Iimpawu zendawo yokuhlala. Indawo yendawo yaseRashiya, intsimi, indawo, iingongoma eziphambili

I-Russia lizwe elikhulu kwihlabathi ngokwemimandla yendawo . Iyiphi intsimi ehlala kuyo? Ziziphi iimpawu eziphambili ze-geopolitical and economic-geographical position?

Ulwazi oluyisiseko malunga neRashiya

Isimo samanje saseRashiya savela kwibalazwe yehlabathi kuphela ngo-1991. Nangona amaqhinga asemthethweni avuka kakhulu ngaphambili - malunga neenkulungwane ezilishumi elinanye ezedlulileyo.

IRashiya yanamhlanje i-republic republic. Iqukethe izifundo ezingama-85, ezahlukileyo kwindawo kunye nabemi. IRashiya yindawo ephakamileyo yezizwe apho abahlali bamaqela angaphezu kwamawaka amabini ahlala khona.

Leli lizwe lizwe lizwe likhulu lizwe leoli, igesi, idayimane, i-platinum kunye ne-titanium. Kwakhona omnye wabavelisi abakhokelayo behlabathi be-ammonia, izichumisi ze-mineral kunye nezixhobo. I-Russia enye yeyona ndawo ekhokelayo yehlabathi kunye namandla enyukliya.

Ziziphi iimpawu eziphambili zeendawo zaseRashiya? Oku kuya kuxutyushwa kamva.

Indawo yelizwe laseRussia: indawo, indawo, amaphulo amakhulu kunye nabemi

Eli lizwe lihlala kwindawo enkulu ye-17.1 yezigidi zeemitha zesikwere. I-Km (kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi ngobukhulu bomhlaba). Iyalula ngeekhilomitha eziliwaka elinesibini, ukusuka emanxwemeni olwandle lwaseMnyama kunye neBaltic entshona ukuya eBering Strait empuma. Ubude belizwe ukusuka kumntla ukuya empumalanga bubungama-4000 km.

Amaphuzu angqongqo kwintsimi yaseRashiya yile ilandelayo (zonke ziboniswa ngeempawu ezibomvu kwimephu apha ngezantsi):

• Umntla - iKapa Fligeli (ngaphakathi kweLizwe likaFranz Josef);
• Emazantsi - kufuphi nentaba iKichensuv (kwiDagestan);
• IWestern - kwiBaltic Spit (kwiNgingqi yeKaliningrad);
• Isiqithi sase-East-Ratmanov (kwiBering Strait).

I-Russia imida ngokuthe ngqo kunye namazwe azi-14 ezizimeleyo, kunye namazwe amabini ahlonelwayo (Abkhazia kunye neSouth Ossetia). Inyaniso enomdla: malunga ne-75% yelizwe i-Asia, kodwa kwicandelo layo laseYurophu, malunga nama-80% aseRashiya ahlala. Inani labantu baseRussia: malunga nabantu abayizigidi ezili-147 (ngoJanuwari 1, 2017).

Indawo ye-Physico-geography yaseRashiya

Ummandla wonke waseRashiya uhlala kwiNyakatho yeNtlabathi yomhlaba kwaye phantse bonke (ngaphandle kwecandelo elincinane leChikkotka Autonomous Okrug) - ngaphakathi kweMpuma yeHemisphere. Urhulumente usekuyingxenyeni esemantla kunye nendawo e-Eurasia kwaye ihlala malunga nama-30% aseAsia.

Ukusuka ngasentla, ulwandle lwaseRashiya luhlanjululwa ngolwandle lwe-Arctic Ocean, kwaye ngasempuma yi-Pacific Ocean. Kwinqanaba lasentshonalanga, likwazi ukufikelela kuLwandle oluMnyama, oluse-Basin Ocean. Izwe linomda ode kunabo bonke phakathi kwamazwe ehlabathi-ngaphezu kweeyure ezingamawaka ezingama-37. Le yimiba ephambili ye-physico-geographical position yaseRashiya.

Izwe linomthombo omkhulu kunye nokuhlukahluka kwemithombo yendalo. Kwizithuba zayo ezidityanisiweyo, iindleko ezicebileyo zeoli kunye negesi, i-iron ore, i-titanium, i-tin, i-nickel, ithusi, i-uranium, igolide kunye neadayimane. IRashiya nayo inamanzi amaninzi kunye nemithombo yehlathi. Ngokukodwa, malunga ne-45% yendawo yayo ihlanganiswe nehlathi.

Kufanelekile ukugqamisa ezinye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zendawo ye-physico-geography yaseRashiya. Ngaloo ndlela, ininzi yeli lizwe lisezantsi kumgangatho we-60 wesantla, kwindawo echaphazelekayo. Kwaye kule mimandla nzima yendalo kunye nemozulu, izigidi zabantu ziphoqeleka ukuba ziphile. Konke oku, ngokuqinisekileyo, kwashiya uphawu lwayo kwindlela yobomi, inkcubeko kunye nezithethe zabantu baseRussia.

IRashiya isentsimini yeso sibizo sokulima. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuphuhliswa ngempumelelo kwezolimo kwiinkoliso zayo kunzima okanye akunakwenzeka. Ngoko ke, ukuba akukho ukushisa okwaneleyo kwimimandla ekumntla yelizwe, ngoko ke kumzantsi, ngokuchaseneyo, kukho ukusilela kwamanzi. Ezi mpawu zendawo yelizwe laseRashiya zinomphumela obonakalayo kwicandelo lezolimo-shishino loqoqosho lwazo, olufuna kakhulu inkxaso-mali.

Izixhobo kunye namanqanaba omhlaba wezoqoqosho kunye neendawo

Ngaphantsi kwezoqoqosho-geographical position (EGP) yelizwe okanye ummandla uqondwa ulwalamano lwentsebenziswano kunye nobudlelwane bamashishini ngamnye, indawo yokuhlala kunye nemimandla ngezinto ezikhoyo ngaphandle kwelizwe kwaye zinefuthe elinamandla kuyo.

Iingcali zenzululwazi zihlula ezi zinto zilandelayo ze-EGP:

• Zothutho;
• Zoshishino;
• Agrogeographic;
• Amanani;
• Ukuzonwabisa;
• Imarike (isikhundla esiphathelene nemarike yokuthengisa).

Uvavanyo lwe-EGP yelizwe okanye ummandla lwenziwa ngamanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo: kumanqanaba amancinci, ama-meso kunye namanqanaba amakhulu. Emva koko, siza kuhlola ukutyalwa kweRashiya ngokumalunga nehlabathi ngokubanzi.

Iimpawu, utshintsho kwindawo yezoqoqosho kunye neendawo zaseRashiya

Ubungakanani bemihlaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kunye nenzuzo yendawo yezoqoqosho kunye neendawo zeRussia Federation, apho iinjongo ezininzi zinxulumene nazo. Ivumela ilizwe ukuba linike isahlulo esisebenzayo sezabasebenzi, isetyenziswe ngemithombo yaso enemveliso, njl. Imida yaseRashiya kumazwe alinesine e-Eurasia, phakathi kwayo enezinto ezinamandla ezinobungozi baseChina, e-Ukraine naseKazakhstan. Izixhobo zokuthutha ezininzi ziqinisekisa ukusebenzisana okufutshane kunye namazwe aseNtshona naseMntla Yurophu.

Apha, mhlawumbi, iinjongo eziphambili zendawo yendawo yaseRashiya yobume bezoqoqosho. Kutshintshe njani kwiminyaka emva nje? Ngaba utshintshe?

Emva kokuwa kwe-USSR, imeko yezoqoqosho kunye neendawo zelizwe zenzeke ngokuphawulekayo. Kwaye okokuqala kuzo zonke izithuthi. Emva koko, ukufikelela kweRashiya kwimimandla yamanzi ebalulekileyo yamanxweme aMnyama kunye neBaltic ekuqaleni kwee-1990 yayingqongqo, kwaye ilizwe ngokwalo, ngamakhilomitha angamakhulu amaninzi, liye laphuma kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zaseYurophu. Ukongezelela, iRashiya ilahlekelwe ezininzi iimarike zendabuko ngokwazo.

Indawo ye-geopolitical yaseRashiya

Isikhundla se-geopolitiki yindawo yelizwe kwihlabathi lezopolitiko, ubudlelwane balo namanye amazwe. Ngokubanzi, iRashiya inamathuba amaninzi oqoqosho, ezopolitiko, ezempi, kunye nezobugcisa kunye nenkcubeko kunye namazwe amaninzi e-Eurasia nakwihlabathi.

Nangona kunjalo, kungekhona kuwo onke amazwe, olu dlelwane luyindlela efanelekileyo. Ngoko, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubudlelwane baseRashiya kunye namazwe amaninzi e-NATO - iRiphabliki yaseCzech, iRomania, i-Poland, eyayisakuba kunye kunye namanye amazwe aseSoviet Union - aye ehla kakhulu. Le nyaniso, ngendlela, ibizwa ngokuba yiyona ndlela inkulu kakhulu yokutshatyalaliswa kwe-Russian Federation kule nkulungwane entsha.

Ubudlelwane baseRashiya kunye nenani lamasemva aseSoviet lihlala liyinkimbinkimbi kwaye kunoko: i-Ukraine, i-Georgia, iMoldova kunye namazwe ase-Baltic. Imeko ye-geopolitiki yelizwe ngo-2014 kunye nokufikeleleka kwe-peninsula yaseCrimea (ikakhulukazi, kwingingqi ye-Black Sea) yatshintshile kakhulu.

Iinguqu kwiimeko zaseRashiya zezopolitiko kwikhulu lemashumi mabini

Ukuba sicinga ngekhulu lemashumi amabini, ukulungiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwizinto zaseYurophu kunye nezopolitiko zehlabathi zenzeke ngo-1991. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamandla anamandla e-USSR kubandakanye utshintsho olusisiseko kwimeko ye-geopolitical yaseRashiya:

• Kwi-perimeter yaseRashiya kwavela ngaphezulu kwamazwe amancinane kunye namazimeleyo apho kuye kwafuneka ukuba kusetyenziswe uhlobo olutsha lwentsebenziswano;
• Ubukhosi bemikhosi yaseSoviet ekugqibeleni kwasuswa kumazwe amaninzi eMpuma naseYurophu yaseYurophu;
• IRashiya yafumana i-enclave engxaki kunye neyingozi.
• Ibhola lezempi le-NATO liye lisondela ngokuthe ngqo kumda weRussian Federation.

Ngexesha elifanayo, iRashiya sele iqulunqele ubudlelwane obuqinileyo kunye obuhlangeneyo kunye neJamani, iChina, iJapan kunye neIndiya kwiminyaka edlulileyo.

Njengesiphelo: IRashiya kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje

IRashiya inommandla omkhulu, inomntu omkhulu kunye nendalo. Kuze kube yimini, lizwe elikhulu kwilizwe kunye nomdlali obalulekileyo kwibala lehlabathi. Kungenzeka ukwahlula iinkalo ezibalulekileyo zobume belizwe laseRashiya, zilapha:

1. Ubuninzi beendawo ezihlala kuyo kunye nomda omkhulu wemida.
2. Uninzi lweemeko zendalo kunye nezibonelelo.
3. UMoses (ukungalingani) kunye nokuphuhliswa koqoqosho kwintsimi.
4. Amathuba amaninzi okurhweba, ukubambisana kwezempi kunye nezopolitiko kunye namazwe ahlukeneyo angamakhelwane, kuquka uqoqosho olukhokelayo lwehlabathi lanamhlanje.
5. Ukungafani kunye nokungazinzi kwemeko yelizwe ngokweminyaka edlulileyo.

Iimpawu zendawo yelizwe laseRashiya zinceda kakhulu. Kodwa ezi ngenelo (ezendalo, ezoqoqosho, izicwangciso kunye nezobupolitiki) zibalulekile ukufunda ukusebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo nangokulinganayo, zibaqondise ukuba bandise amandla karhulumente kunye nenhlalakahle yabemi bayo.