Ulwakhiwo kunye nokuhlelwa kwezihlunu zabantu

I-muscle yinto esebenzayo ye-musculoskelet system.

Ukwahlula kwezihlunu zenziwa ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo: isikhundla kumzimba womntu, ukuma, ulwalathiso lweemfayili, imisebenzi, isimo sengqondo kumalungu, njl njl.

Iintlobo eziphambili zezihlunu

Ukuhlelwa kwezihlunu zomntu kunye nezilwanyana ezilwanyana zibonisa ukuba kukho iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: izihlunu ezixhatshazwayo, ukuxhatshazwa kwenhliziyo (myocardium) kunye neengcambu ezipholileyo, apho iindonga zemithambo yegazi kunye nezitho zangaphakathi ezingenanto zihlanganiswa.

Injongo yezihlunu ezihluthwayo kukuzisa amathambo, ukuba athathe inxaxheba ekudalweni kweendonga zomlomo, i-thoracic, izibilini zesisu. Ziyinxalenye yamacandelo ancedisayo kwiso, ichaphazela i-ossicles yokuphicotha. Umsebenzi wemisipha yamathambo uqinisekisa ukugcinwa komzimba womntu ngokulinganayo, ukunyakaza kwendawo, ukusebenza kweentshukumo zokuphefumula nokugwinya, ubukho bobuso buso.

Imisipha yamathambo: isakhiwo

Phantse i-40% yesisindo somzimba yabantu abadala sisisifo seesisu nje. Imizimba yamathambo emzimbeni angaphezu kwama-400.

Ubunye bemizimba yamathambo buyi-motoneuron kunye ne- fibers muscle engenakulondolozwa yiyunithi ye-neuromotor. Ngoncedo lweemvakalelo ezithunyelwe yi-motoneuron, iintambo ze-muscle ziyasebenza.

Izihlunu ze-squelettes zimelelwe inani elikhulu leemfusili ze- muscle. Unomumo obanzi. Ukuhlulwa kwezihlunu zabantu kubonisa ukuba ububanzi bawo buyi-10-100 microns, kwaye ubude buhluka ukusuka ku-2-3 ukuya kwi-10-12 cm.

Isistim se-muscle sijikelezwe ngumlenze omncinci - i-sarcolemma equkethe i-sarcoplasm (protoplasm) kunye nenani elikhulu le-nuclei. Icandelo elinesivumelwano sokuthi i-fibre ye-muscle iboniswe yimisipha emide-myofibril, equkethe ikakhulu into ebizwa ngokuba yi-actin.

I-myosin equlethwe kwiiseli kwindawo ehlakazekile. Uninzi lweprotheni, edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ukutyunjwa kwetoni. Kwanjalo, ukuzola koxinzelelo lwesifo samathambo akubhekiseli ekuphumuleni kwayo. Ngeli xesha, ukuxhatshazwa okulinganayo kugcinwa, I-tones tone.

Izixhobo ezixhasayo zezihlunu

Isakhiwo kunye nokuhlelwa kwezihlunu zamathambo kugqiba ukusebenza kwazo. Ngoko ke, banako ukwenza izenzo ezithile kuphela ngoncedo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimpawu ezikhethekileyo ze-anatomical ezenza izixhobo ezincedisayo, ezibandakanya i-fascia, i-tendon sheaths, izikhwama ze-synovial kunye neebhloko. I-fascia isigqubuthelo esinezixhobo ezixhamlayo, isekela isisu esiswini, xa sihla, sithintela ukuxubana kwezihlunu. Kwimeko yokukhubazeka, ubukho be-fascias buvimbela ukusasazeka kwegazi kunye negazi ngexesha lokudumba.

Ukwahlula izihlunu zamathambo ngamagqabantshintshi kunye nezimo ezinamandla

Izisipha zesisu, ngokusekelwe kwimeko yobudlelwane phakathi kweemfumba ze-muscle kunye nokufakelwa kwezicubu ezinxulumene neentramuscular, ziyahlukahluka kwisakhiwo, esichaza ukuhlukahluka kwazo. Amandla emisipha angatyunjwa inani leemisipha, kuba ziqikelela ubunani bobunzima bomzimba. Isimo sakhe sengqondo kumgama we-anatomical uvumela umntu ukuba agwebe malunga nale nto okanye amandla eempawu ezishukumisayo kunye nezimo.

Ukwahlula kwezihlunu zamathambo kwizinto ezahlukileyo kulezi zilinganiso zihlula izihlunu zamathambo zibe zizinto ezinamandla, ezizinzileyo nezizimeleyo.

Isakhiwo esilula sinobuchule bemisipha enamandla. Ekubeni kwimiqathango emnene, imicu yabo ende idlula i-longitudinal axis of the muscle okanye i-angle, yona leyo ichaza ukuba i-anatomical diameter ibe yinto engumzimba. Ezi misipha zenza umthwalo omkhulu. Zine-amplitude enkulu, kodwa ahluke ngamandla. Ezi zihlunu zibhekwa njengezikhawulezileyo, zibuhlungu, kodwa zikhawuleza.

Imisipha ye-stethodynamic ye-perimises (yangaphakathi nangaphandle) iphuhliswe ngakumbi kunokuba isisigxina esishukumisayo, kunye neentambo ze-muscle zifutshane. Bahamba ngendlela eyahlukileyo, oko kukuthi, bayayifaka, ngokungafani nento eguqukayo, ubuninzi bezinto eziphilayo. Ukuba kukho ububanzi obufanayo bomzimba we-anatomical in the muscle, kunokuba no-2, 3, okanye 10 ububanzi bomzimba. Oku kusenza sikwazi ukuchaza ukuba imisipha yomzimba inamandla kunezona ziguquguqukayo. Indima yabo ikuninzi ekugcineni umsebenzi we-static ngexesha loxhaswa, ukugcina amajoyina angasebenzi xa emele. Ziyaziwa ngamandla amakhulu kunye nokunyamezela okukhulu.

Ukwahluka kwemizimba luquka ukuvela kolunye uhlobo lwesithathu. Ezi zizitho zecatic. Bayakwazi ukuphuhlisa kwinkqubo yomthwalo omkhulu we-static owela kuwo. I-lower down ilungiselelo leemisipha emzimbeni, i-static enkulu iyahluke kwisakhiwo. Umsebenzi omkhulu ophezulu xa umile kwaye uxhasa isilungu emhlabathini ngokunyakaza, ukulungisa amajoyina kwindawo ethile, inxalenye yemisebenzi yawo ngqo.

Ukwahlula kwemizimba yezilonda kunye neentlobo zeesithoni

Imisipha, iimbumba zazo ezifumaneka kufana ne-longitudinal axis, zibizwa ngokuba yi-spindle-shaped, okanye efanayo. Xa iifayili zijikeleze kwi-axis, loo msizi ubizwa ngokuba yi-pinnate. Ekupheleni kweendawo zendawo, ngokuyinhloko nje iifusiform kunye nezihlunu.

I-intlayuscular interlayers, okanye kunoko inani labo, kunye nezikhokelo zezicathulo zemisipha zisebenza njengendlela yokunqunyulwa kwezihlunu ze-pinnate zibe ziindidi ezininzi:

• Umntu ongenamnye, apho kungekho ziqulatho zesithonti, ukudibanisa kwee-fibers ze-muscle kwi-tendon, kukho icala elinye kuphela;
• Ezimbini-pinnate; Bane-interlineer ye-tendon kunye nokudibanisa kwama-muscle kwi-tendon;
• I-Multi-pleated, eneetyala ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zeetonon, ezibangela ukudibanisa izihlunu ze-muscle, ziya kwi-tendon evela kumacala amaninzi.

Iimisipha ziyahlula njani ngendlela?

Ukwahlula kwezihlunu kwimo kufanela iintlobo ezininzi eziphambili kwiindidi zazo.

1. Ende. Zifumaneka ikakhulu kwizitho. Ubume babo bufana ne-spindle. Imisipha nganye ihlukaniswe ngamacandelo amathathu: inxalenye ephakathi kuthiwa isisu; Ukuqala kwesihlunu kuthiwa intloko, ukuphela okuphambene nomsila - ngumsila. I-tendon yabo inomfanekiso ofana ne-ribbon. Kukho izidumbu ezininzi, ezingekho enye, kodwa iintloko ezininzi kumathambo ahlukeneyo, okuyimfuneko ukuqinisa inkxaso yabo. Ezi zihlunu zibizwa ngokuba yizihloko ezininzi.
2. Mfutshane. Ziyo apho kungekho ndawo eninzi yokuhamba. Ezi zihlanganisi ze-vertebrae ehlukeneyo, izikhala phakathi kwama-vertebrae kunye nezimbambo, njalo njalo.
3. Uluhlu olubanzi. Zizo ndawo ngokubanzi kwi-trunk kunye neebhanti zecandelo elingaphezulu nangaphantsi. Ziye zandisa iitononi, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-aponeuroses. Izihlunu ezinomsila azenzi nje kuphela umsebenzi wemoto, kodwa zixhasa kwaye zikhusele.
4. Imisipha yezinye iifayile: isikwere, isetyhula, i-deltoid, i-dentate, i-trapezoidal, i-fusiform, njl.

Ukwahlukana kwezihlunu zibe ngamaqela, kuxhomekeke kwinani leentloko kunye nendawo

Isakhiwo kunye nokuhlelwa kwezihlunu ziyahambelana. Ngoko, enye inxalenye ineentloko eziliqela. Banikwa igama ngokuhambelana nenani lentloko: i-biceps (i-biceps), i-triceps (triceps), njl

Ngokuxhomekeka kwindawo apho izihlunu zihlala emzimbeni, zizingqongqo kwaye zizinzulu, ziphakathi kwaye zenzeke, zangaphandle nangaphakathi.

Imisipha ngokuhambelana nomphumo kwizihlanganisi

Ukwahlula kweemisipha ngokubhekiselele kumalathisi kubonisa ukuba kukho ukudibanisa omnye (kuthintela enye idityaniswe), i-bipartite (iphoswe ngamacandelo amabini), kunye nemisipha edibeneyo (yenza amacandelo amathathu okanye ngaphezulu).

Ukwahlula kwemizimba ngokusebenza

Ngalo mqathango, ama-synergists kunye nama-muscle antagonist ahlukeneyo. AbakwaSynergists bazisa intsebenziswano ngokuhambelana kwindlela enye (i-flexors okanye i-extensors), kwaye abachasayo benza into edibeneyo kwiindlela ezimbini ezichaseneyo (i-flexors kunye ne-extensors).

Ukwahlula kwemizimba ngokusebenza kuquka nezinye iindlela. Kwakhona, izihlunu zikhokelela, zihoxise. Unokwenza imisebenzi yokujikeleza, ukucima, ukuncinci, ukwandisa, ukuphakamisa, ukuhla, ukulula, ukudonsa.