Ukukhusela Pskov: ikhosi neemeko kunye neziphumo

I-Livonian War (1558-1583) - siganeko sibalulekileyo kumazwe kumantla eRashiya, yaye okubaluleke sisigcina-Pskov ukuba nembali yamajoni. Ilizwe ilwa ukuba iindlela zorhwebo lwehlabathi kunye nokufikelela kwiBaltic nxamnye Order Livonian. Russian lokuqala nesivuno esihle - a ekhubekisayo ngempumelelo kwi kwinxalenye esempuma zamazwe Livonian yaphela eloyisweni. Kodwa emva kokuwa Umyalelo 1561 sangena abamelwane imfazwe, kakhulu, anqwenela ukuthabatha kwezahlulo lizwe eyaphukileyo. IRussia kulwa Lithuania, Poland naseSweden.

zobuqhawe Pskov

Ngemihla zokuqala War Livonian Pskov wathabatha inxaxheba kuyo; ithathe umkhosi Ivana Groznogo ebusika 1558, kwaye ngexesha elinye abantu Pskov, elikhokelwa Prince Shuisky ujoyine eli phulo. Pskov abameli kodwa ukuba kuza, kodwa ngo-1559 amaJamani elidlavula elumelwaneni Red kunye Sebezh rhoqo ungaphumeleli. Ke Lithuanians ahlasela phantse edolophini, sisonakalisa emimandleni, baqhumisela yonke indlela yabo, nabo babethwa ngokukhawuleza, kodwa wabuya ngo-1569 waza wathabatha isixeko Izborsk.

Izibonda ekhokelwa nguKumkani Stefan Batory ngo-1579-m wathabatha Polotsk, yaye kamva ngonyaka ahlasela Pskov kunye nomhlaba Novgorod. amabutho Russian njengangoku awanazo ngamaxhesha aphambili, Batory kwaye waziwa kakuhle, kodwa ngenxa ngenxa nabathunywa babo zafuna ukuba Poland kunye Livonia ilizwe lokuzalwa Russian kunye Pskov, Novgorod kunye ESmolensk. Ngokuqhelekileyo, uIvan Grozny nezinto ezinjalo akazange, yaye ngehlobo lowe-1580 umkhosi Polish weza Bow Omkhulu. Abemi kulo mzi mkhulu akakwazanga ukumelana ngumkhosi onamandla, yaye ke ngoko bona amadini Posada waza wazimela nenqaba bonke. Abavuma anikezele. Le amabutho ngokungalinganiyo, nto bawuthimbile umzi, zaye zonke babulawa.

Batory hambo ku Pskov

Ngowe-1581 umkhosi yasebukhosini Poland waya Pskov. Ukuba Batory bakwazi ukufaka kulo mzi, mhlawumbi, Ivan Grozny wanyanzeleka ukuba uvume hlabathi esingenabulungisa, Nelokubanika onke amazwe Russian kumntla-ntshona. Ke ukuziphendulela kwabo Pskov zenzeka. Ezi ziganeko zobuqhawe siyazi ezingqinisweni ezininzi ukusuka omabini amaqela alwayo. Inkcazelo sisiganeko ezifana wawalwela Pskov, ayikwazanga ngoyaba unobhala kakumkani UStanisław Piotrowski, owayigcinayo idayari, echaza ngokweenkcukacha ngosuku ngalunye zokungqinga. iiveki ezingamashumi bamelana abavikeli mzi umkhosi lonke Polish, nto leyo ngengcwangu nkobe inqaba, izama dig phantsi iindonga zokugwencela, ukuya into ewolo. Kwaba zonke lilize. Pskov ukuziphendulela yi Ivan 4 bema ngokuqinileyo.

Kwanaxa Batory wagqiba ekubeni athabathe Pechora inqaba, umzamo ayiphumelelanga. i abavikeli babulawa. Waza wahlabela mgama sabelo, njengoko imfazwe walisila kuma, yaye umkhosi ediniwe. NgoJanuwari 1582 yaba lixesha ngokutyikitya isgqibo iminyaka emihlanu, apho Bathory wala neenjongo lokuqala babuyela kuloo mzi kwikhompyutha Russian. Pskov Defence 4 xa uIvan unako ukusindisa abahleli elizweni labo lokuzalwa, enyanisweni - aye alondolozwa kwaye umda yangaphambili Russian. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elinesixhenxe yaba wokhuselo yesibini ka Pskov. Ummangali eli xesha eyahlukileyo, kwaye njengomsindisi kanti belizwe Russian - mzi, zikhulise amaqhawe. Nasekuxinweni lokuqala asifundise abemi. Ngoku bakwazi ukuzikhusela nje kuphela kodwa ukuhlasela. A ixesha elide yaye kunzima yokungenelela amazwe lwaphela uloyiso kubantu zokunyanzelisa isibindi Russian. Ngowe-1611, i-balwa zafakwa isixeko Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Novgorod, Gdov, Porkhov kunye Swedish ukumkani Gustavus Adolphus wagqiba ukuba wokhuselo yobuqhawe Pskov kwixesha elidlulileyo. Noko ke, yena lizama.

balwa

I balwa bazama ukuba Pskov ekuqaleni kuka 1615, babethwa, kwaye ehlotyeni wahlanganisa umkhosi omkhulu phantsi kolawulo Jikelele Horn kwaye kwakhona bawungqinga umzi. Ukumkani waya kubona indlela Pskov iyawa. Kodwa abavikeli mzi uya kuba neqhayiya ngokwakhe sele wemka Ivan Grozny. Ukukhusela Pskov, apho utshaba eli ixesha babomelele ngakumbi nezibonda, kunye amaqhawe Livonian, wayigcina yonke ngokuqinileyo amanyathelo Bacinge, ukuhlaselwa ayedla ngempumelelo. amabutho yaseSweden wayithimba Snetogorsky eMonastri , bema apho. Ngokoqobo loo mini abahlali Pskov wenza sortie baza umonakalo ebalulekileyo, nkqu Jikelele Horn akazange asinde. Ukumkani ubesoyika ndingungantweni, waza wagqiba ukuba nomkhosi wakhe omkhulu ngokwaneleyo. Yena ahlazeke imikhosi yakhe elunxwemeni lomlambo omkhulu, wacela ukusekelwa.

Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva kwafika amajoni nanceba, kunye Gustavus Adolphus Snetogorsk wabuyela weemonki. Wayengqongwe Isixeko ngokupheleleyo, zonke iindlela uthintelwe - ukuvimba epheleleyo. Shaya utshaba isigqibo evela entla - ukusuka esangweni ukuya Ilyinskikh Varlaamovskoy Tower. iinqaba ezakhelwe, wabeka imipu yaye ngokuthe ngcembe ukutshabalalisa udonga. Pskov inkani. Wall Chicken nangoko kulungiswa nokuhlasela yenzekile phantse yonke imihla, ngokuqhelekileyo ilahleko enkulu kutshaba.
Gustavus Adolphus ndandidiniwe ukumelana kwaye waqhubeka thethwano uxolo Russia. Wayefuna amagama kakuhle uxolo, kodwa emva koko, bavuthela Pskov enkampini yakhe yonke kwazo. Kwafuneka siyeke Pskov ndayokufika izixeko Russian ka-Russia - Ladoga, Novgorod, Porkhov, Staraya Russa, Gdov kunye nezinye umhlaba amaninzi ahlala yi zabahlaseli. I wokhuselo lokuqala Pskov - ukusuka imikhosi Stefan Batory - kwaba nzima kakhulu, kodwa baloo dolophu safunda lukhulu.

Izinto ezibangela le Livonian War

I Livonian Order yasekwa kwinkulungwane yeshumi ngasekupheleni yaye bababamba phantse ummandla iphela mihla iBaltic - Courland, Livonia kunye Estonia. Noko ke, kwinkulungwane yeshumi, amandla ayo phantse womile. Okokuqala, kubukela amandla noMyalelo kwengxabano yangaphakathi eveliswa ngakumbi krepnuvshim zoHlaziyo intshukumo: iinkosi iimbasa ayikwazanga ukufumana kwisivumelwano kubudlelwane kunye uBhishophu Riga, esi sixeko ungayamkeli nayiphi na kubo, ubutshaba ngokuya kuxhotyiwe. Kuncipha Livonia usebenzisa bonke abamelwane bayo, eRussia. Inyaniso kukuba ngaphambi kokufika uMyalelo kula mazwe iinkosana Russian kulawulo ngokupheleleyo imimandla lweBaltic, ngoko ngoku eMoscow Tsar ingqalelo amalungelo abo Livonia esemthethweni.

Ixabiso yorhwebo lomhlaba wonxweme ayikwazi nembeko, kwaye Order Livonian kuphela ubudlelane phakathi Russia neNtshona yeYurophu, hayi bedlula abarhwebi zalo mmandla kunye noosomashishini. Ukomeleza of Russia, ngokunjalo ke, akazange afune naliphi na ilizwe enye. Kwakhona, iinkosi yaseYurophu kunye nempahla ukusuka eYurophu Livonian Order eRashiya akazange angaphosi. Ngenxa yoko, kunye Livonians Russian banyangwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ukubukela buthathaka abamelwane recalcitrant, eMoscow Tsar waqalisa ukoyika ukuba ndawo Livonians ukuze kakuhle kubonakale abamelwane ezinobutshaba ngakumbi. Ivan III wakha malunga kwidolophu Narva Ivangorod wenu. Kwaye ngamanye amabango ukufikelela kwi kuLwandle Baltic Ivan 4. Ukhuselo Pskov, utshaba ngaphandle emlinga tsar engalunganga Russian, wabonisa indlela la mabango ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Ukuqala Livonian War

Ukumkani wayeqinisekile yokuphumelela kwemiphunga, kodwa War Livonian yayitsala, ngokungafaniyo kowangaphambili, kunye balwa, xa isiphumo wayelele kakhulu yaye ulungile. Eli xesha Ivan Grozny wakhumbula isivumelwano Livonians endala ufuna ukuba ndothulele umnqwazi kurhulumente Russian, nto leyo ke awuzi ixesha elide kakhulu. Livonians thethwano, okoko nje abanayo, ilibele, kodwa ke ukumkani ngokukhawuleza ezilahlekileyo umonde Ndohlukana nobudlelwane abamelwane entle, ngo-1558 waqalisa ukulawula eneminyaka emashumi mabini anantlanu i Livonian War, ekuqaleni yimpumelelo. amabutho Russian waya phantse lonke Livonia, ngaphandle zakhe ezinde kakhulu kunye imizi enqatyisiweyo. Livonia Alone ekwazi ukumelana endilisekileyo ayikwazanga - Moscow sele yaba namandla ngokwaneleyo.

Isimo yoMyalelo yawa ngaphandle, anikele ngeziqingatha ezilingeneyo abamelwane ezininzi ezinamandla. Estonia - Sweden, Livonia - Lithuania, kwisiqithi Saaremaa - gertsogts Danish Magnus, Kurland asiyo Holdings ecaweni bajamelene secularization. Master Kettler waba luKhuphiswano lweTshawe neTshawekazi bababongoza wayenguphum Polish. Kulindelekile kuphela ukuba abanini abatsha yafuna Ivana Groznogo imimandla non-anazo. Nangaphezulu ngokucacileyo, ukuba angavumi ukuba ukumkani nantoni ayenzelwanga. Ixesha kwi Livonian War kwakukho nxaxheba ezintsha. Noko ke, eMoscow uye waphumelela. amajoni bokumkani kukumkani elidlavula Lithuania ukuya Vilnius. Lithuanians babekulungele ngenxa uxolo ukunika Polotsk. Kodwa Zemsky Sobor eMoscow kwi ehlabathini bungayelelani. Imfazwe lacebisana ukwenza nesinye iminyaka elishumi. Logama nje akabonakalanga itrone Polish-Lithuanian omnye kubathetheli zezona ngcali zinetalente.

Stefan Batory

Russia nje babuthathaka kakhulu ngeminyaka yemfazwe. Ukongeza, eli lizwe kunye oprichnina bahlukunyezwe. Xa ngasezantsi iCrimea AmaTatar bakucaphukisa, befuna zonke iVolga, Astrakhan kunye Kazan Khanate. Ngowe-1571, Khan Devlet Giray sele amalungiselelo mnogovoyskovoe engalindelekanga ukuhlasela, waphumelela kokutsha lonke eMoscow, ngaphandle yesicelo. Kunyaka olandelayo ukuphinda ngempumelelo oku akukenzeki - ukuvunywa Russian phantsi kobunkokheli Mihaila Vorotynskogo wawoyisa AmaTatar kwi abaselula. Eli lixesha lokuba enze isigqibo waqalisa kunye Stefan Batory - Centre State of the lizwe Abhitya kunene kunye nezixhobo, kunye nabantu. rati ezinkulu ngokuba Fronts Livonian kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqokelela. la ihlasele efanele wadibana. Ngowe-1578 umkhosi Russian boyiswa e laseVerdun.

Xa Livonian iMfazwe senguquko. Emva konyaka, Stefan Batory wamhlangula Polotsk, kwaye ke Enkulu uLuka kunye Velizh. Ivan Grozny wazama cofa kwi Batory ngokwezozakuzo, ukuthumela Amanxusa ukuya Austria uMlawuli kunye Pope. Ke ukumkani Polish wayengenamdla kwizindululo ye-Russian Tsar, kwaye ngo-1581-m, yena ayingqinga Pskov. Kwakunzima, kodwa ndamelana ukuziphendulela Pskov. Stefan Batory wazama ukuphepha nkqu unyulo ukumkani Ukutya, kodwa Germany okanye eMoscow ayikho nako ukuhlala etroneni nayiphi umthetheli okanye nesikhulu. Wakhethwa ukuze ubonise onke amandla irhuluneli ayo Transylvanian. Kwaye emva kokuphela kwemfazwe kuthula waqalwa. Noko ke, oko waqala umlawuli Russian, kwaye ukukhusela Pskov ngexesha Livonian beMfazwe, i-West wabonisa njani zokunyanzelisa luli kunokuba sibe ubuso zabahlaseli Russian.

Imeko ekuqaleni kwemfazwe

Ngelo xesha kwakukho iimfazwe Sweden, apho Russian akwazi ukuphatha ukuthatha kwisixeko Revel, kunye nokufikelela kuLwandle lweBaltic. Livonia into basi- kwi ngokoyisa kakumkani Russian yaye ayizange ihlale ixesha elide kakhulu. Yena ukumfuna wehla banawo Stefan Batory, musa ukubiza umzalwana wam ezingxoxweni, kwaye ummelwane - ngenxa imvelaphi ayikho ukumkani. Livonia Ivan Grozny wayesoloko ingqalelo a fiefdom. Kwaye ke abantu abaqhelekileyo akhethwe ngokuthanda abantu lukhuni imfazwe, amaphulo bungqinelwa izixhobo nomkhosi German kwaye Hungarian apho konke okusemandleni, waba ezininzi imipu - ezinkulu ezilungileyo.

Kakade ke, ukuba Ithemba loyiso phezu imiqolo ezihlaba lwezigalo abahambela amajoni Russian. Leader Stefan Batory waba yokuluka. Kodwa akukho isinyabi, kunye Ivan Grozny. Defence Pskov wabonisa - njani. Polotsk kwakhona ukukhusela elingaphezu kweeveki ezintathu, kodwa akazange wasinda, nangona ukuziphendulela yazinyaswa ngabo bonke abantu, abatsha nabadala - ukucima umlilo, wanceda amajoni. Kubulawa e Polotsk emva kokuthatha i-Stefan Batory waba olubi, njengokuba kamva, xa ukumkani Polish wathabatha emizini ngemizi - Usvyat, Velizh, Great uLuka.

iimfuno Batory

Ivan Grozny Kwanyanzeleka ukuba thethana, apho wanikela Poland Livonia - ngaphandle imizi emine. Noko ke, Stefan Batory wabuza kungekuphela nje lonke Livonia, kodwa Sebezh. Ngapha koko, imali eninzi - amawaka amane zegolide ekuhlawuleni iindleko zabo zokulwa.

Kule zincwadi, sabheka ukucaphukisa ukumkani Russian, ebiza yakhe eMoscow uFaro ingcuka. Imizamo ukuvumelanisa oku akuthethi ukuba kuphumelela. Ngowe-1581, amajoni Polish wathabatha siqithi kungqinga Pskov. Kwaye apha yonke impumelelo lonke ikratshi iindwalutho nangaphezulu, ngoba waqala ukukhusela Pskov. War Livonian ifikelele kwinqanaba elitsha.

Pskov inqaba

City ukuba ngelo xesha yinqaba ngokwanelisayo esitalini: kutshanje ukuqhuba iindonga babomelele, babeka imipu ezininzi, kwakheka umkhosi onamandla namabamba abanamava. Ukukhusela Pskov elikhokelwa Ivan Shumsky - idume ngekhono layo Prince. iziganeko, ezi zichazwe kwi ilivo eneenkcukacha - "The Tale of the abanya Pskov". abavikeli lomzi kwakhiwa ukomeleza eludongeni lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle enqatyisiweyo, ngoxa izibonda bemba imingxuma wabeka umpu wakhe phezu kwebala.

Dawn waqala ngoSeptemba 7, iNkanyamba lwemipu mabini komlilo. Batory kwakufuneka ngokwenene ikhefu eludongeni sokuhlaselwa. Eneneni, lona udonga ngokukhawuleza wankqonkqoza phantsi kwiindawo ezininzi, kanye ngale ndlela umzi kuvulwa. KaMantyi ehleli isidlo sangokuhlwa, sele kubonwa waya kutya Pskov. Ke ukuziphendulela kwabo Pskov Batory wayeka. Ukuze ulwe intsimbi lokungqinga babaleka bonke abahlali baloo mzi, hayi nje kuphela umkhosi. Bonke abo nyamezela iingalo, wakhawuleza ukuya usekhefini kwiindawo kakhulu yingozi. Ukususela iindonga zezibonda phambili zaye ubunamanzi umlilo enzima, kodwa nentembelo ngakumbi ekoyiseni wawagxotha phambili ngokoqobo phezu izidumbu. Xa isixeko basatsaliswa wayaphula.

mangaliso Russian

Pskov sele ezinde ezimbini sithsaba ibhena yasebukhosini Polish, kwaye Russian aye awela phantsi xi aweza yotshaba. Prince Shuisky, ahlambe ngegazi lakhe yaye ungowasemzini, shiya ihashe abafileyo kunye nokuba ngumzekelo kwakhe ayesoloko esoyiswa ezintlwini Russian. Kweli xesha linzima kwi Pskov abefundisi ukuvela angqingqwa edabini kunye nomfanekiso ka Lady zethu izinto ezingcwele saint, emhlabeni aqabukile ukuya Russian Vsevolod-Gabriel. Fighters aluve perked phezulu kwaye angena kumlo unamandla ahlaziyiweyo. Svinuzskaya inqaba, ezele neentshaba, ngesiquphe zihluma emoyeni - iinjengele Russian ndayiphephetha. In emhadini ngeengcamba ezininzi izidumbu ababekulo kwenqaba iintshaba,. amabutho esitha, bakhwankqiswa, ezele ummangaliso ukubabona. Kakade ke, i-Russian akazange ukuphakuzela uze hit kunye. imikhosi Polish batyunyuzwa kwaye wachitha ngokoqobo ngokubaleka.

abahlali Pskov ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokulinganayo ekulweni - wazisusa ababuleweyo, bazisa amanzi ukuhamba phezu kweendonga uphoswe yi imipu utshaba yaqokelelwa amabanjwa. Le wokhuselo yobuqhawe Pskov ngoloyiso wajika iphepha lokuqala kwimbali yawo. Ngaphezu koko, ngeendlela zonke ukuzama ukoyisa Pskov Batory: msele, ukudubula umphakathi ikloko etshisayo, umlilo kweso sixeko, iileta monitory oomantyi Russian uthembisa inzuzo apho kufa yoyikekayo kwi ubenokuqina efanayo. Hi ndlela leyi, kwafuneka ukuthumela ileta ngoncedo iintolo, ngokuba abantu Pskov abayi-thethana. Impendulo, bathumela ngendlela efanayo. Kukho ulwimi Russian le kubhalwe kuyo kwathiwa akukho ukunika Pskov, musa ukutshintsha, siya kulwa. Yaye phantsi e Pskov ziye zeza imigodi yayo. Abo onesibindi ndaphule udonga, ezimele emva iibhodi, wavuka tar ukubila.

umhlaba

Ivan Grozny ihlabathi nangoku, yaye yaba ezininzi yezizathu. Batory wayenethemba ukuba uloyiso lula, kodwa Pskov nangoku ethathwe up. Ezine ezinesiqingatha amawaka amajoni Pskov nxamnye amawaka amahlanu amajoni elite Polish kuma nasekuxinweni, waphumelela iiveki mathathu ngokoqobo kokwenza regiments yotshaba. umsebenzi Uyalwa kwi wokufaka imingxunya ezindongeni, izisele umba baba ngabahlali ngokusisigxina kwaye kwenziwa.

Posada kufuphi nedolophu zaye ngaphambili kutshiswa abantu Pskov kunye posadov bonke abantu azimela umzi. amabutho esitha ngasekhohlo ngaphandle unxibelelwano, ngenxa yokuba abahlali besixeko wenza kuphangwa rhoqo, abalimi ziphangwe convoys Polish, balwa Scouts kwi ukudla kunye nokutya ekhethiweyo zisiwe Pskov. Batory akazange aqonde ukuba ebindilahlekile. Kodwa ngo-1581 waya nangoku kuthethathethana tsar Russian waza wenza izikhali.