Ukuxilongwa kwengqalelo yabantwana besikolo abaselula: iindlela kunye neziphumo

Okwangoku, ingxaki yokuxilongwa nokuphuhlisa ingqalelo abantwana besikolo abancinci ngokukhawuleza. Kule minyaka, umntu unempawu ezintsha zengqondo, kunye nendlela yokucinga. Ukuqwalasela kuthatha indawo ekhethekileyo kwimisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi yokufunda yabantu abaneminyaka ehlukeneyo. Ubomi buye bakha ukuthambekela okunjalo: nzima kunomsebenzi, ukuphakamisa izinga lokuqwalasela.

Isimilo esinjalo, njengengqondo, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi bwanamhlanje. Ingakumbi ixhala malunga neprogram-yezemfundo. Ukuxilongwa kweengqalelo kubafundi besikolo abaselula, iindlela kunye nezindlela zokuphumeza le nkqubo ziyisiseko senkqubela phambili yabantwana. Ingxaki ebalulekileyo yokunciphisa esi sibonakaliso kukungabikho kwamanyathelo abafundi. Bakhazamiseka kalula ngento engabalulekanga, ngelixa bengayiphulaphuli ulwazi olutitshala. Kwisifundo esinye, abantwana nabo abahlali ixesha elide, kwaye batshintshe ngokukhawuleza kwenye. Kule nkalo, ukuxilongwa kwengqwalaselo yabantwana abasebancinci kuba yinto ebalulekileyo yengxoxo.

Ingqalelo: yintoni na?

Ukuqwalasela ngenye yeengxenye zenkqubo yokuqonda, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kubantwana beminyaka yobudala besikolweni. Ukuqwalaselwa kukujoliswe kwaye kugxininise into enye, ulwazi lwezo zonke iimpawu kunye neempawu zayo.

Ukuqwalaselwa kuhambelane kakhulu nemisebenzi yomntu, ukuziphatha kwakhe. Ekuqaleni le nkqubo ichazwa ngendlela yokuqapha, ukulungele ukusebenza. Ngoku kunye nalokhu, kukho ukukhuseleka okuthile, okulungiselela ukulungiselela isenzo. Amacandelo okufunda kunye nesebenzayo axhunyiwe apha. Ukuba zidibeneyo, umntu ubeka ingcamango ekhethekileyo kulo mbandela, kwaye uyayifundisisa ngendlela eyona ndlela.

Kukho ukwahlula kwenkcazo yengqalelo kuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi yangaphandle okanye yangaphakathi. Kwimeko yokuqala, ukuba into enomdla iyinto ehambayo, ngoko umbono womntu uya kuhamba emva kwakhe. Kwaye kwimeko yesibini, izibonakaliso zempawu zokuxininisa zikhomba kwindawo enye, ingaboni nantoni na. Kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba umntu uzolile. Kunoko ulawule ngaphandle kuphela, kodwa ngaphakathi kuyo kukho inkqubo yokucinga. Ngamanye amagama, ingqalelo ingabonwa njengomsebenzi wangaphakathi, ukufihla phantsi koxolo lwangaphandle.

Ukuxilongwa kweememori, ingqwalasela, ukucinga kwabafundi abasebancinci kuba yinto yokuqala ephambili yootitshala, kuba akukho mntu owaziyo into enokuba yintloko yomntwana xa ephumlile. Kubalulekile ukuhlalutya, ukuqonda isizathu kunye nencoko yenkinga, kwaye uzame ukuyicombulula.

Ukwahlulelwa kwengqalelo. Uhlobo olungenakuzibandakanya

Kukho ukwahlula ngokucacileyo kweengqalelo ezintathu kwiintlobo eziphambili: ukungaboni, ukungabandakanyeki kunye nokuzala. Ngamnye kubo uya kuqwalaselwa ngokubanzi.

Inqununu ibonwa njengengqwalasela engacacanga. Ivela ngokuzimela ngaphandle komntu, kwaye ibangelwa yimeko enjengobunzulu, intshukumo, ukukhawuleza, njl. Ingqwalasela engabonakaliyo yindlela yokusabela kwisisombululo sangaphandle, kwaye ivela ngokucacileyo. Iipropati eziphambili ze-stimuli kukuba ukubonakala ngokukhawuleza, amandla enempembelelo, ubudlelwane kunye nesimo esiqhelekileyo, njl. Ngokomzekelo, umnyango ovulekileyo ungakhange uncede ukutsala ingqalelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaxakeke kangakanani abafundi. Ukufundwa kwengqalelo kubafundi abaselula kufuneka kusekelwe kweli qiniso. Utitshala unako ukutsala umdla wabameli ngokumthoba ilizwi okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ukwandisa.

Umntu uyayinyamekela oko akhathaleleyo, kwaye uyintoni na into ayifunayo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, esi sifundo, ngokusetyenziswa kwayo nayiphi isidingo somntu esonelisiweyo, siya kuba yinto yokuqwalasela.

Ngqalelo

Olu hlobo lugxininiso lubonakaliswe njengento elawulwa kakuhle. Ilandela uhlobo olungenakuzibandakanya, ngelixa lihambelana ngokupheleleyo. Ingqwalasela engabonakaliyo ivela kwimisebenzi yomsebenzi yomntu. Kulapha ukuba kugxininiswe ngokukhethekileyo umsebenzi kunye nenjongo iyadingeka.

Kwakukho ukutyekela okunjalo kunzima ukufezekisa injongo ekugqibeleni, ingqalelo enyanzelekile. Ngokunyuka kwimeko yeengxaki kunye nobunzima endleleni eya kwinjongo, kukho ukwanda kwenani leenzame ezenzelwe ukuba zenziwe. Ziyakwazi kuphela ukuba kukho iinjongo ezinamandla ezincedayo ukuya kwinjongo. Iinjongo zi no:

• Ukuqonda ukuba umsebenzi kufuneka wenziwe;
• Inzala kwisiphumo;
• Isiboniso semiphumo ethile engathandekiyo xa kwenzeka ukungaphumeleli ukufezekisa umsebenzi.

Kukho uluvo lokuba ingqalelo engaphelelanga ivele ngenxa yokunxibelelana phakathi komntu omnye nomnye. Ukuxilongwa kweengxaki zokuzithandela kwabafundi abasebancinci kubakho ngokuthintana nabantu abadala. Into ephambili kukuchaza injongo kunye nokuqonda ukuba kuyimfuneko yokufezekisa. Umntu wenza iinzame zokugxininisa, ingakumbi ukuba unyanzelekile. Kwimeko yomdla womntu entweni, iinzame zinciphisa ubuncinane, kwaye ukwaneliseka ngumphumo.

Uhlobo lwengqondo yengqondo

Kuthiwa ngaye xa umntu engenomdla kuphela kwisiphumo, kodwa kwinkqubo yokufezekisa. Umsebenzi uthatha abantu nzima kangangokuthi akudingeki ukuba benze imizamo enqwenela ukuyenza.

Ingqalelo emva kokunyamekela kuthetha ukuba umntu ugxininise kakhulu kwi shishini lakhe, ngoko ke kubonisa iziphumo ezintle. Ukuphuhliswa kwengqwalaselo kubantwana abancinci besikolweni kufuneka ukuba kwenzeke ngokuchanekileyo kweli nqanaba. Kubalulekile ukuba umntwana abe nesithakazelo kakhulu ekufundeni ukwenzela ukuba uya kuvuyela ukuya kwiiklasi aze azikhumbula ngeenkcukacha.

Ingqwalasela yengqondo ithathwa njengezinga eliphezulu lokuxinwa. Ukuxilongwa kweengqalelo phakathi kwabafundi besikolo abancinci banenjongo: ukuqinisekisa ukuba umfundi ngamnye unomdla kwimisebenzi yezemfundo kunye nengqiqo.

Iipropati eziphambili zengqalelo

Ukuqwalaselwa njengento ebonakala ngokubonakala kweempawu ezithile kunye neepropati. Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kunye nenani elikhulu lobuhlobo. Iipropati zengqalelo zinokuhlulwa ngamaqela amabini: eziprayimari nezesekondari. Iyokuqala ibandakanya: ukuzinza, ubunzulu, ukuxininisa nokusabalalisa.

Ukuzinza kwengqalelo yithuba lokugcina inzala kwisinye into. Eli propati lathonywe ziinkalo ezininzi: uhlobo lomntu, isimo sengqondo, isimo sengqondo somsebenzi. Le meko yenye yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, ngakumbi phakathi kwabafundi. Emva koko, ityala elizalisiweyo lingagqitywa kuphela ngesilinganiso esithile sokuzinzileyo, esisoloko singanele abantwana. Kubalulekile ukuba utitshala abhenale umdla wabantwana, kwaye rhoqo utshintshe into, kuba i-monotony iyayimangalisa. Ukuxilongwa kwe-stability yenkxalabo yabantwana besikolo abancinci kuya kunceda ukuchonga iingxaki ezithile, nokuzixazulula.

Ubungakanani benkxalabo eyahlukileyo kukuba le propati idinga inkcitho enkulu yamandla kwinkqubo yokwenza umsebenzi othile. Ngethuba lomsebenzi kukho ixesha lokuphakama okukhulu, kwaye, ngokuchaseneyo, phantsi. Ukusetyenziswa kwesi sakhiwo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomntu: kukho abantu abalula ukusebenza nzima baze benze ishishini kwieyure ezimbini. Ukongezelela, kukho abanye abantu abaya kwenza lo msebenzi ngomlinganiselo oqhelekileyo weeyure ezintlanu.

Ukugxininisa okanye uxinzelelo oluthile lubonakaliswe ngqalelo kwisifundo esinye okanye uhlobo lomsebenzi. Ukuxilongwa kwezinga lokuqwalaselwa kwabafundi abancinci bezikolweni kuxhomekeke kakhulu kule propati. Ukuba umntwana ubhala ukunyanzelisa ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa yimiba engaphandle, kunokwenzeka ukuba wenze ubuncinci beephene. Ewe, ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho othile wolwazi.

Ukunakwa kwengqalelo kuthetha ukuba umntu unokubonisa umdla kwaye enze izenzo kanye kunye nezinto ezininzi. Ukuxilongwa kweenkcukacha zokuhanjiswa kweengxowa zesikolweni ezincinane kubonakaliswe ngomsebenzi titshala. Xa ufundisa isihloko, utitshala kufuneka agxininise ifomu, umxholo, umbala weemvakalelo, kunye nokuphulaphula ngenyameko iimpendulo zabafundi kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, bavuselele. Ukusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kwipropati kuyimfuneko ukuzisa enye yezinto zokuqwalasela ngokuzenzekelayo ukugxila kwelinye.

Iipropati zesekondari zengqalelo

Ukutshintshwa kwengqwalasela kukutshintshwa kwendawo enye yomdla omnye. Eli propati lithetha ukuba umntu akwazi ukwenza isigqibo ngokukhawuleza aze ahambe kwimeko enzima. Ukuxilongwa kwengqalelo kubafundi abancinci kufuneka kusekelwe kulo mbandela. Emva koko, umntwana uhlala efumana kwiimeko ezingalindelekanga, kwaye umele amfundise ukuba afune indlela efanelekileyo.

Impumelelo yale propati ixhomekeka kwizinto eziliqela: kwinqanaba lokugqiba kwelo xesha, ngokujonga isimo sengqondo ngokubhekiselele kulo, ngokubaluleka komntu ngamnye kunye neempawu zomntu ngamnye.

Ezinye iingcali zigxininisa loo propati yengqwalasela njenge-oscillation. Ichazwe kwiinguqu eziqhelekileyo zezinto ezenza umdla. Ukuchithwa kwe-Oscillation kuyahluka kwenguqu ekuzinzileyo kuba nokuba kwimiqathango yokugxininisa kakhulu, utshintsho kwinto yokuqwalasela inokwenzeka.

Ukuxilongwa kweenkqubo zokuphuhliswa kwengqalelo yabantwana besikolo abaselula

Ngokuxhomekeke kwimimandla yeminyaka yabantwana, ukuhanjiswa kunye nokugxininiswa kwengqwalaselo eyahlukileyo. Iingcali zifumene ukuba abafundi bebanga lokuqala abakwaziyo ukusabalalisa ingqwalasela, oku kuhambisana nobudala.

Ekupheleni konyaka wesithathu wokufunda, abafundi banokutshintsha kwaye bagxininise ingqalelo. Umzekelo, umfundi angabhala kwincwadi yeencwadi, landela ulwazi lokufunda nokubhala nokubhala oko utitshala athethayo. Kubalulekile ukuba uguqule ngokukhawuleza uhlobo lomsebenzi ukuze ukukhathala kungabikho.

Iimpawu zokunakwa kwabafundi abasebancinci ziphuhliso lokugxininisa kunye nokunyaniseka kwengqalelo. Oku kubonakala ngakumbi kwiimeko xa umntwana eqhuba ibhizinisi elithandayo. Ngokomzekelo, umfundi udibanisa ukuba akayiva oko umyalelo kumxelela. Abafundi baseJunior abakwazi ukwenza okufanayo ixesha elide, kuba uzinzo lwengqalelo alukaphuhliswa.

Ukuxilongwa kweenkcukacha zabantwana abasebancinci besikolo kubandakanya ukwabiwa kwanaluphi na uhlobo. Ukunyamekela okunjalo kunceda umntwana ekufundeni umsebenzi. Emva koko, kudinga inani elithile labasebenzi kuyo xa injongo ifumaneka. Ootitshala abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba uqeqesho kufuneka lwakhiwe ngokubhekiselele kwingqwalasela engabonakaliyo, kuba abantwana bengakakulungeli ukugxila kwizinto abangenalo. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali ezininzi zithetha ngale ngxelo, kwaye ukholelwa ukuba utitshala kufuneka aqiniseke ukuba umntwana akajoliswanga kuphela nomdla wakhe.

Zonke iindidi zengqalelo kwizinga elinye okanye enye inzeka ngexesha loqeqesho. Indima ehamba phambili idlala, ngokuqinisekileyo, ngokubonakala ngokungabonakaliyo, kodwa umsebenzi wutitshala ukuzama ukufundisa umntwana ngokungahambisani neminqweno yakhe. Ngokumalunga nalokhu, kunzima ukugqithisa inkqubo enjengoko ukuxilongwa kwengqalelo yabantwana abancinci. Iindlela zeli tyala zinokuba zihluke kakhulu.

Ngokuncedwa yintoni ongayifunda ngayo ingqalelo?

Inani lokuqwalaselwa liyinani lezinto umntwana azibona ngexesha elilodwa. Ukuphuhlisa le nkalo, iindlela ezisekelwe ekukhangela iinombolo kunye nemifanekiso yeeleta, iinombolo kunye namanani asetyenziswayo. Makhe siqwalasele ezinye iindlela zokuxilongwa kweenkcukacha zabantwana abasesikolweni.

Ukuphuhlisa ukuguqulwa kweengqalelo, iibhola zeGorbov zisetyenziswe kwinani lezine. Zizicwangciso zokulinganisa i-35 x 35 cm, kwiselinye ngasinye amanani ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-25 ahlakazekile ngokulandelelana. Umntwana unikezwa isilathisi kunye nayo kufuneka abonise onke amanqaku ngokukhawuleza.

Unokuphucula inani lokuqwalaselwa ngoncedo lwezinto ezilula. Utitshala uyilungiselela iisethi eziliqela ezili-15. Ngamnye wabo kufuneka athathwe igridi enezikwere ezili-16. Iigridi ziqulethe amaphupha kwinani ukususela kuma-2 ukuya kwe-8. Umfana wesikolo uphendukela ukubonisa amakhadi kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamaphuzu. Umsebenzi wakhe kukuba ngethuba elifutshane kufuneka akhumbule ukuba mangaphi amanqaku asemakhasini, kwaye apho bekunye khona. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokubona okubonakalayo, kufuneka abonise umphumo kwikhadi lakhe.

Izindlela zokuphucula ingqwalasela

Ukuxilongwa kweememori kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwabafundi abancinci kusekelwe kwingqalelo. Ukuze uyifunde, sebenzisa iitafile ezahlukeneyo ngomfanekiso weejometri, kwaye abafundi ngexesha elithile bafuna ukufumana imiqondiso ethile kunye nemidwebo. Iziphumo ezilungileyo zicatshangelwa ukuba inani leephosiso lalilinganiselwe.

Ukuze kuphuculwe ukuxinwa kwabantwana, kubalulekile ukuba usebenze rhoqo. Into ebalulekileyo kule meko kukuxilongwa kwengqalelo yabantwana abasebancinci. Izindlela zokuphuhliswa kweengcamango zihlukeneyo, kwaye i-intsebenziswano yazo yinto ebizwa ngokuthi "imigqa edidekileyo".

Lo msebenzi uphinde uphumelele ukuzinza, kwaye ngoko ke uyathandwa. Umfundi ngamnye unikezwa ifomu, ebonisa imigca e-25, edibeneyo. Iimitha ziqala kwicala lasekhohlo, kwaye ziphela ekunene. Umsebenzi womfundi ukulandelela ikhosi nganye kwaye ubeke inombolo ye-serial ekupheleni. Isiqingatha sabelo sabelo sishumi imizuzu.

Ukuphuhliswa kozinzo, ukutshintshwa nokuhanjiswa kwengqalelo

Ukuxilongwa kwememori, ingqwalasela, ukucinga kwabafundi abasebancinci kubaluleke kakhulu. Umntwana akufanele akwazi ukukhawuleza ukutshintsha ingqalelo kwisifundo esinye kwesinye, kodwa wenze nenani elincinci leephutha, wandise imveliso yabo. Ukuphuhlisa le propati, ootitshala basoloko basebenzisa iithayibhile ezimnyama.

Zizicwangciso apho iinombomvu ezibomvu nezimnyama zimeleleke ngokuthe ngqo kwi-order order. Lo mzamo uhlukaniswe ngamacandelo amathathu, ngasinye kwisifundo apho utitshala uya kuzibona ixesha lo msebenzi kwaye arekhode inani leempazamo ezenziwe. Kwisigaba sokuqala, umfundi, kwisibonakaliso sotitshala, kufuneka asebenzise i-pointer ukubonisa amanani amnyama ekunyuka komyalelo: ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-25. Ingundoqo yesigaba sesibini kukuba umntwana ufumana zonke iinombolo ezibomvu ekuhlaleni. Inxalenye yesithathu ibonakaliswe ngumsebenzi womsebenzi odibeneyo, okokuba, umfundi ufumana enye inamba emnyama ekukhuphuleni umyalelo kunye nobomvu ekuhlaleni.

Ukuvavanya kozinzo kunye nokukwazi ukuhambisa ingqalelo, uvavanyo lukaPeron-Ruther luhle kakhulu. Ngaloo nto, unako ukufumana isantya somsebenzi kunye nezinga lokubandakanyeka kulo msebenzi. Umntwana wesikolo ufumana ikhadi elinomfanekiso weentlobo ezine zamanani ejometri ezikude kumgama omnye kwi-matrix ye-10 x 10. Kwileta yileta ngokwayo, kukho isampula yokuzaliswa phezulu. Umntwana kufuneka, ngokungqinelana nendlela eboniswe kumzekelo, faka iimpawu kwifayile nganye. Injongo yalolu vavanyo ukufumana ukuba yeyiphi ixesha lexesha umfundi uyayeka ukukhangela umzekelo, kwaye uza kuzalisa amanani asekelwe kwimemori.

Eyona ndlela inokusetyenziswa ngokukuko kuphuhliso ukuzinza kunye nokusasazwa ingqalelo kukusetyenziswa Landolt amakhonkco. Kakuhle eli ukucikideka limi ngolu hlobo: kumntwana ngamnye anikwe ikhadi elinomfanekiso Imisesane, endithethisa ukuba kwiindawo ezithile kukho umsantsa. Abantwana kufuneka mayihlatywe ngaphandle umsesane onesiphene onjalo. Running ixesha - imizuzu emi-5. Zonke imizuzwana 60, utitshala uthi igama elithi "isihogo" nomntwana usibeka kuloo ndawo apho wafumana umyalelo. Ekupheleni utitshala ejonge inani amakhonkco wabancina komntwana ngamnye, ngokunjalo iziphoso abazenzayo.

Uhlalutyo ingqalelo uyakhetha

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje kwindawo yokuqala ingxaki ezifana une ingqalelo kwabafundi abaselula. Ubuchule kunye neendlela zokuhlola ukhathalelo zabantwana kwahluka enye kwenye. Ukuze uhlaziye selectivity yale meko isetyenziswa Myunstenberga uvavanyo.

Injongo yawo kukuqinisekisa ingqalelo ngendlela monotone, kodwa umsebenzi olutshintshayo. umfundi ngamnye uyayinikwa ifomu apho oonobumba zaye zabhalwa kwimigca ezintlanu. umsebenzi umntwana - kuba imali elilinganiselweyo ixesha ukufumana amagama wathi ngokuchasene nentsukaphi iileta kwaye bonisa kubo. Kukho kuqikelelwa inani amazwi kwafunyanwa abantwana.

Uxilongo ingqalelo abafundi abancinane, indlela kunye neziphumo wophuhliso lwawo lubonisa ukuba le ngxaki ikhona, nangona ngezinga elikhulu. Ootitshala kufuneka aqhube rhoqo imithambo kunye amalinge ukuba kunyuswe izinga ingqalelo abantwana, ekubeni ngomnye weyona migaqo ibalulekileyo yokusebenza ngempumelelo nenkqubo yokufunda.