Ukuba Russia uthengisa phesheya ngaphandle izinto?

Ibhalansi kwentlawulo nawuphi lizwe akhabayo kunye navumelanayo, kwaye kule meko mqondiso yayo luphawu ngaphandle ukuxhomekeka ngqo. Ukuba phambi imali zorhwebo kunye neendleko, ngoko yonke into ihamba enkulu, ukuba awunayo, ngoko kukho ngaphandle ukuxhomekeka kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo imali yelinye ilizwe. Ukusombulula le ngxaki kuba ngeendlela ezimbini, okanye ukunciphisa ukuthengwa zangaphandle, okanye ukunyusa intengiso yempahla zabo amazwe. Russia izama ukuphucula sheet yayo imali, kodwa kwezinye iimeko okwangoku kuthintele uphuhliso le meko, kwaye kufuneka senze izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ukutshintsha isakhiwo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Nangona kunjalo, oku akusoloko kubi, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ezimnandi kakhulu, kuba inegalelo kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lulonke. Ngoko ke yintoni Russia ngoku uthengisa phesheya?

isakhiwo

Russia uthengisa iimveliso kwamanye kuluhlu olubanzi, kodwa izinto non-yorhwebo baba ngo-2015, ikota kuphela ngaphandle iyonke ngokwalo ixabiso.

Indawo yesibini ebaluleke yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, ilandelwe yi-iikhemikhali kunye nokutya mveliso. Umlinganiselo igalelo amanye amacandelo fund eliqhelekileyo 'of imali yengeniso yamazwe angaphandle ziyahluka inyanga ngenyanga, kodwa ngoku amacandelo ezincinane, yaye ngenxa yoko abantu amathuba okukhula. Eyona ethembisayo ke ushishino lwee-elektroniki kunye nophuhliso ngakumbi kwisigaba lophuhliso software.

hydrocarbon

Akukho nto isimanga yokuba iinzuzo evela kwintengiso oyile negesi kwiminyaka yakutshanje ziye zasinciphisa, imeko injalo yorhwebo langaphandle iye yaphuhliswa kwisiqalo zobunzima lwehlabathi.

Amaxabiso zaye ina ixesha elide, ngoku lenyuke $ 40 umphanda, kodwa nangona oku, kuyimfuneko ukuba qwa kwaye hayi ukuba sinikezele iimvakalelo shapkozakidatelskih. Okokuqala, izinto zingatshintsha mandundu, yaye okwesibini i "yenaliti 'engumzekeliso kukade icangcisiwe ingxaki ekufuneka iqwalaselwe. Kunye ukunyuka ngokubanzi kumazwe ezizizembiwa kumazwe angaphandle, ingeniso Balizisa ke wesithathu ngaphantsi kwixesha elidlulileyo, $ kuphela 343 ezigidi. Idola. Phantse imeko efanayo imveliso ukuqhubekekiswa, okt ipetroli, idizili, njl imali yengeniso yamazwe angaphandle kubo bawile 42%, imali bhunxe, $ 67,4 yezigidi. Xa ukwanda amane ekhulwini kukhupho ngokwasemzimbeni. Ngenxa yoko, inani imali ekrwada kwamanye amazwe lehla kwi-46% kwi sakhiwo.

Acace kunye nentsimbi non-ayoni

Non-yorhwebo kumazwe wawa naye, yaye kakhulu, ukuya 96 billion ukuya $ 187 yezigidi zezigidi. Liquka iirisithi currency lwamashishini ezahlukeneyo, yaye omnye yezinto ezibalulekileyo uthathwa ukuba iintsimbi. Yena ngo-2015 bafumana ezingaphezu kwe $ 24 ezigidi. Dollars kubathengisi angaphandle iimveliso zayo, leyo, Kakade, okubi, kodwa mbi ngakumbi kwixesha elidlulileyo. Amaxabiso World dropped phezu nickel nesinyithi, apho ngaphezulu kwe-30%, kodwa yomnika ukusuka oku imbuyekezo ukwanda imiqulu emzimbeni 5.34 Mill. M. Le nickel wathengisa phesheya-5% ngaphantsi. nemfuneko enkulu kuyaqhubeka ukuba usebenzise ubhedu yombane ngobunyulu phezulu, ukuphunyezwa kwayo ukwandisa nge-17% xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka ka-2014 kwaye ufumane $ 3.1 yezigidi zezigidi. Ingeniso (60%). Aluminium Kananjalo ngumbono omhle, ukuthengiswa kwawo kwafikelela 3.1 billion. M (plus-22%). Ukuphucula ukhuphiswano ngamaxabiso inceda ukwehlisa.

Gold nomanyolo

I-metal emthubi ngoku ithenga Russian ngaphezu uthengisa, ngakumbi ukuba ixabiso kuba ngoku lifinyele, kunjalo, yaye kumazwe bathabatha indawo, kuba bubonke isiqingatha billion zeerandi. Umthengi kula ntengiselwano Switzerland libeka rhoqo, kodwa iibhanki ngoku lwehlisa umthamo imveliso etshe. Kodwa Sinovuyo abavelisi izichumisi yezimbiwa, imfuno yona leyo uzinzo emangalisayo. Kuba imveliso lweshishini lemichiza, oko kuyimfuneko kubalimi kulo lonke ihlabathi, wakwazi ukuba bazuze 8.9 billion. Idola

izilimo

Kuyabonakala ukuba, kule ndawo Russia uyothatha indawo elikhokelayo okokuqala ngaphezu kwekhulu, kwaye yogqithe eUnited States, yaye oku nangona ezinye izenzo urhulumente zange negalelo le mpumelelo, kodwa kunokuba kumthwalo. Ukuqaliswa ngoFebruwari wonyaka ophelileyo, imisebenzi kumazwe nkqu ukuba uthathe ithuba kwimiphumo ukwehlisa imali engange, nabo bonke abalimi ingeniso waya ukuhlawula iifizi. Xa yokuyeka intengiso nge-27% kurhwebo kunye eYiputa, Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan noMzantsi Afrika kunye ukuhla ngokubanzi ingeniso ngo-2015, kule 2016, sifanele silindele ukukhula okubonakalayo (The Wall Street Journal kunye US Department of Agriculture).

amacandelo kunye neenkqubo zekhompyutha

Ngaphezulu kwe-1.1 billion zeerandi of imali yengeniso yamazwe angaphandle efunyenweyo ngo-2015 abenzi Russian zeetships esixhasiweyo. Kubonakala iindaba engalindelekanga kakhulu, phantse, yakhawuleza, ebonisa ngokupheleleyo ingcamango ebekwe malunga backwardness zobugcisa beli lizwe. Okunye okunika umdla kukuba abathengi engundoqo kwafunyanwa eJamani, apho wathabatha 98% yemveliso wayo; kodwa ezifunyenwe Malaysia, i-India neChina, oko kukuthi, ilizwe ngokwayo kucingwa ukuba abenzi phambili amacandelo elektroniki. iziqhubekisi yesuntswana wachitha Algeria. La "iikhompyutha iindawo" abonisa ukwanda kwe-70%, ingakumbi eJamani, zamthengisa ngenxa $ 469 ezigidi. Ngaphezu ngo-2014. Ukuhanjiswa yenziwa yi "T-Amaqonga", wona usekwe phezu kwesi sihlandlo nokuba wamnqamla kuluhlu izohlwayo (January 2014) Ngokutsho abahlaziyi, uRhulumente akufuneki angqamane ushishino asaphuhlayo, kodwa sekunjalo akazange aphume ndawo yaye iya kuxhasa iinkampani imalunga yintoni ngobuchule kwiindawo ebalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho kwamanye amazwe. developers Software esikufumanayo ngo-2015 billion asixhenxe.

izikhali

Russia yaba kwindawo nentembelo yesibini ehlabathini kwi ukuthunyelwa kweemveliso zokhuselo. Amaqabane ephambili ngo-2015 kwakukho India kwanamaYiputa, nokusiwa akhula kakhulu ukuya eVietnam, Iraq kunye Peru othenge iinqanawa (kubandakanywa ii nkwili), izitishi radar, iinkqubo umoya zokhuselo, moya kunye ntaka. Zonke ezi mveliso luphawulwa ixabiso eliphezulu esongezwa iqinisekise nokugcinwa eziyimfuneko kunye wemvula iimveliso ezisetyenziswayo kwakunye noqeqesho lwabasebenzi, nto leyo eyenza inzuzo kunye exchange angaphandle unomvuzo. Ziye e Algeria banda $ 2 billion, Vietnam -. Ukuze $ 1.7 billion, Bangladesh -. Ukuze $ 866 yezigidi, Kuwait -. Ukuze $ 406 ezigidi .. (ninefold!) Bafuna ukothuka kunye nezothutho ntaka, moya ukuhlasela, iinkqubo enomjukujelwa, izindululi ngexabiso ezininzi kunye nomoya zokhuselo, kwakunye nezinye izixhobo mihla zomkhosi Russian. Ngakumbi ngokukhawuleza ukuphuhlisa intsebenziswano zomkhosi India kule iimvumelwano kunjalo aziphelelanga apho nokuthengiswa kunye nentsebenziswano imveliso deal with ezithile iisampulu.

ushishino lweemoto

manani ezisemthethweni ebhalwe ukuhla ukuthunyelwa iimoto abakhweli ozozisola ngayo ngo-2015 ukuya kuma-25%. Eyona ongenisa impahla ephambili Vaz ngoku uthathwa Kazakhstan. Imarike Ukrainian Oku ivaliwe ngenxa yezizathu ezibini, kubandakanywa nokubekwa izohlwayo kunye yokuhlawula amatyala aphantsi kakhulu abakumgangatho ophakathi (ezithi zibekwe yaye "Lada") kweli lizwe. Ukongezelela, iimoto Togliatti ukufumana PRC (7%), Turkey (3%), Germany (4%) kunye Belarus (20%). Kwi ukwehla intengiso yanefuthe ukwehla kwi Tenge, kodwa kukho efihlakeleyo kunye amazwe, nto leyo uthathe ingqalelo nzima kakhulu. Xa protsentrnom-40 intengiso kokuwa ku Kazakhstan, abemi abaninzi beli lizwe kuthenga iimoto eRashiya, yaye iziqholo ezabo. Ngokubanzi, i "AvtoVAZ" wathengisa kwi ico ngeemoto 2015 ngo-58% ngaphantsi kwe ngo-2014. Noko ke, iilori "phambene" kwenzeka kule kwimarike, nkqu ukunyuka-15% kwi-mali iyonke 2.3 amawaka. Pieces.