Imfundo karhulumente Russian esembindini: ngumba, iimpawu, milestones

Kokuwa lokugqibela Russia ngo-1132 lokulwa. Ekuphuhliseni uluntu wobukhosi kusoloko kukhokelela oku. Oku ngokwako ayisiso isenzeko esibi ukuba uluntu kwexesha. Kakade ke, izifundo imbali esikolweni, kwakunye isifundo uncwadi yamandulo ababethelela inzala ezimbi ihlazo ukuqhekeka. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula ezinye ngababhali "Mirili" iinkosana, wawalumkisa ngengozi eqhekekileyo karhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo, ngokuchaseneyo, kukhokelela kuphuhliso kwimida, inkcubeko achumileyo yomkhosi elinemveliso kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ukuqhekeka "licudisa" of fiefdoms ubuninzi phambi kowona siqinile kunye kwimarike enye.

Uqhekeko ingqamana ukuhlaselwa

Imfundo karhulumente esembindini Russian ke ukuzila, phezu kwazo zonke ezo zinto zifuneka kuqala. Kubo bonke amadlala - ukuhlaselwa kwi 30 ka ingxokolo ngenkulungwane ye-13 ka-Mongol-nangezinto. ukwanda lwabo watyhala ukuyilwa karhulumente esembindini Russian kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela, kunye namaziko athile Russia zezixeko abazizityebi enamandla saba run-phantsi elalini. lolawulo yenene ngexesha umsebenzi Mongol uyekile ukuba anyamekele kwizabelo zabo. umsebenzi wayo ophambili - ukuqokelela irhafu ngexesha boyisa, ungakhohlwa ngokwakhe. Eyomeleleyo yaba ulawulo, yingozi enkulu kucingwa emehlweni ka Mongols.

Akayilibalanga 'zobuqhawe "Aleksandra Nevskogo

Imbali eli xesha sele iimeko ezimbalwa iyonke ukutshatyalaliswa imizi yonke nobuganga Nokumphikisa ngegunya khans. Eyona nto ephawulekayo ukuba amayelenqe ezinjalo, "batshoniswe ngegazi," iinkosana Russian. Enye abaxhasi ephambili Mongols - "umkhuseli" ethu okholo uAleksandr Nevsky. izihlandlo eziliqela ngokomyalelo Khans, yena siqu kwiphulo yokohlwaya kwabaneenkani. Noko ke, ukuba Alexander Nevsky waqalisa indlu entsha, oludityaniswe nangokumanywa kumazwe Russian ngeenxa eMoscow.

Zinto zifuneka kuqala Education yombuso Russian endawonye

Owayesakuba Russia ayikwazanga bayamanyana kwimo enye. Oku lula ngu:

• Ulwimi olunye.
• ngokwaselukholweni, esinobudlelane ngalo.
• isithethe Joint, imithetho.
• akhawunti amanyathelo ezikumgangatho ofanayo.
• zonxibelelwano Related, njalo njalo. D.

Development of kwezolimo

Nangona uphuhliso imikhosi elinemveliso alifikeleli incopho kwimimandla ukuzimanyanisa kwangethuba ukuze kuthi. Kodwa ukusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-14 iqala intsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho esebenzayo phakathi emazweni-kanye emanyeneyo. Isizathu soku - uphuhliso olumandla ezolimo.

Umhlaba uye wafunda ukuba ukuphila phantsi kwedyokhwe. Kodwa musa ukulibala ukuba "cap Mongolian 'likhusela ngokuchaseneyo iimfazwe kunye iyahlaselwa. Uphuhliso Peaceful kukhokelele kwinto yokuba le ndawo kanye esingenamntu baqalisa ukuba kwakhona. Ukongeza, abahlaseli wabonisa kumashishini ezintsha, ekungasetyenzwanga msebenzi ngaphambili kakuhle Rusich, - ukuzala ihashe zizalele nakuzo. Ukwahlulwa ngeendawo yezoqoqosho yenzekile, ngaphandle kabani intsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho esebenzayo bekuya kuba yinto nje engenamsebenzi. Ngoko ke, ukwakheka karhulumente esembindini Russian kuchatshazelwa yi imfuneko ukudala imarike enye. Kodwa uninzi bonke kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuvala neenkosi. I inkulu kubo iBandla. On iya kuxutyushwa ngakumbi.

Indima ibandla

Lingcwaba lomfo indima enkulu yeCawa kukwenziwa karhulumente Russian endawonye. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngexesha Mongol-Tatar ukuhlaselwa, abahlaseli zange umchukumise. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, bayinika nenkululeko yakhe ngokupheleleyo kwaye nokuzimela. ubulumko Mongolian uyazi akukho ukufana embalini - zange yatshintsha abantu oyiswe. Nangona, njengoko umthetho, elezenkcubeko kunye zobugcisa ngaphantsi izizwe oyisa, i Mongol-AmaTatar wazama ukuba amkele zonke iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zophuhliso lwabo. Noko ke, ngoko, akuyomfuneko oko, ihleli kunjalo: inkolo, uncwadi, ubugcisa. amalungelo ezopolitiko kuphela ziye kuphela. Ngokumalunga kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko, sanikwa inkululeko epheleleyo yokuzikhethela, kuba kanye ngexesha ukuhlawula "phandle."

Ukuguqula ku Islam, eli hlokondiba wayengazange siphakamise umba ulwaphulo Orthodox eRashiya kunye nokubekwa kwenye inkolo. Baqonda ukuba unikelo ithathwa eziqhelekileyo le ndoda eqhelekileyo. Kungakhathaliseki apho iya - e Kiev okanye koovimba. Noko ke, uhlaselo ukholo emphefumlweni - lo mntu ayikwazanga kunyanyezelwa. Ubomi kubonwa ukuphumla okwexeshana lempilo engunaphakade. Zama ukutshintsha ukuba - kunye nabantu Russian baya kufa ekulweni zabahlaseli.

Umsebenzi Russia kukhokelela ngokuvela webandla

Ngenxa yesi sizathu i-Church eRashiya kuphela licinywe, kodwa, phezu koko, baba zizityebi. Wanikwa mazwe ezingenabantu esele bahlukunyezwe imfazwe kunye monakalo. Ukongeza, icawa nkosi enamandla wobukhosi. Kuye kwaphuma abantu engafanelekanga yaye bacinezelwe. Apho ke wafumana indawo yokuhlala, indawo yokuhlala kodwa bydi unyanzelekile ukusebenzela inzuzo yalo. Ngaphandle, Kakade, lithambile kakhulu neenkosi kunesiqhelo wobukhosi. Ibandla baxolelwe kwintlawulo Mongol enyanzelekileyo "uphume," yaye Fathers oyingcwele uNothozamile ngaphezu basebukhosini yehlabathi.

Amandla okukhulayo izinduna ifuna urhulumente united

Amandla maxe- neenkosi feudal ifuna bengatshatanga ukuba umthetho imo yalo ezikhetheki- ulawulo nganye, yaye kwintsimi enye enkulu kunye isixhobo esinamandla yolawulo. Ngoko ke, ibandla iinkosi zokuqala feudal inkxaso ubunye kumazwe Russian ngeenxa eMoscow. Kwaba lihamba apha evela Vladimir Kuqhelekile ukuba lonke ilizwe Russian lwenqila elide phambi kokuba ukuphakama kwayo ikuvumela ukuba kwizigqibo ezinjalo.

Ukudala bengatshatanga: kwinqanaba lokuqala (ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-13 - 1462)

Creation lukarhulumente esembindini Russian wathabatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba eziliqela. Ekuqaleni ke umbuzo wezinto zakomkhulu elizayo. Namhlanje, ukuba kunzima ukukholelwa, kodwa ukuyilwa karhulumente esembindini Russian ukuba kwenzeke phantsi kweflegi saseTver, eMoscow yaye, njengoko kubonakala ukuba ukwenza oku kakhulu ngakumbi:

• indawo okuyo evumayo;
• iziko enkulu;
• khans inkxaso wokuqala;
• amandla ezoqoqosho emkhosini.

Ubuthathaka - inzuzo enkulu

Nakuba kunjalo, iimpawu lokusekwa karhulumente Russian oluyintloko iingenelo zikhankanywe ngasentla kumzabalazo ngobunkokheli ngokufuthi bawohloka zibe neengxaki. Hana kaThixo ibitheni kumaziko anjalo. Bona imipu kuqala isixeko Vladimir, nto leyo kuphela iziko encinane. Khumbula ukuba isihloko ephambili eRashiya wabizwa ngokuba "The Grand Duke Vladimir." Naye iinkosana Russian got ileyibhile nolawulo yolawulo yonke imizi. Noko ke, isixeko Vladimir wajika waya kwidolophana, njengoko Mongols balandela nakwenzeka ukuphakama kwayo. Boyika ukuba abe banner yomzabalazo wenkululeko nxamnye Khans.

Abaphumeleleyo ningagwetywa

Xa yokuqala , unyana Aleksandra Nevskogo Daniil (1282-1303 gg.) Ukuze eMoscow wemka kuphela kwiilali kumgama owela ngaphakathi kwama-km 40. Noko ke, inzala ka oyiphumeleleyo amaJamani kunye balwa iminyaka 80, mhlawumbi, konke oko kunokwenzeka: atshata nabantu Khan, iimali ezingasetyenziswanga, bathenga yonke ezamahala kartel emafeni kwezinye izilawuli, bafudukela Metropolitan yokuhlala kuye baza babulawa zicinezelwa kwimvukelo yaseTver nxamnye Khan ukuba lo mzi emhlabeni.

ukumelana lokuqala

Ngo-1380, ekholelwa ngamandla ethu, Prince nguDmitry wagqiba ukunika ukuxhathisa loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene. iirekhodi Kakade ke, nantoni na athi kunye nababhali yamandulo Russian, imfazwe Kulikovo wayengekho ngokuchasene Khan, kwaye ngokuchasene omnye ukubola lakomkhulu - Mamaia. Xa parlance mihla, "Upstart" ngubani wayengenalo igunya esemthethweni kuyo yonke anayo. Kodwa ke into nje ngenxa yokungathobeli eyakhokelela ekubeni yintoni na sele igosa Khan Tokhtamysh kweminyaka emi-2 emva koko, ngo-1382, ngokobuqu wathabatha inxaxheba kwiphulo lokulwa eMoscow, wayitshisela emhlabeni. iincwadi Imbali sixoxa malunga Idabi Kulikov, uloyiso yalo intsingiselo. Noko ke, imigca emibini kuphela zithunyelwa ndyikitya yokohlwaya of Russian emva kweso siganeko.

Association akafuni siyeke

Ngaphandle wayesilwa Golden mkhosi nguDmitry Donskoy waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe karhulumente esembindini Russian. Ngu eMoscow zinamathele Dmitrov, Uglich, Starodub, Kostroma, indawo Beloozero.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-14 wenza amanyathelo kuqala kwi ukulawula le Novgorod Republic. Noko ke, ukuze kukhuselwe ngenxa ngokwayo ilungelo kumhlaba Dvina akwenzeki. Novgorod Sina zizityebi urhwebo iziko nje kuphela eRussia kodwa ehlabathini lonke. imali Huge ukuvumela ukuba enze nayiphi na ukuxhathisa zabahlaseli. Kuphela kamva, emva ukulawula onke amazwe ekunike isonka kwiriphabliki inkululeko-onothando, eMoscow usebenzisa ihlebo kunye kwafa kwezoqoqosho lophule e Novgorod ukuziphendulela. Ukuxhomekeka Novgorod okuziinkozo badlale joke okhohlakeleyo kunye kwiriphabliki.

Isigaba sokugcina

Inqanaba lokugqibela umbutho bobabo kunyaka 1462-1533 - ukusuka wobukumkani Ivan III (1462-1505) phambi kokuphela sewusesandleni sonyana wakhe, Vasily III (1505-1533). Emva kwabo, bengatshatanga kuya kubakho ngoxolo kuphela phantsi Ivan labangcangcazelisi. Ngaphandle kokuba, kakade, eli xesha ingabizwa ngoxolo. Emva koko kuza ixesha elide Ixesha Iingxaki nongenelelo.

Ukwenziwa karhulumente Russian esembindini ngenxa ziganeko zilandelayo (14-15 cc.):

• Ngokubhukuqwa ukubola idyokhwe.
• Ukujoyina yaseTver.
• Ukujoyina Novgorod.

Emva ukubhukuqwa anayo ngo-1480 kwakungekho amandla akwazi ukuthintela inkqubo enjalo, njengoko ukuyilwa karhulumente esembindini Russian.

Ubalo lwe naziphi

• 1478 - Ivan Iii amandla unamathela Novgorod. EMoscow kabini landa emazweni.
• 1485 - ekugqibeleni izibandakanya utshaba kwezopolitiko eMoscow - yaseTver.
• 1489 - Vyatka ilizwe kunye ezininzi labemi non-Russian.
• 1510 - Pskov, nto leyo luqhawulwe ngexesha Novgorod. Emva koko, ukujoyina i lase kuphela umbandela kwexesha.
• 1514 - Moscow ngexesha imfazwe Lithuania recaptures kwisixeko samandulo Russian of ESmolensk. Esi sixeko nangoku kwixa elizayo uya kuba isikhubekiso kumgaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle karhulumente Russian kwaye kungakhokelela ekubeni imfazwe esisigxina kunye Commonwealth.
• 1521 - ngokusemthethweni ejoyina Ryazan, nangona eneneni ixesha elide iinkosana eMoscow iphumelele ukuba kwicala yakhe izinduna Ryazan.

Ndifuna ukuthi impangele, njengoko ngokuba eli lizwe, yaba likhulu Europe. Kodwa ke ukubunjwa kunye nophuhliso zikarhulumente Russian esembindini akazange seluxolweni. Iinkqubo kunye rhoqo iimfazwe, izicengo, nokubulawa, ewolo.

Imfundo enye karhulumente Russian. Politika Ivana III and Vasily III

umgaqo-nkqubo amakhoboka abalimi yaqala emva kokuba kugqitywe inkqubo naziphi. Eneneni, oko wayingxamelayo neenkosi, kuquka ibandla. Kuyinto e Sudebnik Ivan III ngo-1497 ukuba isithintelo okokuqala esiqingqiweyo nokunyamekelwa lasekunene abalimi kubanikazi. Kakade ke, ngaphambi kokuphela nut akayi ukujija, kodwa ngokwawo mda kuye kwabothusa kakhulu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abalimi bavunyelwa ukuba kwiveki enye phambi koSuku St. George kaThixo, ekupheleni kukaNovemba, kunye neveki enye kamva, ekuqaleni kukaDisemba. Noko ke, uMthetho 1550 Ivana Groznogo lize liphelise lo mthetho. Ngenxa yoko isisho: "Thabatha, ugogo, noSuku eSt George kaThixo, 'nto leyo ngokufanelekileyo ibonakalisa yokungathembani yokuqala xa kubhalwa.

Imithetho ukusuka abalimi

Ngokuphathelele ixesha inguqu, yonke kusengqiqweni. Umjikelo umsebenzi wezolimo kwaba kuphela. Ukuba abasebenzi ushiya umnini-mhlaba phakathi komjikelo, oko kuya kukhokelela ekonakaleni kuye. Ezintsha inguqu kwakukho ezimbini:

• Ixesha elifutshane ziiveki ezimbini ekwindla.
• Imfuneko ukuhlawula 'abadala. "

Indawo yokugqibela kuthetha ukuba umfama akazange abe nelungelo lokuba sihambe nje kude uNdikhoyo. Kusafuneka ukuba ahlawule inzuzo eqela labasebenzi ngenxa post, oko kukuthi, abahlala kuloo ndlu. Ukuba umqeshwa wenza eyadini iminyaka engaphezu kwemine, ukuba bekunyanzelekile ukuba ahlawule iindleko ezipheleleyo yesakhiwo esitsha.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuyilwa bengatshatanga kukhokelele ekuqaleni amakhoboka abalimi kulo ilizwe, ngokuba kukho kwamandla olawulo ukulawula iintshukumo zabo.