Iiseli ezingenalo abantu

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba umntu u-eukaryote. Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke iiseli zayo zinomzimba, apho yonke ingcaciso yezofuzo iqulethwe, yinucleus. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukungabikho. Ngaba kukho inqununu ye-nyukliya ngaphandle komzimba womntu kwaye yintoni ebalulekileyo ebomini?

Iiseli ezingenalo abantu

Azinakufaniswa namaprokarythi anesakhiwo esiqhelekileyo. Luhlobo luni lwesunyukliya? Akukho nuclei kwiiseli zegazi - iiseli zegazi ezibomvu. Esikhundleni salo lungu baqulethe i-chemical complex complex substances, bavumela ukuba benze imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yomzimba. Iiplatelet zegazi - iiplatelet kunye ne-lymphocytes - kunye neenombolo zenuzi. Akukho nuclei kwiiseli, ezibizwa ngokuba ngama-stem cells. Zonke ezi zakhiwo zidibanisa enye into. Ekubeni bengenayo i-nucleus, abanako ukuvelisa. Oku kuthetha ukuba iiseli ezingenasikhulu zenyukliya, imizekelo yazo zanikwa, ziyafa emva kokusebenza komsebenzi wazo, kwaye ezitsha zenziwa ngamaziko akhethekileyo.

Erythrocytes

Bayibeka umbala wegazi lethu. Iiseli zegazi ezingenakhokliya, i-erythrocytes inesimo esingavamile - i-disic biconcave disk, eyenza kakhulu ukunyusa ubuso bayo ngobukhulu obukhulu. Kodwa inani labo liyamangalisa: kwi-square 1. Umm wegazi labo ufikelela kwizigidi ezi-5! Ngokomyinge, i-erythrocyte ihlala iinyanga ezi-ezine, emva koko iyafa kwaye inganyanzelwanga kwipeni kunye nesibindi. Amaseli amatsha awakhiwa rhoqo kwisibini kwisibhakabhaka esibomvu.

Imisebenzi yamaseli obomvu

Yintoni, endaweni yengundoqo, iqulethe la maseli enyukliya? Ezi zinto zibizwa ngokuba yi-heme kunye ne-globin. Iyokuqala iyinsimbi. Akugcini nje ukuphazamisa igazi elibomvu, kodwa lenza udibaniso oluzinzileyo kunye ne-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide. I-globin yinto yeprotheni. I-heme ene-ion ehlawulweyo yentsimbi ibhaptizwe kwi-molecule yayo enkulu. Ngendlela yokusebenza, ezi iiseli zinokuthelekiswa neeteksi zendlela. Emiphakeni bayifaka i-oxygen. Ngelikhoyo legazi, lisasazeka kuzo zonke iiseli kwaye ikhutshwa khona. Ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-oksijeni, inkqubo ye-oxidation yezinto eziphilayo iyenzeka ngokukhutshwa komlinganiselo othile wamandla umntu asebenzisayo ukwenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo. Indawo engabonakaliyo ngokukhawuleza ihlala yi-carbon dioxide, ehamba kwindlela eyahlukileyo - ibe yimiphunga, apho ixhuma khona. Le nkqubo yimeko eyimfuneko yobomi. Ukuba i-oksijini ayifinyeleli iiseli, ngoko ke ziya kufa ngokuthe ngcembe. Oku kunokuba yingozi kubomi bomzimba ngokupheleleyo.

I-Erythrocytes yenza enye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Kwiimbumba zazo kukho umakishi weprotheni obizwa ngokuba yiR Rh factor. Esi sibonakaliso, njengeqela legazi, kubaluleke kakhulu ngexesha lokumpontshelwa igazi, ngexesha lokukhulelwa, umnikelo kunye nemisebenzi yokuhlinzwa. Kumele ifakwe, kuba kungenakulinganiswa, into ebizwa ngokuba yi-Rh-ingqubana ingenzeka. Yimpendulo yokukhusela, kodwa ingakhokelela ekugatheni umntwana okanye izitho.

Ukutya okungaqhelekanga, imikhwa emibi, umoya ongcolileyo unokutshabalalisa iiseli ezibomvu zegazi. Ngenxa yoko, kukho ukugula okukhulu, okubizwa ngokuba yi-anemia, okanye i-anemia. Ngaloo mntu uvakalelwa kukuba u-giddiness, delicacy, i-dyspnea okanye umoya omfutshane, isandi ezindlebeni. Ukuntuleka kwe-oksijeni kukuchaphazela umsebenzi womzimba kunye wengqondo yomntu. Kuyingozi kakhulu ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Ukuba intambo yomzimba ayifumana i-oxygen eyaneleyo kumntwana, oku kunokukhokelela ekuphazamiseni okukhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwayo.

Ulwakhiwo lweeplatelets

Iiseli ezingenasikhulu zenyukliya zibizwa ngokuba yiiplatelet. Esimweni esingasebenzi, ngokwenene banesimo esicatyekile esifana nesilensi. Kodwa xa iinqanawa zonakaliswe, ziyavuvukala, zijikeleze, zenze iindawo ezingapheliyo zendawo engaphandle - ipseudopodia. Iiplatelet zenziwe ngumbongo obomvu kwaye awudluli ixesha elide ukuya kwiintsuku ezili-10, kungabi nengozi kwipeni.

Inkqubo yokwakhiwa kweTrombus

I-matrix yeeplatelet zegazi iqukethe i-enzyme ebizwa ngokuthi i-thromboplastin. Xa ukunyaniseka kweempahla kuphulwa, kubonakala kwiplasma. Ngaphantsi kwezenzo zalo, iprotheni ye-protrombin yegazi idlulela kwifomu yayo esebenzayo, ngokwalo, isebenza kwi-fibrinogen. Ngenxa yoko, le nto ingabi yinto engabikhoyo. Ijika ibe yiprotheni ye-protein. Imisonto yayo ihamba ngokukhawuleza kwaye yenze i-thrombus. Ukuthintela kwe-coagulation kukuthintela ukulahleka kwegazi. Nangona kunjalo, ukubunjwa kwe-blood clot ngaphakathi kwinqanawa kuyingozi kakhulu. Oku kunokukhokelela ekugqibeleni kwayo kunye nokufa komzimba. Ukuphululwa kweprogram ye-coagulation kuthiwa yi-hemophilia. Esi sifo esiza kuba nefa sichazwa ngumbolo enganeleyo yeeplatelet kwaye ikhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwegazi okungadingekile.

Iiseli zentsundu

Ezi nkunkuma ezingekho iikryukri zibizwa ngokuba ngumkhwenyana. Ngokuqinisekileyo bayisiseko sabanye. Kwakhona kuthiwa "i-genetically clean". Amaseli esitembu afumaneka kuzo zonke iisculi kunye nezitho, kodwa ininzi yazo zonke iqulethe umongo. Banceda ukubuyisela ingqibelelo apho kuyimfuneko. Amaseli esitshixo aphendukela kwezinye iindidi zeeseli xa zitshabalaliswa. Kubonakala ngathi phambi kohlobo lomlingo umntu kufuneka aphile ngonaphakade. Kutheni oku kungenzeki? Into eyenzekayo kukuba kunye nobudala bokuhlukahlukana kweeseli ezinamahlumela okunciphisa kakhulu. Bavele bengakwazi ukubuyisela izicubu ezonakalisiweyo. Kodwa kukho enye ingozi. Kukho ubungakanani obuphezulu bokutshintshwa kweeseli ezinamaqanda kumaseli omhlaza, okungenakukukhokelela ekufeni kwanoma yimuphi umhlobo ophilayo.

Iiseli ezingenasikhulu zenyukliya: imizekelo kunye nempawu

Kwizinto zendalo, iiseli ezingenasikliya zifumaneka rhoqo. Ngokomzekelo, i-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye neebhaktheriya zi-prokaryotic. Kodwa, ngokungafani neeseli zenyukliya ezingabantu, azibhubha emva kokuzalisekisa indima yazo. Inyani kukuba ama-prokaryota anezinto eziphathekayo zofuzo. Ngoko ke, banako ukwahlula, okwenzeka nge- mitosis. Ngenxa yoko, kukho iikopi ezimbini zobomi beeseli zomama. Ulwazi oluzuzekayo lweprokarikthi lubhekiswe i-molecule ye-DNA, ephindwe kabini phambi kohlulo. Lo mfanekiso we-nucleus ubizwa ngokuba yi-nucleoid. Izityalo ziseli zeenyukliya ezingenazo i-nyukliya zokuqhuba iibhubhu ze- tissue- sieve.

Ngoko ke, iiseli zabantu ezingenakhokliya zikwazi ukuhlula, ngoko zikho ixesha elifutshane ngaphambi kokuba zenze umsebenzi wazo. Emva koko, bachithwa kunye ne-intracellular digestion. Ezi ziquka izinto ezifanayo (i-erythrocyte), iiplatelet zegazi (iplatelets), kunye neeseli ezinamabala.