I-oyile iyiminerali. Iifom yeoli. Imveliso yeoli

Oil - omnye yezimbiwa zehlabathi ezibalulekileyo (fuel hydrocarbon). Yeyona izinto ekrwada ekuveliseni kwamafutha kunye zokuthambisa kunye nezinye izinto. Kuba umbala kwayo emnyama kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho oyile lwehlabathi (neeminerali) uWele igolide emnyama.

Overview

into uthe luqokelelane kunye nohlobo hydrocarbon sukube kubunzulu ethile (ikakhulu ukususela 1.2 ukuya 2 km).

Inani eliphezulu ezigcina oyile zilahlwa unzulu km-1 ukuya ku-3. le nto iya iba shinyi Malta Kufutshane kumphezulu womhlaba, asphalt semisolid kunye nezinye izinto (umz, tar Sands).

Ngokutsho ucace imvelaphi kunye ngemichiza Ukwakhiwa neoli, ifoto leyo thaca kweli nqaku, ezifana iigesi zendalo izinto ezinokutsha, kwakunye ozokerite kunye igada. Maxa onke ezi amafutha eziphili zamandulo ziye zidityaniswe phantsi kwegama elinye - petrolytes. Kanti ziyingxenye iqela elibanzi - caustobioliths. Bona izimbiwa ezinokutsha zendalo biogenic.

Okuqukiweyo kweli qela kunye neeminerali ezifana umgquba, shale, bituminous kunye namalahle omdaka, anthracite. Yi ukukwazi inyibilike ulwelo somgquba uhlobo (chloroform, disulfide carbon, umxube utywala-benzene) ioli, njengezinye petrolytes kunye lunezinto ukuwutsala izinyibilikisi data evela umgquba, amalahle okanye iimveliso yahluzwa zibizwa ngokuba yebhitumene.

ukusetyenziswa

Okwangoku, 48% lwamandla buselwe emhlabeni owayo oyile (resources kwezimbiwa). Oku kuyinyaniso aqinisekisiweyo.

Oil (neeminerali) - umthombo kweekhemikhali ezininzi ezisetyenziswa kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ngexesha kushishino amafutha, izinto zokuthambisa, imicu polymeric, colorants, izinyibilikisi kunye nezinye izinto.

ukukhula ukusetyenziswa oyile kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu, kwaye le nokudinwa ngcembe kwezibonelelo kwezimbiwa. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga uqeqeshelwa ukuba imithombo yamandla.

Inkcazelo physical

Neoli ulwelo ukukhanya brown esintsundu emnyama (phantse abamnyama) ngombala. Ngamanye amaxesha kukho iisampulu nesmarado-eluhlaza. ubunzima Umyinge ezinto yeoli uvela 220 ukuya 300 g / Mol. Ngamanye amaxesha le parameter ziyohluka kuluhlu ukusuka 450 ukuya-470 g / Mol. Isalathisi mninzi yayo uzimisele kuloo ndawo 0,65-1,05 (ikakhulu 0,82-0,95) g / cm³. Kulo mba, i oyile zohlulwa ngokwendidi eziliqela. ezizezi:

• Easy. Density - ngaphantsi kwe-0.83 g / cm³.
• I-avareji. mninzi bonisa kulo mzekelo - kule ndawo ukususela 0,831 ukuya 0,860 g / cm³.
• Enzima. Density - ngaphezulu kwe-0,860 g / cm³.

Le izinto iqulethe inani elininzi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo organic. Ngenxa yoko, i-oyile yendalo uphawuleka hayi abilayo yayo ngongoma, yaye kwinqanaba lokuqala salathisi kwi hydrocarbon ulwelo. Ngokomthetho ke> 28 ° C, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ≥100 ° C (kwimeko oyile enzima).

Viscosity osisiqu yahluka ngaphakathi uluhlu olubanzi (ukusuka 1,98 ukuya 265,9 mm² / s). Oku kumiselwa ioli ubume iqhezu kunye kwithempritsha yayo. I eliphezulu lobushushu kunye nenani amaqhezu ukukhanya, lo viscosity oyile ngezantsi. Kwakhona, oku kubangwa bubukho izinto ezifana intlaka-asphaltene. Loo nto ngaphezu kwabo, kungona viscosity yeoli.

Ubushushu ezithile ukwimo - 1.7-2.1 kJ / (kg ∙ K). Ipharamitha ubushushu oluthile yokutsha liphantsi kakhulu - ukususela 43,7 ukuya 46.2 MJ / kg. Abehla Heating zeoli - ukusuka ku-2 ukuya 2.5, yaye conductivity wayo - ukususela nge-2 ukuya 0.3 ∙ 10-10 ∙ 10-18 ∙ Ohm-1 cm-1.

Oyile, awayezibonakalisa ifoto kweli nqaku, i ulwelo olunokutsha. Oku Bemba kubushushu of ukusuka -35 ukuya +120 ° C. Kuxhomekeke nokubunjwa kwayo iqhezu kunye nesiqulatho zegesi lichithakale.

I-oyile (amafutha) kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo na ukunyibilika emanzini. Noko ke, ikwazi yokutshata emulsions esitalini ngolwelo. oyile ezinyibilikayo eziza izinto ezithile. Oku kwenziwa kusetyenziswa uhlobo sijike ephilayo. Ukuze ukwahlula ioli amanzi anetyuwa izenzo ezithile wenziwe. Zibalulekile kakhulu kule nkqubo. Le desalting emzimbeni.

Inkcazelo kwengoma kwemichiza

Xa ngokuveza lo sihloko kufuneka athathe ingqalelo zonke iinkalo iyeza umbuzo. It is a jikelele, i-oyile, ezizizembiwa kunye nokwenziwa elemental. Okulandelayo, khangela ngamnye ngokweenkcukacha.

Ukubunjwa jikelele

Natural zokubasa oyile ngumxube malunga 1000 izinto zendalo ezahlukeneyo. Iinkalo eziphambili zezi zilandelayo:

• hydrocarbon ulwelo. Kuyinto 80-90% ngokobunzima.
• khompawundi Heteroatomic organic (4-5%). Kwezi, kugquba isalfure, ioksijini kunye nitrogen.
• iikhompawundi Organometallic (ubukhulu becala nickel kunye vanadium).
• Ezi gesi zichithakala nje, ezizizembiwa ezifana (C1-C4, ukusuka izahlulo ezimbalwa ukuya ku-4 ekhulwini).
• Amanzi (ukusuka imizila kwi-10%).
• iityuwa kwezimbiwa. Isikakhulu kloride. 0,1-4000 mg / l kunye nangaphezulu.
• Solutions of neetyuwa ze organic asidi kunye ubumdaka ngomatshini (amasuntswana zodongwe, yilimestone, isanti).

hydrocarbon ukubunjwa

Ngokomthetho ioli paraffinic unalo (idla 30-35 kunqabile - 40-50% yabo bebonke) kunye naphthenic (25-75%) iikhompawundi. Ukuze isiXhosa iikhompawundi enuka ntetho. Asezikhundleni 10-20%, kwaye ubuncinane - 35%. Oku kuchaphazela umgangatho yeoli. Kwakhona zifakwe iyeza umbuzo ezimbaxa ugalelwe okanye isakhiwo gqith. Umzekelo, ibhedolaki naphthene-paraffinic.

amacandelo Heteroatomic kunye nenkcazelo ubume iziqalelo yeoli

Kunye ne hydrocarbon kwimveliso kukho izinto kunye athom ukungcola (mercaptans kunye monosulfides indo-, thiophane kunye thiophenes kwaye polycyclic kunye like). Bachaphazela kakhulu umgangatho yeoli.

Kwakhona kwi zamafutha izinto equlethe initrogen. It ngesiseko homologs indole, pyridine, quinoline, pyrrole, carbazole, porphyrites. Bona ikakhulu iintsalela namaqhezu enzima.

Ukubunjwa iquka oxygenates oyile (naphthenic acid, nentlaka emnandi-asphaltene, phenols kunye nezinye izinto). Ngokuqhelekileyo ke xa amaqhezu uhlobo ophezulu.

oyile zizonke ezifumaneka izinto ezingaphezulu kwama-50. Kunye nale izinto ezikhankanywe isipho V imveliso (10-5 - 10-2%), Ni (10-4-10-3%), Cl (ukusuka imizila ukuya ku-2 ∙ 10-2%) njalo njalo. Okubhalwe kwezi ubumdaka kwi izinto ekrwada kunye khompawundi onke amabala okunokwenzeka kuyahlukahlukana ngaphakathi kwemida ububanzi. Ngenxa yoko, thetha malunga nomyinge ukubunjwa yemichiza oyile kukho phantsi kwemiqathango ethile kuphela.

Njengoko into zihlelwe yi ukubunjwa hydrocarbon?

Kulo mba, kukho imiqathango ethile. Share izimvo eklasini oyile hydrocarbon. Akukho kube ngaphezu kwama-50%. Ukuba elinye iindidi hydrocarbon ayikho ngaphantsi kwe-25%, i-oyile wachacha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo - naphthene-methane, methane-naphthenic, naphthene-enuka kamnandi, enuka kamnandi, naphthenic, kwaye enuka methano-enuka-methane. Icandelo lokuqala ziqulathe ngaphezu kwama-25%, kwaye eyesibini - omkhulu kwe-50%.

oli ekrwada ayisetyenziswanga. Iimveliso indlela ezixabisekileyo (ikakhulu amafutha kweemoto, izinto kwishishini lwekhemikhali, izinyibilikisi) kokuba phambili.

Iindlela zophando lemveliso

Umgangatho into ezihloliweyo ukuze ukhethe kwizikim inengqondo kakhulu othembekileyo processing yayo. Oku kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezintsonkothileyo: imichiza, ngokwasemzimbeni, kunye ezizodwa.

iimpawu ngokubanzi oyile - viscosity, ukuxinana, ugalele ingongoma kunye nezinye iparameters physico-imichiza, kwakunye nokwakhiwa lichithakale igesi kunye nesiqulatho resin ipesenti, iparafini wax kunye emnandi-asphaltene iikhompawundi.

Umgaqo engundoqo yokufunda kancinane yeoli iza phantsi lokudibanisa ubuchule kokwahlulwa kumacandelo athile lula engaguquki nokwakheka ezithile amaqhezu. ke zihlahlelwe nazo zonke iintlobo iindlela emzimbeni imichiza. Iindlela ezininzi eziqhelekileyo yovandlakanyo primary ukwakheka oyile iqhekeza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo neyanamhlanje (ulwelo) kunye ukulungisa.

Ngokutsho iziphumo ukhetho ukuya emxinwa (kufutshane abilayo 10-20 ° C) kwaye ububanzi (50-100 ° C) iqhekeza, sakhiwe curve (TIC) loMthetho nokubilisa lobushushu nangenyaniso kweziyobisi. Ke yenziwa ukuseka isakhono lweziqalelo umxholo ngamnye, iimveliso petroleum kunye namacandelo azo (kerosinogazoylevyh, ipetroli, distillates ioli, idizili kunye oyile amafutha kunye tars), ezizizembiwa ukubunjwa, kwakunye nezinye iikhemikhali yorhwebo kunye neempawu zomzimba.

Le neyanamhlanje oluqhutywa izixhobo neyanamhlanje eqhelekileyo. Bona mayixhotyiswe column fractionating. Kulo mzekelo amandla pogonorazdelitelnaya ingqamana 20-22 iziqwenga amacwecwe theoretical component.

Michiza zachongwa ngenxa neyanamhlanje, ngoko yahlulwe kumacandelo. Emva koko, usebenzisa iindlela ngeendlela eyenziweyo ukuqinisekisa isiqulatho yaye yabeka iipropati. Ngokutsho neendlela ukubonakaliswa ubume oyile namaqhezu umahluko neqela layo, ngamnye, iqela ngokokwakheka elemental cazululo.

Xa iqela uzimisele ngokwahlukeneyo kuhlalutywa isiqulatho naphthenic, paraffinic, kunye ezizizembiwa enuka kamnandi ezahlukeneyo.

Xa Uhlalutyo iqela ngokokwakheka zamaqhezu yeoli ezizizembiwa ekwakhiweni uchazwa isiqulatho umyinge naphthenic, aromatics kunye nezinye izakhiwo elibujikele, kwakunye paraffinic imixokelelwane iziqalelo. Kulo mzekelo, inyathelo elinye ngaphezulu - ekubaleni isixa ekhoyo ezizizembiwa kwi naphthene, iparafini, kunye ezinkundleni.

Sibophelela hydrocarbon ukubunjwa kumiselwa yepetroli kunye negesi amaqhezu. Xa Uhlalutyo iziqalelo ubume oyile wavakalisa mali (ipesenti) C, Thixo, S, H, N kunye Izakha.

Indlela ephambili wokwahlula aromatics ukusuka naphthenic kwaye paraffinic kunye nokwahlukana kwi arenes yi monocyclic kwaye poly- ulwelo adsorption chromatography. Ngokuqhelekileyo absorber kule meko isebenza into ethile - sorbent kabini.

Ukubunjwa yeoli ezizizembiwa imixube multicomponent ibanzi kwaye imxinwa band ngesiqhelo uguqulwa indibaniselwano chromatography (ulwelo okanye isigaba igesi), lo adsorption okanye ezinye iindlela ukwahlukana nezifundo iindlela ecacicleyo nokufu- spectrometric.

Njengoko ihlabathi kukho utyekelo ngakumbi inkqubo lekhefu afana nokuphuhliswa yeoli, kuba uhlalutyo kubalulekile oluneenkcukacha (ingakumbi ophezulu okubila yaye intsalela iimveliso - tars neeoli oyile enzima).

The main Amasimi oyile eRashiya

Ngomhla kwintsimi iidipozithi Russian ukwimo unalo imali ebonakalayo. Oil (neeminerali) - ubuncwane yesizwe Russia. Le yenye iimveliso eziphambili kwamanye amazwe. Ukumbiwa processing yeoli - umthombo lungeniselo yerhafu kakhulu kwesabelo Russian.

Uphuhliso namafutha ngomlinganiselo yorhwebo kwaqaliswa kwinkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha. Ngalo mzuzu eRashiya kukho iindawo ezinkulu liyasebenza ioli. Bona ezikwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo lizwe.

igama idiphozithi	wokuvula Umhla	ibuyiselwe stock	iindawo Oil ezivelisa
ezinkulu	2013	million 300 iitoni	indawo Astrakhan
Samotlor	1965	2.7 billion tonnes	Khanty-Mansiysk
Romashkinskoye	-1948	2.3 billion tons	Republic of Tatarstan
ob	1982	2.7 billion. T	Khanty-Mansiysk
Arlanskoe	1966	million 500 iitoni	Republic of Bashkortostan
Lyantorskoye	1965	billion 2 iitoni	Khanty-Mansiysk
Vankor	1988	million 490 iitoni	Krasnoyarsk Territory
Fedorovskoe	1971	1.5 billion tons	Khanty-Mansiysk
Russian	1968	million 410 iitoni	Yamalo-Nenets ஜோடி isilungelelanisi
mamontovskoye	1965	billion 1 tons	Khanty-Mansiysk
Tuymazinskoe	1937	million 300 iitoni	Republic of Bashkortostan

oyile ye-shale US

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imarike kwamafutha hydrocarbon litshintshile kakhulu. Ukufunyanwa kwe irhasi ye-shale kunye nokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe kwemveliso ngexesha elifutshane Wayingenisa United States ibe inani elikhulu mgodini ukwimo. Lo mkhwa kuchazwa ziingcali ngokuthi "shale revolution". Okwangoku, ihlabathi lijongene ubuncinane isiganeko grand. Sithetha malunga nophuhliso ubunzima iidipozithi oyile shale. Ngaphambili iingcali kwangaphambili ukuba ngexesha oyile isiphelo sisondele, kodwa ngoku zinokuhlala ngonaphakade. Kanjalo intetho olungenanto kwi yamandla.

Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi malunga nemiba yezoqoqosho zophuhliso yesibambiso yeoli shale buyaphikisana kakhulu. Ngokutsho kwephephandaba "Noko", ukuvelisa ioli shale eUnited States (Texas) iindleko malunga $ 15 1 umphanda. Kuyinto kusengqiqweni ukuba cheapening ngakumbi inkqubo kabini.

Inkokeli ihlabathi imveliso 'yamandulo "ioli - Saudi Arabia - uye amahle elungileyo kwishishini oyile shale: ixabiso ndiyindla apha $ 7 kuphela. Russia malunga oku kulahleka. ERashiya, 1 Umphanda oyile shale iya kuxabisa malunga $ 20.

Ngokutsho le ncwadi ikhankanywe apha ngasentla, igesi ioli ingaveliselwa kuzo zonke iingingqi zehlabathi. Ilizwe ngalinye lineCandelo ebalulekileyo oovimba ioli. Noko ke, ukuthembeka kolwazi ngasentla ethandabuzekayo, ekubeni ulwazi malunga ixabiso ethile imveliso oyile shale okwangoku.

Umhlaziyi H. Birg wawabuyisela data. Ngokutsho kwakhe, nendleko Umphanda yeoli shale 70-90 zeerandi.

Ngokutsho Bank of eMoscow Umhlalutyi nguDmitry Borisov, iindleko zokuvelisa oyile eMexico kunye nePersian of Guinea ifikelela $ 80. Oku kuphantse kulingana ngexabiso lentengiso.

H. Birg kwakhona lithi iidiphozithi oyile (oyile shale) zabiwa ngokulinganayo ehlabathini. Ngaphezu-ezimbini kwezintathu ngumthamo opheleleyo buzinze eUnited States. Russia akhawunti-7 pesenti kuphela.

Ukuze kuveliswe imveliso ethathelwa ingqalelo kufuneka ukusebenza imithamo ezinkulu elulwalweni. Ndiqhuba inkqubo ezifana shale oyile, indlela wenziwa umsebenzi. Oku kakhulu kulimaza indalo.

Ngokutsho Birge, ukuntsonkotha kwinkqubo enjalo, njengoko nezokukhupha oyile shale, uyahlawulwa ukwanda ukwimo on Earth.

Xa sicingela ukuba oyile imveliso technology shale baya kwinqanaba olwaneleyo, amaxabiso oyile kumazwe ngamazwe ukuze baphele nje. Kodwa logama nje kungekho iinguqulelo ezininzinzi kweli indawo anayenza.

Ngeteknoloji okhoyo oyile shale kunokuba inzuzo kwimeko ethile - kuphela xa ixabiso le oyile $ 150 umphanda okanye ngaphezulu.

Russia, ngokutsho Birge, ebizwa ngokuba yi-revolution shale akayi kuba nako ukonakalisa. Isibakala sokuba eli lizwe kuzuza zombini meko. Le mfihlelo ke ilula: amaxabiso aphezulu oyile unyusa enkulu kunye impumelelo imveliso shale uya kwandisa ezithunyelwa ngokuphuhlisa amasimi ezifanelekileyo.

D. Borisov kule nkalo ayikho sinethemba kangaka. Uphuhliso kwimveliso ye-oyile shale, ngokutsho kwakhe, uthembisa ukuwa kwamaxabiso e-oyile kwimarike kunye nokwehla okukhulu inzuzo ngaphandle Russian. Nangona kunjalo, kwixesha elifutshane, kufuneka ungabi oku ukoyika, ngokuba uphuhliso shale zisekhona yingxaki.

isiphelo

kwemithombo yendalo - izinto ezinxulumene oli, irhasi kunye - ziyipropathi karhulumente ngamnye apho misela. Oku kunokubonwa ngokufunda nqaku, i ngasentla.