Imisebenzi lomlingani lokubopha (seriality ratio): definition ifomula. iintlobo zemveliso

Xa ezoqoqosho, kukho iqela leendlela apho regularities iyabonakaliswa lombutho imveliso kwi kwamashishini obungcali ezahlukeneyo isikali, ukusebenzisa iteknoloji kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo yokuntsonkotha kunye nokusasazwa izikhundla kwabasebenzi. OluHanjiswa yesigama le iipateni azimisele zisekelwe kumaxabiso ukungavumelani kwe imisebenzi ukuzibona kumzi-mveliso. Yintoni umongo wayo? Indlela siyafana imodeli ethile yentlangano yemveliso?

ifomula ISISHWANKATHELO kunye nemisebenzi ukulungisa lomlingani

Yintoni na inani yokudityaniswa imisebenzi yaye yintoni na ukuba? Eli gama lisetyenziswa kwi theory koqoqosho kwimeko yokufumanisa ezahlukeneyo iindidi zemveliso. Ngaphantsi kwabo ngokuqhelekileyo kakuhle ezinye iimpawu, ngokungqinelana ne apho ukukhululwa kweempahla ofumana iimpawu zeziko nelobugcisa izikali ezahlukeneyo: kwishishini njengeyunithi elipheleleyo okanye, umzekelo, emsebenzini ngamnye.

Iintlobo imveliso mveliso ezisekelwe kakhulu ngokuqhelekileyo waqondisisa:

• uluhlu neemveliso ezivelisiweyo;
• inani imveliso eyenziweyo;
• i ukuqinisela soluhlu imveliso;
• izinga umthwalo engqesho;
• izikhundla ekuthatheni izifundo njengeziphambili kwamashishini karhulumente.

Factor ekuthethwa inxulumene nezalathi zentsebenzo eziphambili ezinokuthi eziziimpawu uhlobo oluthile kwimveliso.

ifomula kwayo kuboniswa kwisakhiwo elula kakhulu.

Ngumlingani sokuhlangana lwemisebenzi zibalwe lulwahlulo inani elipheleleyo iingxaki zeteknoloji (abo isonjululwe okanye kufuneka ingqalelo) kwinani lemisebenzi njengenxalenye lokunika ingxelo - umzekelo, ngenyanga 1.

Kunye kwizalathisi igqalwa theory kwezoqoqosho kunye isicelo yeemeko eziqhelekileyo:

• imisebenzi lunye intra;
• seriality;
• mass.

Iza kuba luncedo ukuba ukuhlola ngakumbi into ayiyo.

Le okuza obungcali, lezibuko ne ubunzima: iyintoni injongo yawo?

Lomlingani obungcali kwabasebenzi indawo yenkampani ibonakalisa umlinganiselo isixa processing of izibakala okanye iinkcukacha zemveliso izinto ngaphakathi kwinkqubo ethile kwinani elipheleleyo lemisebenzi (okanye iiseti zezixhobo) kwi nkampani okanye kwisahlulo yenkampani.

seriality factor imele umlinganiselo imveliso ebekwe ngokwemiqathango iimveliso - umzekelo, wakuqotywa ngomzuzu, - ixesha avareji ukwenza imisebenzi olungqamelanayo kwi-sikhokelo yenkqubo.

lomlingani mass ibalwa yi ifomula kunokuba entsonkothileyo oluthathela ingqalelo imiba efana:

• piece-time njengenxenye omnye okanye umsebenzi omnye lokuvelisa;
• isantya ukukhululwa impahla;
• uqikelelo Dynamics imveliso;
• operation Fund-ixesha izixhobo, kubonakala ezahlukeneyo.

Kuxhomekeka iinqobo ezithile bafumane imisebenzi eqwalasele lomlingani kunye nemveliso nomlindi ihlelwa njengabantu ukuya kwenye yezi ntlobo zilandelayo:

• eyodwa;
• serial;
• abasakhasayo;
• mass.

Cinga iinkcukacha zabo ezithile.

production unit ISISHWANKATHELO

Yintoni na imveliso odolo? Le modeli luphawulwa ukukhululwa zemveliso ngayo le iimpahla, kwiimeko ezininzi - iimveliso ezizodwa. iimveliso neentlobontlobo afanelekileyo zinganikezelwa ngexesha elifanayo uluhlu olubanzi ngokwaneleyo. Abasebenzi lwamashishini okanye iivenkile kunye imveliso enye, njengoko umthetho, akukho lokufunda izifundo ezikhethiweyo. ukusebenza ethile, njengokuba umthetho, akukho ngokusisigxina imisebenzi ethile.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba, umzekelo, inomlingani ezikhethiweyo eqhelekileyo leyo ubonakalise eyimveliso ungubani - umyalelo lwemisebenzi-40 indawo nganye.

Zobungcali kwemisebenzi ethile inokuba kubangelwa ikakhulu imigaqo lobuchwepheshe wokwenziwa iimveliso ezithile, isayizi yazo. Izixhobo ngaphakathi iyunithi yemveliso, njengoko umthetho, mazisetyenziswe jikelele kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi interchangeable.

Kuba kwezemveliso ezahlukene luphawulwa: ubukho iindawo yokukhululwa engaphelelanga yempahla, shintsho rhoqo yezixhobo, ubunzulu yabasebenzi eliphezulu imisebenzi, kwakunye ukukhululwa ixesha elide komjikelo impahla.

Njengoko umthetho, iindleko ngaphakathi kumfuziselo yemveliso afanelekileyo kakhulu eliphezulu. Oku kubangelwa, kuquka ukubandakanyeka imveliso yempahla kubasebenzi abanezakhono kakhulu ekufuneka ukuba ukuhlawula imivuzo ephezulu.

Ukuba uluhlu imveliso mveliso eyenziweyo ngokwaneleyo ezahlukahlukeneyo ehambelana uhlobo bemveliso kubalulwa iqondo eliphezulu ukushukumiseka kunye bhetyebhetye neenguqu kwemfuno impahla eyenziweyo. Iinkampani ezininzi qhinga kwimveliso kwisakhiwo zigxininise ezuza izakhono ukulungiselela ukuveliswa kwempahla nje kodwa kuluhlu olubanzi. I ishishini kufuneka, ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko iziseko, imali, abasebenzi ukuze sikwazi ukufezekisa le njengekhrayitheriya.

Ukuba inkampani uyasilela ukunika uluhlu olubanzi impahla eyenziweyo, eli ephambili inokubekwa nxamnye imveliso ubuchwepheshe nobunzima kakhulu, kunqabile ukuba emarikeni, kodwa ke ngelo xesha imfuno efanayo. Umzekelo, ukuba inkampani uvelisa microprocessors izixhobo zomkhosi, kwanokuba ngaphandle kubo akasayi kuveliswa ezinye izinto zamashishini, mhlawumbi kuya kuba imfuno ngokuthe imveliso yawo. Okhuphisana iya kuba encinane, kunye nabathengi - zombini kwinqanaba ukuze yokhuselo lwesizwe, kwaye emakethe zomhlaba, - inokuba ngokwaneleyo.

Noko ke, enesidingo, inkampani kungenzeka ukwandisa imveliso, leyo ekuhambeni kwexesha kungenzeka ukuba abe serial. Cinga iinkcukacha zayo ezithile.

ISISHWANKATHELO production serial

Imveliso lothotho inani le modeli ingqamana ukukhululwa kwempahla ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo. Olu hlobo mbutho luphawulwa ngokusebenza kwe-mveliso, njengoko umthetho, ngokwaneleyo uluhlu elilinganiselweyo lweemveliso ezinikwe emarikeni. Umthombo ongundoqo ingeniso yemveliso mass - ukuziswa ngexesha ngumthengi umthwalo impahla ngamathuba axeliweyo.

In the abasakhasayo imveliso iza kwenziwa ngokuxhomekeke umthamo okuzo ngamnye eliphakathi kwaye omkhulu. Phakathi-sikhokelo imodeli lombutho yokukhululwa kwempahla ikhutshwa phandle kwindawo ezikhethiweyo ngokwaneleyo elimxinwa imisebenzi - ukuze abasebenzi nkampani ithuba ukwenza imisebenzi imveliso ethile kwelona nqanaba liphezulu kakhulu umgangatho. Le mveliso phawu kwiimeko ezininzi kugqiba ekunciphiseni iindleko zemveliso - umzekelo, ngokusebenzisa ubuchule ukuqesha iingcali kunye namava kangako na kwezona ndawo ebaluleke kakhulu ukukhululwa kwempahla. Izigaba kakhulu ukusebenzisa ithekhinoloji nobunzima kakhulu lwemveliso, ke, ukuba siphathiswe ukuba kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo kule nkampani.

Kwakhona, imveliso ngokupheleleyo kwiimeko ezininzi kufuna izisombululo kulawulo lweshishini ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo ezithile - izixhobo, indawo yemveliso, izixhobo, izinto yekrwada. Amaninzi, kule modeli lombutho nokukhululwa kwempahla ezivenkileni kufika izinto zemihla ngemihla - izixhobo zombane, eliqhelekileyo izixhobo inkqubo iintlobo.

Small-scale ukukhululwa kwempahla

imveliso abasakhasayo, njengokuba zenyathi ifomathi ingxelo nokukhululwa impahla kufutshane yunithi. Oku kubandakanya ukukhululwa kwempahla ngokwamaqela amancinane, ngokufuthi - kwisithuba uluhlu enkulu. Ixabiso amaqela athile, ngokuqhelekileyo amancinane, kwaye, ngaphezu koko, ukuba rhoqo kulungiswa. Le nkampani rhoqo utshintsha iintlobo kwempahla ezinikwa phantsi imveliso abasakhasayo, uvumelane isiphakamiso imfuno yangoku, okanye ngemikhwa emarikeni. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba ukukhutshwa kwifomati iimpahla kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo cishe injongo enye, oko kukuthi inxaxheba iyunithi yemveliso. Ngokuba imisebenzi ebonakala ngokwenza imisebenzi umsebenzi, uvumela ukuba ukulungiselela ukuveliswa iimveliso ezininzi ezibanzi.

series ukukhululwa medium of impahla

series Medium ndikunikela imarike kuyinto ngokwaneleyo iibhetshi eninzi yamaxhoba, leyo yaziswe nokuhlelwa encinci. Ngoko ke njalo yonikezelo luphawulwa iqondo eliphezulu lozinzo. Ubungakanani obungcali kwemisebenzi - liphezulu ngokwaneleyo. Izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ukuvelisa, kunokuba zombini ubhetyebhetye kwaye ezizodwa. Kuba mveliso apho ingxelo esicwangciswe uhlobo imveliso luphawulwa ulungelelwaniso lwezibonelelo, kwakunye nokuqinisekisa nokwabiwa nokukhululwa kwempahla ngokwemimandla ezithile zobugcisa.

Ezinkulu-scale ukukhululwa kwempahla

imveliso ezinkulu-isikali iquka ukukhululwa iimpahla zingafakwa kwi emarikeni izixa ezikhulu nokuhlelwa ngokwaneleyo elimxinwa. Ezinye iintlobo ethandwa kakhulu iimveliso ingaveliselwa rhoqo.

Ngokuba imisebenzi kule imveliso abasakhasayo luphawulwa ezikhethiweyo eliphezulu. Kunjalo enokuthethwa izixhobo awayephantsi imveliso kwi umba kwi kwishishini.

Ngoku sifunde ingakumbi imveliso abaninzi.

Ziziphi iimpawu yemveliso mass?

Uhlobo lombutho yokukhululwa kwempahla e zesityalo ibandakanya ukubekwa kwi kwimarike kweemveliso kukuninzi yaye, njengoko umthetho, ngaphakathi kuluhlu elilinganiselweyo.

imveliso Mass ufuna unikezelo ozinzileyo ingqalelo imfuno ixesha elide. imisebenzi ekuthatheni izifundo njengeziphambili lombutho nokukhululwa kwempahla ngendlela efanelekileyo - emxinwa. On elowo kubo likwaqhuba inkqubo inyathelo ethile okanye iqela eyohlobo olulodwa. Kwimveliso iye yapasisa okanye loo ndibano inyathelo, ugqithele kwisigaba esilandelayo nkqubo - njalo de imveliso lilungile. Ngoko ke isabelo yabasebenzi ncwadana asezantsi ngokubanzi kwimveliso mass mihla. Olu phawu lombutho lwemveliso kwempahla kwiimeko ezininzi, kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko wokwenziwa iyunithi yemveliso kulo.

Inani elipheleleyo lemisebenzi ekulungelelaniseni unikezelo elikhulu-isikali iimveliso, angaba ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye omncinane: konke oko kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba kwezibonelelo zobugcisa. On ixabiso zithwala kunye nokuhambisa ukuveliswa urhulumente kusenokwenzeka ukuba ibe ngaphantsi kwe e mveliso kunye isabelo umsebenzi wezandla.

ngobuninzi yeziko kufuneka zimiselwe yokufunwa ezinzileyo. Ukuba le njengenqobo ayanelisekanga, iqumrhu kukho ingozi yokuba yaba yintlekele ngenxa yokungabikho kweemali, ngokubhekiselele kwiindleko ezisebenzayo. Enyanisweni, lo uvakalelo oluphezulu yokufunwa kwishishini ukuba alungise imveliso mass kugcinwa phantse naliphi na ibakala kuphuhliso loshishino. Ngoko ke, le nkampani kufuneka phambi utyalo capacity ezongezelelweyo, nto leyo evumela ukuba alungiselele ukukhululwa iimpahla nemiba efanelekileyo, ukuqhuba uphando eneenkcukacha kwi imfuno mveliso.

Iintlobo imveliso kunye nokugcinwa factor

Indlela ezinxulumana ngayo iintlobo kuqwalaselwa lwemisebenzi yemveliso ukulungisa lomlingani? Economics, kwakunye kwiqela imigangatho karhulumente waseka inani ubudlelwane phakathi kwezalathisi kunye umfuziselo yokulungelelanisa imveliso yempahla kunye neenkonzo.

Ngenxa yoko, imveliso omnye umlinganiselo bendisoloko ndicinga ungaphezulu iiyunithi 40. In ukukhululwa abasakhasayo - oko kuluhlu 20-40, eliphakathi uthotho ne - zomyalelo 10-20 kwi isikali omkhulu - ngokuqhelekileyo 1-10. imveliso Mass iye ukulungisa ratio ngokuqhelekileyo hayi ngaphezulu kwe-1.

imigaqo yezoqoqosho yesithuba sokukhetha imifanekiso yemveliso

Ngoko ke, siye ndamgqala, ziziphi iindlela eziphambili imveliso, kwakunye kumaxabiso ahambelanayo ye ngumlingani yokudityaniswa zokusebenza, elibhekisela izalathisi ezingundoqo imodeli nokusebenza lombutho wokwenziwa iimpahla kwishishini.

Ingaba abaphathi le nkampani ukuba ungenza njani izigqibo malunga eziphambili imvume qhinga sophuhliso ishishini phantsi kwemiqathango yaloo mbutho zokulima uhlobo ethile?

Omnye wemiba ephambili ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho inkampani - edingeka izinzile. Ukuba uthe wayifumana, nkqu apho inkampani uya ngokomgangatho basebenza umsebenzi zonke mveliso, iya kuqaliswa izisombululo ezintsha kunye nezixhobo ilungileyo, inzuzo isenokungabi esaneleyo ukuhlawula iindleko. Ngoko ngaphambi kokuba nokutyala imali ukwanda amandla emveliso kunye nokudluliselwa le nkampani, umzekelo, ukusuka amancinci kuthotho eliphakathi imodeli, ulawulo kufuneka balujongisise ithemba ekuthengisweni kweempahla ukuba kakhulu, aqwalasele ukuba ingaba enesidingo ukuba uhlobo imveliso efanelekileyo.

Ingaba Kubalulekile ukuba, izakhiwo kwishishini ifumaneka enyanisweni: yenzeka ukuba abanini yokuqala yenkampani imali ekunikeni imisebenzi ezizodwa kakhulu, kwaye kwakhona izixhobo kuleyo luphawulwa a ezikhethiweyo ebanzi, unokuba yingxaki, yaye vice versa. Inkqubo yabaSebenzi - ukuba yinxalenye ishishini, nokuthe kwiimeko ezininzi kakhulu kunzima ukuba ilungiswe ngakumbi, yintoni uhlobo lwemveliso, eziququzelelwe liSebe le nkampani. Umntu oqeqeshelwe, umzekelo, ingcaphephe phezu kweenkqubo lwamacandelo elektroniki, mhlawumbi kuba nako ukwenza ngokwemigaqo yentsebenziswano, ethetha kakhulu, eqhuba uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali yokusebenza kokusingqongileyo umzimba zokwambathisa kwi imveliso eyenziweyo - kuba oku kuya kufuneka ukuba baqeqeshwe kwezinye specializations.

Nangona nocikizeko inguqu kwabasebenzi ukuhlangabezana imisebenzi emitsha umsebenzi kuya kufuneka, ngokwemigqaliselo ngokwala maxesha kwimveliso. Kulo mzekelo, njengoko umthetho, oko malunga itsale iingcali ezintsha, yaye uyakwazi ukubona ukubonakala kwemali kule nkampani. Inkqubo yabaSebenzi - kukwayinto entle inkqubo, phantsi apho inkampani yolawulo linyanzelekile ukuba ahlawule ingqalelo ngokwaneleyo abasebenzi abasebenza ekhangela ziingcali ze-ndlebe nabo, uvavanyo, umsebenzi uyilo, ukuququzelela ukuziqhelanisa zazo ngokukhawuleza kwi ezichaphazela inkqubo yemveliso kule nkampani.

Kakade ke, ukhetho kwemodeli yemveliso kufuneka athathe ingqalelo izibonelelo zothutho ngoku, ukuba umthamo iindlela ezikhoyo kwingingqi ayikho kakhulu phezulu, ukuziswa yeemveliso eziveliswe ngokwesakhelo nentaphane, ingaqhuba iye ngaphandle kobunzima. Okanye unayo iindleko eziphezulu, leyo, kwakhona, linokufuna ulawulo lomsebenzi ezongezelelweyo ukukhuthaza ukuthengisa. Kukwanjalo ke malunga nemiba lokuhanjiswa kwezinto ekrwada kubathengisi. Ukuba akukho phezulu ngokwaneleyo, ngoko ukhankase imveliso enamandla unokuba yingxaki. Okanye isisombululo sale ngxaki kuya kuqinisekisa ukunyuka iindleko zokuvelisa, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekubeni ibe kwinqanaba elingonelanga ukhuphiswano.

isishwankathelo

Ngoko ke, siye wajonga into umlinganiselo ukudityaniswa kwemisebenzi kunye neengqikelelo ehamba obungcali, serialization, ngokunjalo abaninzi. Ezi zikhombisi agcwele indlela apho nkampani zenza namalungiselelo ukukhululwa kwempahla, kwi-sikhokelo enye, ibhetshi okanye imveliso mass.

Ukukhethwa imodeli kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Okokuqala, oko umgangatho yokufunwa ezivenkileni okanye ezinokuba kunokwenzeka. Okwesibini, kukho ithuba kwisiseko semveliso ekhoyo, kwakunye nethuba ukutsala abasebenzi abaneziqinisekiso ezithile ngenxa yotyalo ozinikeleyo, nto leyo kufuneka ahlawule umva. Okwesithathu, ukuba izibonelelo zeziseko le nkampani - ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele inxaxheba kweendlela zothutho ukunikezelwa kweempahla kubathengi okanye ukuthenga izinto kubathengisi.