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Isakhiwo se lipids. Iimpawu zesakhiwo se lipids
Amafutha ngenye yezona zinto ezibaluleke kakhulu izinto eziphilayo ezifunekayo. Kule nqaku siza kuqwalasela isakhiwo nemisebenzi ye lipids. Zihlukeneyo kwisakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi.
Isakhiwo se lipids (biology)
I-Lipid iyinkimbinkimbi yendalo yamakhemikhali. Iqukethe iinkalo ezininzi. Makhe sijonge kwisakhiwo se lipids ngokubanzi.
Lipids elula
Ukwakhiwa kweepids zeli qela kubonelela ubukho bezinto ezimbini: utywala kunye nama-acids acids. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuveliswa kwamakhemikhali ezinjalo ziquka izinto ezintathu kuphela: i-carbon, i-hydrogen kunye ne-oksijini.
Iintlobo zeepilisi ezilula
Bahlulwe ngamaqela amathathu:
- I-Alkyl acylates (imijelo). Ezi zi-esters zama -acids aphezulu kunye ne-mono- okanye i-alcohydric alcohols.
- I-Triacylglycerol (amafutha kunye namafutha). Isakhiwo seep lipids zalolu hlobo lubonelela ubukho be-glycerol (utywala obuthathu) kunye neensalela ze-fatty acids ephezulu.
- ICeramide. Ama-Esters of sphingosine kunye nama-acid acids.
Liplex lipids
Iimpawu zeli qela ziquka izinto ezingekho ezintathu. Ukongeza kubo, zibandakanya ukubunjwa kwazo ngokuqhelekileyo ngeesulfure, nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus.
Ulwahlulo lwe-lipids eziyinkimbinkimbi
Bangakwazi ukwahlula ngamaqela amathathu:
- Phospholipids. Isakhiwo seep lipids zeli qela sinikeza, ngaphezu kwezinto ezityhiweyo ze- polyhydric alcohols kunye ne-fatty acid acids, ubukho bemithombo ye-phosphoric acid, apho iindidi ezongezelelweyo zezinto ezihlukeneyo zifakwe.
- Glycolipids. Ezi ziyimichiza ezakhiweyo ngenxa yokuxhamla kweep lipids kunye ne-carbohydrates.
- Sphingolipids. Ezi ziyimvelaphi ye-aliphatic aminoalcohols.
Iintlobo zokuqala ezimbini zeepidids, ngokwazo, zahlula zibe ngamaqela.
Ngokomzekelo, i-phosphoglycerol lipids (equkethe i-glycerin, i-residues ye- acids e- fatty , i-phosphoric acid kunye ne-amino alcohol), i-cardiolipins, i-plasmalogens (iqulethe i-monohydric ephezulu yotywala, i-phosphoric acid kunye ne-amino alcohol) kunye ne-sphingomyelins (izinto ezibandakanya Ukusuka kwi-sphingosine, i-acid acid, i-phosphoric acid kunye ne-choline i-amino alcohol).
Iintlobo ze-glycolipids ziquka i-cerebrosides (ngaphandle kwe-sphingosine kunye ne-acid acid, i-galactose okanye i-glucose), i-gangliosides (iqukethe i-oligosaccharide kwi-hexoses kunye ne-acal acid) kunye ne-sulfatides (i-acid ye-sulfuric ifakwe kwi-hexose).
Indima ye lipids emzimbeni
Isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi ye lipids ziyahambelana. Ngenxa yokuba iinqununu zomzimba ezinobumba kunye nezingezangezobuxhakaxhaka ziyaxhomekeka kwiimodlekli zazo, ezi zinto zingasebenza kwi-interface yezigaba.
I-Lipids ibe nemisebenzi eyisisibhozo eyintloko:
- Amandla. Ngenxa ye-oxidation yalezi zinto, umzimba ufumana ngaphezulu kwama-30 ekhulwini kuwo onke amandla ayifunayo.
- Zakhiwo. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zesakhiwo seepids zivumela ukuba zibe yinto ebalulekileyo yeembrane. Ziyinxalenye yembumba, zibandakanya izitho ezahlukileyo, ifom membrane yamathambo omzimba.
- Inventory. Ezi zinto zihlobo lokulondoloza umzimba nge-acids acids.
- Antioxidant. Isakhiwo se lipids sibavumela ukuba benze indima enjalo emzimbeni.
- YoLawulo. Ezinye iipilisi zidibanisa ama-hormone kwiiseli. Ukongezelela, ezinye ihommone zenziwe kwi-lipids, kwakunye nezinto ezikhuthaza i-immunogenesis.
- Khusela. Uluhlu lwamanqwanqwa angaphantsi kwamanzi lubonelela ngokukhusela umzimba kunye nokukhusela umzimba. Ngokuphathelele izityalo, igobolondo elikhuselekileyo phezu kwamacembe kunye neziqhamo zenziwa kwiindawo ezixhamlayo.
- Ulwazi. I-lipids gangliosides inika uxhulumaniso phakathi kweeseli.
- Ukugaya. I-cholesterol ye-lipid yakha i- bile acid esebenzayo kwinkqubo yokutya ukutya.
I synthesis of lipids emzimbeni
Uninzi lwezinto zeli klasini zihlanganiswa kwiseli ukusuka kwinto eqalayo, i-acetic acid. Ukulawula i-metabolism yamafutha afana nama-hormone njenge-insulin, i-adrenaline kunye ne-hormone ye-pituitary.
Kukho neep lipids, apho umzimba ongeke uvelise ngokwawo. Kufuneka ukuba bangene emzimbeni womntu ngokutya. Ziqulethe kakhulu kwimifuno, iziqhamo, izityalo, izityalo, izityalo, i-sunflower kunye namafutha omnquma kunye nezinye iimveliso zendalo.
I-lipid-vithamini
Ezinye iivithamini zihambelana nekhemikhali eklasini ye lipids. Ziyi-vithamini A, D, E ne-K. Kumele zifake umzimba womntu ngokutya.
| Vitamin | Imisebenzi | I siphene | Imithombo |
| I-Vitamin A (retinol) | Ithatha inxaxheba ekukhuleni nasekuphuhliseni izicubu ze-epithelial. Inxalenye ye-rhodopsin - i-pigment ebonakalayo. | Ukucwina nokukhupha isikhumba. Ukukhubazeka kokubonakalayo ekukhanyeni okubi. | Isibindi, isipinashi, izaqathe, i-parsley, i-pepper ebomvu, i-apricot. |
| I-Vitamin K (phylloquinone) | Ithatha inxaxheba ekutshintsheni kwe-calcium. Iququzelele iiprotheni ezinoxanduva lokugawula igazi, ithatha inxaxheba ekwakheni amathambo amathambo. | Ukunyanzelisa i-cartilage, ukuphazanyiswa kwegazi, ukuthunyelwa kweetyu kwiindonga zemigudu yegazi, ukuguqulwa kwamathambo. Ukulahleka kwe-Vitamin K kwenzeka kakhulu kangako. | Ihlanganiswa ngamabhaktheriya emathumbu. Kwakhona kufumaneka kumaqabunga e-lettuce, i-nettle, isipinashi, iklabishi. |
| I-Vitamin D (calcifololol) | Kuthatha inxaxheba ekutshintshiseni i-calcium, ukubunjwa kweethambo zamathambo kunye ne-enamel yamazinyo. | Rickets | Ioli yeentlanzi, isikhupha samaqanda, ubisi, ibhotela. Ihlanganiswa kwesikhumba phantsi kwefuthe le-ultraviolet. |
| I-Vitamin E (i-tocopherol) | Ikhuthaza ukukhuseleka. Uthatha inxaxheba ekuhlaziyweni kwezicubu. Ukhusela iimbumba zeeselmeni kumonakalo. | Ukwandisa ukuhamba kweembrane zeseli, ukunciphisa umzimba. | Imifuno, iifuno zemifuno. |
Ngoko sihlolisise isakhiwo kunye neepropati ze-lipids. Ngoku uyazi ukuba zeziphi izinto, yintoni umahluko phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo, yintoni indima i-lipids edlala ngayo emzimbeni womntu.
Isiphelo
I-Lipids zizinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinto eziphilayo ezahlukileyo zibe zilula kwaye zinzima. Benza imisebenzi eyisibhozo emzimbeni: amandla, ukugcina, izakhiwo, i-antioxidant, ukukhusela, ukulawula, ukugaya ukutya kunye nolwazi. Ukongeza, kukho iipilitam-vithamini. Benza imisebenzi eminingi yezinto eziphilayo.
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