Iinqwelo, umbutho weenqanawa. Iingcamango zombutho weenqanawa

Nayiphi na umenzi wemikhumbi oceba ukubonelela imithwalo okanye ukuhamba kwemgijane kufuneka aqonde ukuba iinqanawa zenziwe njani ngokufanelekileyo. Umbutho weenqanawa isayensi yonke evumela ukuba ikhangele phambili kwaye ihlolisise kakuhle indlela yokuziphatha kwinqanawa ngexesha lokusebenza kwayo nayiphi na, kwimiba enzima kakhulu.

Yintoni umkhombe?

Isitya sisakhiwo esinezakhiwo zobunjineli obuyinkimbinkimbi esisombulula yonke iluhlu lwemisebenzi - ukusuka kwezoqoqosho ukuya kwiindawo ezizodwa kunye noluntu. Isixhobo ngasinye esinamanzi siqukethe inani elininzi leendlela kunye neeyunithi, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo, ukusetyenziswa okuhlangeneyo nokuzinzile okudala iinqanawa. Ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa kunzima kwaye kuyayithobela imithetho ye-physics, kwaye yakhiwe ngokusekelwe kolwazi lwamandulo nolwazi oluphumelelayo. Iinqanawa zanamhlanje zenziwa kwiindidi ezininzi, kuxhomekeke kwimpawu zoyilo kunye neempawu ezisisiseko. Iinqwelisi zizenzekelayo kwaye zingabikho zodwa, zijikeleze ngaphezu kwamanzi, ngamanzi nangaphantsi kwamanzi, ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeekhonkco.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yokuhamba, iinqanawa zahlula ulwandle, ukuhamba komhlaba (oko kukuthi, umlambo kunye nolwandle) kunye nohlobo oluxubekileyo, oko kukuthi, abo bathumela phakathi kwamanxweme nolwandle. Ngokuxhomekeka kwimihlobo yemoto eqhuba iinqanawa, abaqhubi, iinqanawa neemoto ezinokwakhela idizili zabelwe. Ii-engines kwiinqanawa zinokutshaywa, kunye ne-wing propeller, i-propeller, isitya sinokuhamba ngomkhumbi okanye i-paddle.

Ziziphi iimpahla zomphakathi?

Uyilo lweempahla ezithatha uhambo lokuthutha abantu zicatshulwa ngendlela efanelekileyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kwemali, kuxhomekeke kwinjongo yabo. Iinqanawa ezithandwa kakhulu ngabantu abahamba ngezithuthi kunye neempahla zokuloba. Izithuthi ezithanjisiweyo zintlu zenzelwe ukuthuthwa kwabagibeli okanye iimpahla, okanye zombini kunye kunye kunye kwaye zihlulwe zibe yi-liners kunye neetampu. Ukuloba kumelelwe kwinani elikhulu leentlobo - ukuloba, i-whaling, iziseko ezijikelezayo, iintlanzi zokuhamba ngeentlanzi kunye nokunye okunjalo.

Iipropati zokusebenza eziphambili

Isitya ngasinye sinempahla ethile yobugcisa. Zixhomekeka kwizalathisi ezinjengezothutho kunye noqoqosho, olubonisa iimpahla. Ukwakhiwa kweempahla kuxhomekeke kwiipalitha ezi:

• Umthwalo wokulayisha: lo mqondiso ubonisa iimpahla ezinokuthutha isitya ngaphandle kokutshintsha ukulungiswa kokuyila; Umthwalo ongezantsi umthwalo wokuhlawula umrhumo oqhutyelwa yithuthi, kunye nokufa komzimba ubunzima bobunzima bezinto ezihambayo, ezibandakanya umthamo wamanzi, i-boiler amanzi, ubunzima bomthwalo kunye nabasebenzi, oko kukuthi, isixa sempahla yonke;
• Ukufuduka: esi sisisombululo sonke isisindo esisigxina esichaphazela isisindo sonke somkhumbi;
• Umthamo wempahla: lo ngumthamo weendawo zonke zengxowa ekhungweni;
• Ubuninzi bezityalo: oku kuluhlu lwezinto eziphathekayo, apho umthamo wendawo kunye nezinye izakhiwo zangaphakathi aziqwalaselwe;
• Isikhundla sokugqibela: esi sibonakaliso sibonisa umthamo onemeko yazo zonke izikhala zomkhumbi apho impahla kunye nabagibeli bezothuthwa khona;
• Ukukhawuleza: kulesi sixalathisi kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni koqoqosho kweso sixhobo kunye nokuphatha kwayo;
• Uluhlu lokuhamba: oko kukuthi, umgama ukuba inqanawa idlule ngesantya esithile ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuzalisa izitokisi;
• Ukuphazamiseka: eli pharamitha libonisa amandla okukhupha ukwenza iindawo ezithile, ngokukodwa ukutshintsha isantya nesantya;
• Ukuzimela ngokuzenzekelayo: oku kukubonisa ixesha lokusebenza lomkhumbi ngaphandle kokuzalisa i-fuel, amanzi, iindawo zokutya;
• Ukusinda, oko kukuthi, amandla okukhupha kwiimeko ezingalindelekanga ukugqiba uhambo olukhuselekileyo.

Uzinzo luphawu olubalulekileyo

Imfundiso yesikhephe yemkhumbi ibonisa ukuba ukuzinza kweso sixhobo ngasinye. Eli pharamitha liqondwa njengeemeko phantsi kokuba iinqanawa zihamba kwindawo yokuma kwaye ziqondisa emva kokunyanzelwa. Inxaxheba ebalulekileyo idlalwe ngokulayishwa okuchanekileyo kweso sixhobo ngasinye, ngokuqwalasela ukuthembeka kwayo kunye noqoqosho. Isitya sinokutshintsha ukulingana kwayo phantsi kwefuthe lomoya kunye namagagasi, kwaye ukuzinza kuxhomekeke kwisimo se-metacenter ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba lobunzima. I-metacenter yinyaniso yinqanaba apho izikhokelo ezimbini ezikufutshane zogxobhozo zidibanisa. Umzuzu wokuzinza uchaphazela ukulungiswa kwesitya kuze kube yilapho isikhulu sobukhulu becala siphezu kweyona mqobo. Ukuba i-metacenter isezantsi, iinqanawa aziyi kubamba ukulingana.

Inqanawa ilungiselelwe njani?

Ulungiselelo oluqhelekileyo lweenqanawa ngokwemigqaliselo elandelwayo lulandelayo lulandelayo. Into ebalulekileyo ngumzimba, oqukethe isikhumba sangaphandle - usebenza njengesiseko sezantsi nangecala. Ngasentla, iholide ihlanganiswe ngedonga, kwaye kunokukhokelela ngokuxhomekeke kwintlobo yesitya. Umgangatho ophezulu unendawo yobude ukusuka kwicala ukuya kwicala kunye nasentendeni yomkhumbi ukuya ngasecaleni - kulungiselelwe indawo kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba itheko lide lide - ukusuka kwicala ukuya kwelinye icala, ngoko libizwa ngokuba yi-superstructure, ukuba lithatha kuphela inxalenye yesikhephe - kukuwa. Kwezinye iinqanawa, kunye neenqwelo ezimfutshane zinokuqhotyoshelweyo kumgangatho ophezulu - ezi zinokuba ziinqanawa ezihamba ngeenqanawa, ukuhamba ngamatye. Ii-Decks ziphakamileyo zinenjongo ekhethekileyo, umzekelo, igumbi leserediyo okanye isikhululo sokulawula.

Ukuxubha, ishidi lensimbi yobungakanani obuhlukeneyo lisetyenzisiweyo, ngelixa lixhaswa lulo lwangaphakathi, olubizwa ngokuba lubekwe kwinqanawa. Iquka izakhiwo zengqamlezo ezijikelezayo, i-longitudinal imisebe ye-stringer, iiplanga ezixhasa indawo. Kwinqwelo kunye nokunqunyulwa kungagqitywa, okumele kube namandla, kuba oku kugqityiwe ngeeshidi kunye neenglesa.

Umzantsi weenqanawa ezininzi zanamhlanje ziphindwe kabini, kunye nokukhutshwa kwangaphakathi. Ukuqulunqwa okunjalo kunxulumene nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lweziko. Kwindawo ephantsi kabini, i-fuel fuel, amanzi amanzi, i- ballast yamanzi ingagcinwa, eyona nqanaba isitya kwaye igxininise ngaphakathi emanzini. Ngaphakathi kwinqanaba lihlukaniswe ngamacandelo ngamanqwanqwa ahlukeneyo, ngenxa yokuba amandla okuhamba kunye nokungaqiniseki komkhumbi uyafumaneka.

Kuquka inani lezinto ezibalulekileyo zesitya. Umzobo ubonisa ukuba iinqanawa zinesinjini, ukuqhuma kunye nevili. I-propeller yisistim esichaphazela ukuguqulwa kwamandla omatshini we- injini ibe yindlela yamandla enqwelwe yinqanawa. Ivili lokuqhuba liyadingeka ukuqhuba isitya, ngelixa kwinguqu yanamhlanje iguquliwe. Makhe siqwalasele ezinye iinkalo zeenkqubo ezithile zeenqanawa ngokubanzi.

Iimpawu zesimo se-hull

Inkolelo yeso sixhobo ikhuphe kwi nyaniso yokuba umthwalo owela kuyo uwa. I-hull yesitya iya ngaphantsi kwefuthe le-hydrostatic force forces, ekhula njengoko ubunzulu banda. Ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwamanzi olwandle, iinqanawa zithwala imithwalo ehambayo kunye nomthwalo ukusuka kwindlela yazo, kunye nokusebenza ngamandla. Ngenxa yoko, ukuma kwendawo yokuxhomekeka kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesitya kunye nendawo ekuyo kuyo, kunye nokufa, umthamo ofunekayo wokubamba, inani lezitshixo, ukukhawuleza nokuzinza. Ukongezelela, ukuma kwendawo yokuxhomekeka kuxhomekeke kwinjongo yesithuthi sezothutho kunye neempawu zayo zokusebenza.

Izinto ezisisiseko

Ukwakha izakhiwo kuyinkqubo ebalulekileyo, apho yonke inkcazo idlala indima. Iifom zanamhlanje zezakhiwo zihluke kakhulu kwizinto ezazisetyenziswa ekuqaleni. Kwaye okokuqala kukho utshintsho oluchaphazelekayo kwizinto kunye nobuchwepheshe obusetyenziswayo. Ukuba ekuqaleni kwakukho iindlela ezithongayo ezenziwe ngamatye, ngokuthe ngcembe yatshintshwa yintsimbi, insimbi. Indima ebalulekileyo idlalwe ubunzima obuncinane bezakhiwo ngelixa ligcina amandla. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokulondoloza ukujoyina zivunyelwe ukunciphisa kakhulu inani lezinto ezisemgangathweni kwaye zenze zibe nzima kakhulu kwaye zizinze ngexesha elifanayo.

Izixhobo ezihambayo zanamhlanje zineenkcukacha zensimbi ezincinci kunye ne-steel casting, alloys elula kunye neplastiki. Yaye iplastiki isetyenziselwa kakhulu ukuveliswa kweengxenye, kodwa kunye nokudala izitya ezincinci, umzekelo, ukuloba okanye imidlalo okanye izikebhe zokuphila.

Impawu zesikhumba sangaphandle

Ikhumba elingaphandle ligobolondo elingaphandle kwinqanawa yelo nqanawa, ephantsi koxinzelelo lwamanzi. Kuxhomekeke kuyo kuxhomekeke kwomelele kwimeko. Ukukhangela kwangaphandle kwiphepha elihlukileyo, elixhunyelelana ngomlenze. Ubungakanani balo buninzi buhluka kwaye buxhomekeke kubude bomkhumbi, ukuphakama kwebhedi yayo, kunye nokuqulunqa kunye nomda phakathi kweefowuni - izibilini, apho umlo wesitya othile uxhomeke khona. Amalungiselelo enqanawa yokuhamba kolwandle yinto yokuba inqanawa efanayo iya kuba nobunzima belikhupha kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Icandelo eliphakathi le nqanawa lifumana ubunzima obukhulu, ngoko kukho ubungakanani beemakhishithi ezinkulu kunazo zonke. Ngokuxhomekeke ekuqinisekiseni ukusekwa kwinqanaba elingaphantsi kwisitya kunye nangasemva kwesitya, ngenxa yempembelelo yokugxotha.

I-Deck kunye nedonti engezantsi kwidonki

Indawo yokubaluleka yinto ebalulekileyo nayiphi na isitya. Isakhiwo sangaphandle seenqanawa zaselwandle ukusuka kwinqanaba elibonakalayo eliyakhayo lifanayo, apho ipakethe iyindawo evulekileyo ehamba kuyo. Ipakiti ephezulu eqhubekayo ithathwa njengowona owona mkhulu-yenze igobolondo eliqhelekileyo leempahla. Zonke iindawo ezikhoyo ngaphantsi kwezona zinto zifunekayo ukwenzela ukwandisa indawo efanelekileyo yeso sixhobo. Iidokodo ezihlelwe ngasentla zibizwa ngokuba yizakhiwo. Idonga lekhonkco eliphambili linokuba ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo-oku kuxhomekeke kubude bomkhumbi kunye nokuphakama kwecala layo.

Iimpawu zecandelo lokulawula

Idivaysi yokulawula yesitya iyazalisekisa injongo ephambili - ukulwa nemikhosi yangaphandle, oko kukuthi, umoya, okhoyo, ongakhokelela ekuphambukeni kweempahla ezivela kwikhosi. Kwixesha la mandulo, endaweni yeendawo zokukhwela, ama-oars ajikelezayo asetshenziselwa ngasemva, emva koko atshintshelwa ngevili elijikelezayo, elibekwe kwindawo ephambili. Namhlanje, iindidi ezininzi zeentambo ziyaziwa - eziqhelekileyo kunye nokulinganisa ukuya kwintonga yomnsalo. Iivili ezinokuhamba nazo zisebenza kwaye zingabonakaliyo: oku kukugqibela kukuvumela ukuba ujikelele isikhephe ngelixa amanzi ehamba ngokuhambelana nesiqhekeza somkhumbi. Ivili lokusebenza elikusebenzayo likuvumela ukuba ujikelele zombini isitya esishukumisayo nesimiyo.

Isixhobo sokuhamba esinqabileyo somkhumbi siquka isondo esinokuhamba kunye negaraji, umatshini wokuhamba, ipenisi yokulawula. Kwiinqanawa ezindala, izigulane ezinamakhwelisi angama-single ziye zagcinwa, kwaye namhlanje zisetyenziselwa iinqwelo zokuloba eziphambili. Ivili lokusebenza eliqhubayo lenza imisebenzi yalo nokuba loo nqanawa ayihambeli, oko kukuthi, kwi-anchor. Ivili lokusebenza eliqhelekileyo lisetyenziswe ngokubanzi ekuxhobeni ukuloba okulobayo, ama-whalers kunye nemikhumbi yokulungisa.

Ukuphucula ukuhamba kakuhle kweenqanawa, i-thruster ikhutshwa rhoqo. Ziye zinyuka kwisaphetha okanye ngasemva kwinqanaba elijikelezayo elingaphandle kwimijelo, apho kubakho iipropli ezimbini . Esi sixhobo esincedayo siyadingeka ukuze sisebenzise iinqanawa kwisantya esisezantsi kunazo zonke. Isixhobo sokulawula sikhethwe ngokuxhomekeka kwisitya esetyenziselwa: elinye iqela labaqhubi beempembelelo lichaphazela ukugcinwa kwekhosi, enye inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba nobuchule obuhle.

I-Anchor-into ebalulekileyo

Ukukhupha iinqanawa kuyimfuneko ukuze kugcinwe i-craft ehambayo kwindawo ethile, xa kufuneka ukuba umelane nezinto ezinje zangaphandle ezifana nomoya, amagagasi kunye nokukhoyo. Iinqwelo kufuneka zenze i-roadstead okanye ilindele ukungena kwi-harbor, kunye neemeko ezingxamisekileyo. Ama-anchor anamhlanje afakwe kwiindidi ezahlukileyo kwaye ahluke ngamaqela. Ngokomzekelo, intonga yeengcongolo-ihange, i-Trotman's ankle kunye neHolo i-anchor ixhobisa iinqanawa zemidlalo okanye izixhobo zokuqeqesha ngomkhumbi.

Izixhobo ze-Anchor zeenqanawa zisebenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: xa i-anchor ihla, i-anchor iyawa ngasezantsi, emva koko ikhutshwa yinqanawa. I-anchor entlangeni ibamba "i-paws" emva kwezantsi. Ukuliphakamisa, ityunithi ye-anchor isetyenzisiwe: iphakamisa i-anchor ukusuka kumgangatho ophantsi, uyiqhawule emhlabeni. Ubungakanani bekhenkethi lwe-anchor kuxhomekeke kwingcinezelo yomoya, ukutshatyalaliswa komtsalane kwaye kufuneka kuthathele yonke le mibutho yangaphandle. Isixhobo so-anchor sisoloko sifakwe kwisaphetha salo mkhombe, apho i-winch anchor iqhutywe khona, esebenza kwi-drive yombane okanye i-hydraulic drive.

Inani leenkcukacha ezibalulekileyo

Isixhobo sokubhukuda kweempahla siyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba isitya sikwazi ukuma kwi-berth ngethuba lokukhwela kwi-port. I-Mooring iqhutyelwa ngeendlela zokubhukuda - zolulela kwisitya ukuya elunxwemeni. Namhlanje ezi zinto zenziwe ngezinto eziqinileyo zokwenza izinto. Xa iinqanawa zihamba ngaselunxwemeni, iintambo zokugubha ziphonswa kuzo.

Isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo sesitya sisetyenziswe iinkqubo ezininzi zeenqanawa ngendlela yoomisa kunye ne-ballast systems, ukufudumala kunye nesimo somoya. Ngamnye wabo udlala indima: ukuhlengahlengiswa kuququzelela ukuphambukiswa kwamanzi okuqokelelwe ngaphaya kwebhodi, ibhallast iyadingeka ukuba idityaniswe kwaye izalise amatanki ngamanzi olwandle, kwaye ukhuseleko kunye nentuthuzelo yokusebenza kwinqanawa nganye kuxhomekeke kwezinye iinkqubo.