, nditshate Princess Maria of Mangup kwaye owawunalo Theodora nomini. Eli qela Moldovans wehla wangena imbali "angamakhulu amathathu yiSparta of eCrimea." Yena, exhaswa abahlali balapho ikwazile ukuba litshitshiswe izindlu Ottoman elite - a webutho of Janissaries. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba noludumileyo wokwamanani lutshaba iziphumo ekufanele bayifumane.

Emva kokuba wokhuselo elide Mangup ngxi ezandleni zeentshaba. Ekubeni ayiphumelelanga ukuphumelela empini, baseTurkey babhenela amacebo nezingqinekayo - ukuvalwa zonke ukuziswa indlela yokutya, bakuba bawuthimbile umzi, yindlala yayo inqaba. Abemi elinesihlanu lamawaka isiqingatha ikomkhulu kungekudala kutshatyalaliswa, kwaye abanye ngamakhoboka.

feodorites inzalo

Kakade emva wawa Mangup wamisa ulawulo Ottoman, nkqu kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela wahlala uluntu Orthodox on Earth, apho ubulawuli Theodoro ngaphambili. Intlekele apha, ndayihluthwa kubo abaninzi yeetempile zakhiwe ngaphambili nezigodlo, kodwa zange anyanzelwe ukuba ashiye unqulo wooyise. Inzala abo kuqala abahlala kuyo zitshone ibe karhulumente zisabonakala ikwazile ukugcina amasiko emihle Horticulture.

Baqhubekeka ukukhula ingqolowa kunye nemisebenzi yezandla oyenzayo. Xa kwinkulungwane XVIII uCatherine II wakhupha ummiselo phezu kwenye yabemi lobuKristu yommandla Russia, ngaloo ndlela ngesibetho noqhekeko ukuya kuqoqosho eCrimea. Abahlala nabo ezweni lawo elitsha yabangela ezikhoyo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zikazwelonke - Don Azov kwamaGrike Armenia.

ukhohliwe ezidlulileyo

SeLizwe Theodoro, imbali elinganiselwe nje amabini eminyaka, iye yasinda sixeko yayo-someleleyo Trebizond kwaye eConstantinople. Ukuba le nenqaba yokugqibela Orthodox eCrimea, lo ubulawuli iinyanga yenqaba ukumelana amabutho esitha yawa kuphela emva kokugqiba onke amathuba ukuze baqhubeke uxhathiso.

Ibangela ukudana ukuba feat abantu ngokungenaloyiko phantse watshabalala kwimemori izizukulwana ezizayo. Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuba noba yintoni igama kwikomkhulu iCrimea le ubulawuli ka Theodoro. abahlali Modern abahlala kummandla, oko ayiqondakali kwaziswa malunga ngeziganeko zobuqhawe, badlala kuwo kwiinkulungwane ezintlanu ezinesiqingatha eyadlulayo. abakhenkethi Kuphela ndibuvelela amabhodlo inqaba yamandulo, ukuphulaphula amabali ngazo Izikhokelo ze ufunde nesishwankathelo ecetywayo iincwadana zabo ezimibalabala.