Iiprotheni: udidi lwamaprotheni, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi

Ifilosofi esaziwayo uKar Marx wada wachaza le nkcazo elandelayo yombongo "wobomi" - ngulo hlobo lokuhlala kwamalungu eeprotheni. Kwaye le ngxelo akunakwenzeka ukuphikisana. Kwintliziyo yeyiphi na inyama yezilwanyana yile nto. Ziziphi iimpawu eziqulunqa imisebenzi yazo ebalulekileyo? Iiprotheni zisebenza njani? Ukwahlula, isakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo zezi zinto ziya kuqwalaselwa kwinqaku lethu.

Ingcamango yezinto eziphilayo

Iqela lezinto eziphilayo ezenza izinto eziphilayo ziquka iiprotheni, lipids, i-carbohydrates kunye ne-nucleic acid. Zonke ziyi-biopolymers-complex structures, eziqukethe inani elikhulu laphindaphinda. Ngokomzekelo, i-lipids iqukethe i- polyhydric alcohol alcohol and fatty acids. Iiyunithi ezinjalo eziphinda zibizwa ngokuba zi-monomers. Iiprotheni azinjalo. Ukuhlelwa kwamaprotheni kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo kwiimeko ezininzi kusekelwe kwisakhiwo sabo.

Iprotheni isiseko sobomi

Ngokwesiko, kukholelwa ukuba izinto ezilwanyana kuphela zineprotheni. Kwaye ngokwenene, ukucebisa le nto, sidla inyama yengulube nenyama yenkomo, inkukhu, amaqanda kunye nentlanzi. Kodwa inani elikhulu le nkunkuma lifumaneka kwimveliso yezityalo. Iintyatyambo zezilwanyana (ubhontshisi, iipayi, i-peanuts, i-soybean) yindawo yokugcina iiprotheni zemifuno.

Ulwakhiwo lweeprotheni

Iiprotheni zilula, kodwa ngelo xesha zizodwa kwizakhiwo zazo. Ziyakhiwa ngama-monomers, ezibizwa ngokuba ngama-amino acids. Le yimizimba yendalo yodwa yezinto eziphilileyo, ezibandakanya into yeekhemikhali ye-nitrogen.

Elinye iprotheni liqukethe amabini ama-amino acids. Ngaloo ndlela, i-monomer nganye iqukethe i-athomu ye-carbon, apho iqela le-hydrogen, iqela le-amino, iqela le-carboxyl kunye ne-radical liqhotyoshelweyo. Leli iqela lee-athomu, ngokwemiqathango ye-amino acids eyahlukileyo. Yingakho iiprotheni zihlukeneyo kwizakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi yazo.

Ulwakhiwo lweProtheni

Ngokuxhomekeke kwinkimbinkimbi yesakhiwo, izakhiwo ezine zeprotheni ziyaziwa:

1. Iiprayimari yintambo ye-amino acids ehlanganiswe ngamabhondi eep peptide. Zivela ekuhlanganiseni kwamaqela amino kunye ne-carboxyl.

2. Iisesekondari - i-amino acid chain iphihliwe ibe yintambo. Ubhonkco obunjalo kulolu hlobo bubizwa ngokuba yimibhondi ye-hydrogen.

3. Umgangatho wesithathu uyingqungquthela. Yibhola yeengcingo eziphosakeleyo zesakhiwo sesibini.

4. I-quaternary-globules of molecules, ebonisa ukudibanisa kwezakhiwo ezininzi ezifanayo.

Isakhiwo esiphezulu singenakunqandwa kwi-primary and vice versa. Ezi nkqubo zibuyiselwa kwaye zibizwa ngokuba yi-de-renaturation. Inkqubo yokutshatyalaliswa kwesakhiwo esiyintloko-intshabalalo - ayinakuphikiswa.

Iiprotheni: udidi lweeprotheni

Ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela yokwenziwa kweekhemikhali, iiprotheni ezilula kwaye eziyinkimbinkimbi ziyahluka. Okokuqala kubandakanya kuphela amino acid, okwesibini kubandakanya iqela leprothem. Liyinxalenye yendalo engekho yiprotheni.

Ukwahlulelwa kweeprotheni ezilula (iiprotheni) kusekelwe kwimvelo yazo. Ngokomzekelo, i-histones kunye neepramaminesinezixhobo ezisisiseko, kuba ezininzi ziquka i-arginine. Ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeeprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi kwaye ziyinxalenye yecucleic cell. Iprolamins iiprotheni zemvelaphi yezityalo kwaye zininzi ziqulethwe kwimbewu yezolimo. I-albumins kunye ne-globulins ziyingxenye yegazi lomntu.

Ukwahlulelwa kweeprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi kuhambelana nolu hlobo lweprotatic. Ngaloo ndlela, i-glycoprotein, ngaphezu kwe-amino acids, iqulethe i-carbohydrate residues.

I-casin yamanzi, i-albumin yeeqanda zeentaka, ichthyolin yamaqanda eentlanzi nazo iiprotheni ezinzima. Zibizwa ngokuba yi-phosphoproteins, eziqulethe isakhiwo sendawo ye-mineral acid.

Iimpawu ze-DNA kunye ne-RNA kunye nama-amino acids ziyingxenye ye-nucleoproteins, eziyingxenye ebalulekileyo yezakhiwo zamaselula.

Kwi-plasma yegazi, iifomphu zamaphaphu, i-mitochondria, iimbumba zeeseli zi-lipoproteins. Iqela labo leprotatic liqukethe iifumene zeoli.

Nazi izinto ezahlukeneyo kwisakhiwo seeprotheni. Ukuhlelwa kwamaprotheni kunokwakheka kwimvelaphi ye-amino acids. Abanye babo bayakwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimeleyo emzimbeni womntu. Zibizwa ngokuba ziguquguqukayo. Amino acids ehlobo oluhlukeneyo angangena kuwo kuphela ngaphandle. Ezi ziyimfuneko yamamin acids. Ezinye zazo zivela kwimfuyo kuphela. Ngenxa yoko, izazinzulu zithi ukutya kokutya kubalulekile ekuphuculweni komzimba womntu.

Ulwahlulo lweeprotheni ngomsebenzi

Ngokomgaqo osebenzayo, amaqela amaninzi kwezi zinto ezibalulekileyo zezinto eziphilayo ziyaziwa. Iiprotheyini ze-enzymatic zizinto eziphilayo zezinto eziphilayo. Bakhawuleza ikhosi yeempendulo zamakhemikhali, ngelixa zingabi yinxalenye yemveliso yalo. Ngokomzekelo, i-amylase kunye ne-maltase, eyingxenye yelumkileyo lomntu, ukwahlula i-carbohydrate enzima kwizinto ezilula ezisekho emlonyeni womlomo. Esesiswini, i-lipase enzyme ikhupha iifati kuma-monomers. Kukho iqela leeprotheyini ezineempembelelo ezichaseneyo, ukunciphisa izinga lokuphendula. Babizwa ngokuba ngama-inhibitors.

IiHormones nazo zizinto zeprotheni. Emzimbeni womntu kunye nezilwanyana, zixhomekeke kwizitho ezizodwa ezibizwa ngokuba ziingqungquthela. Ngoko, i-pituitary gland ephantsi kwengqondo, ifihla i-hormone yokukhula. Ingena egazini, apho iqokelela khona, iyakuthintela ngokuthe ngqo ukutshintsha okwenziwe emzimbeni.

Iiprotheni ezikhuselekileyo zegazi zibizwa ngokuba ngama-antibodies. Umsebenzi wabo kukunciphisa i-alien kunye neentsholongwane zentsholongwane ezingena emzimbeni. Ama-antibodies akwazi ukuwaqonda aze awachithe nge-phagocytosis-intracellular digestion. Ukusebenza kwamaprotheni okukhusela kunquma umgangatho womzimba womntu, okwazi ukujamelana nezifo zentsholongwane ye-virus kunye ne-bacteria.

Iprotein ye-globin yezothutho inxalenye yeeseli ezibomvu zegazi, ezenza utshintsho lwegesi. I-Actin kunye ne-myosin zi- proteins zontrakthi zeethambo zomzimba.

Nazi izinto ezihlukeneyo kwisakhiwo kunye namakhono angama-protein. Ukuhlelwa kweeprotheni kusekelwe kwiimpawu zendalo kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo.