Iimpawu sulphur Physical nemichiza

Isalfure - eliqhelekileyo kwemichiza nature element (umxholo elinesithandathu kwi kolu qweqwe lomhlaba kunye yesithandathu - kumanzi zendalo). Kukho zombini sulphur lweenkobe (ezamahala isiqalelo karhulumente) kunye nonxibelelwano yayo.

Sulphur endalweni

Phakathi izimbiwa ibalulekileyo sulphur yendalo kubizwa ngokuba pyrite ngentsimbi, sphalerite, galena, cinnabar, stibnite. Ezilwandle eziqulathwe isikakhulu ngohlobo ikhalsiyam sulphate, nemagnesium kesodiyam abangele ngqongqo yamanzi yendalo.

Indlela ukufumana nesulfure?

Nezokukhupha ore sulphur eziveliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Indlela ephambili sulphur yi ukunyibilikisa yayo ngqo behleli-apho.

Vula indlela imigodi kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa ukumbiwa, esusa ngongqameko lwamatye inkunkuma ezisisiphumo ore sulphuric. Emva ezityumza Ungqabhuko ore ingenamthungo ngqo isityalo sabo seroplavilny.

Kushishino, nesulfure ifunyenwe njenge eceleni yeenkqubo e amaziko ukuze yokunyibilika, xa nokusulungekiswa. Kukuninzi, oko ekhona igesi yendalo (ngohlobo lwe-sulphur dioxide okanye emanzini), lo nezokukhupha efakwe kwi ezindongeni izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo. igesi uvaleleke ukusuka sulphur isetyenziswa kwishishini yemichiza ocolekileyo, izinto ekrwada ukuba ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo.

Le eziphathekayo ilungiswe ukusuka dioxide zendalo nesalfure. Ukuze wenze oku, sebenzisa indlela Claus. It iqulathe ekusetyenzisweni "kwemingxuma sulphur" apho kukho degassing nesalfure. Ngenxa yoko sulphur lungiswa zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso asphalt.

Basic ukuguqulwa sulphur allotropic

Isalfure allotropy semvelo. Inani elikhulu zokuguqulwa allotropic. Eyona idumileyo ke orthorhombic (crystalline), monoclinic (inaliti) kunye nesalfure zeplastiki. I iinguqulelo ezimbini zokuqala uzinzile, lo wesithathu ngexesha Ukuqinisa iguqulelwa ibe rhombic.

Iimpawu zomzimba okuluphawu sulphur

Molecule orthorhombic (α-S) kunye monoclinic (β-S) ziqulathe ulungiso-8 sulfur, abaqhagamshelwe kwi loop evaliweyo ngeentambo eyodwa covalent.

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, sulphur sele ukuguqulwa rhombic. It is a crystalline etyheli esiqinileyo kunye ukuxinana 2,07 g / cm ^3. Linyibilike at 113 ° C. Monoclinic sulphur konga 1,96 g / cm ^3, iqondo layo ukunyibilika yi 119,3 ° C.

Emva ukunyibilika ukunyuka sulphur ngobukhulu lube ulwelo elimthubi iba brawuni kwi 160 ° C baza basenza ubunzima viscous omdaka mnyama ukufikelela malunga 190 ° C. Kwiqondo lobushushu ngaphezulu eli xabiso le viscosity sulphur kunciphisa. Malunga 300 ° C kwakhona uba karhulumente ulwelo flowable. Oku kungenxa kwinkqubo zokufudumeza sele polymerized isalfure, kunye lobushushu olwandayo ukwandisa ubude chain. Kwaye xa ixabiso lobushushu phezu 190 ° C kukho yintshabalalo kweeyunithi polymerized.

Emva olupholisa le sulphur anyibilike ngokwendalo kwasekwa crucibles zezindlu-kuthiwa nentlama nesalfure - ziikristale rhombic zobukhulu ezinkulu, ukanti imilo egqwethekileyo octahedrons kunye inxenye "kunqunyulwa" ezinemiphetho okanye iikona.

Ukuba izinto etyhidiweyo ufakwa ucimayo (umz, ngokusebenzisa amanzi abandayo), kusenokwenzeka ukuba ufumane isalfure yeplastiki, i ubunzima yirabha luvela brown okanye umbala emnyama obomvu, kunye ukuxinana 2,046 g / cm ^3. Le ukuguqulwa, ngokungafaniyo orthorhombic kunye monoclinic iyahlozinga. Ngokuthe ngcembe (iiyure eziliqela), itshintsha umbala ukuba tyheli, uba zaqina kwaye iba rhombic.

Xa qhwa sulphur umphunga (kushushu kakhulu) Iifomu nitrogen engamanzi purpurea zokuwaguqula, leyo uzinzile kwiqondo lobushushu ngezantsi thabatha 80 ° C.

Le medium zolwelo cishe nesalfure ezingenakunyibilika. Kambe ke luphawulwa ukunyibilika entle organic izinyibilikisi. umqhubi Poor umbane kunye nobushushu.

Iqondo sulphur yi 444,6 ° C. inkqubo ephelekwa inkululeko komsi-orenji-tyheli eliquka okokuqala S ₈ iimolekyuli leyo kwahlula phezu zokufudumeza olandelayo, nto uluhlu lwe lizama abilayo yenza S _6, S ₄ kunye S _2. Ngokubhekele phaya, xa itshiswa ubola molekyuli ezinkulu, kwaye kubushushu ngaphezu kweqondo 900 ngababini luqulathe ncakasana S ₂ iimolekyuli _kwahlula zibe atom kwi 1500 ° C.

Yintoni na iipropati sulphur ngemichiza?

Isalfure yi esiveza non-metal. Afana esebenzayo. Igcwala - iimpawu ukuncitshiswa sulphur ziboniswa malunga nobuninzi lweziqalelo. Xa itshiswe, oko kube lula edibene phantse zonke izinto, echaza phambi kwayo olusisinyanzelo ores zalo. Le Okungumahluko Pt, Au, mna _2, N ₂ kunye neegesi ezinqabileyo. Igcwala esizibonakalisa e iikhompawundi isalfure, -2, +4, +6.

Iimpahla isalfure oxygen kubangela umoya wayo komlilo. Isiphumo sale intsebenziswano Ukwakheka kwe-sulphur dioxide (SO ₂₎ kunye nesalfure (SO ₃₎ anhydrides kusetyenziswa ukuvelisa asidi kabi kunye sulphuric.

Bushushu, iipropati zokunciphisa sulphur sibonakalalisiwe kuphela malunga fluorine kwi indlela eyenza sulphur hexafluoride :

• S + 3f ₂ = SF _6.

Phezu zokufudumeza (in a zinyibilikile) kukho awasabela chlorine, phosphorus, lesilicon, carbon. Le abasabela ngayo emanzini iifomu hydrogen Ukongeza sulfane edibene H indlela jikelele ₂ S _H.

Iipropati Oxidative waphawula sulphur ukusabela kunye nesinyithi. Kwezinye iimeko, umntu bagcine kakhulu yokusabela eyomeleleyo. Impefumlelwano sulfides yesinyithi kuyilwa (sulphur iikhompawundi) kunye polysulfides (mnogosernistye isinyithi).

ukufudumeza elide azithethelele asidi nkqi, iioksidenti, apho oxidized.

Emva koko, cinga ngeempawu ezingundoqo iikhompawundi sulphur.

sulphur dioxide

Isalfure oxide (IV), nezaziwa ngokuba sulphur dioxide kunye acetic kabi, yigesi (ezingenambala) kunye ivumba elibukhali angafi. Ityekele ukuba kwegesi phantsi koxinzelelo kubushushu igumbi. SO ₂ kuyinto oxide asidi. Oku lubonakala ngokuba ukunyibilika yamanzi elungileyo. Oku kudala ababuthathaka, kabi acid ezingazinzanga, apho ikhona kuphela isisombululo zolwelo. Indlela abasabela ngayo sulphur dioxide kunye sulfites kwealkali kwakhiwa.

It has a umsebenzi kunokuba phezulu chemical. Uninzi zicaca ezi iimpawu ukuncitshiswa chemical of sulphur oxide (IV). reactions ezinjalo zihambisana kukwanda iqondo sulphur igcwala.

Iipropati Oxidative chemical walibonakalisa sulphur oxide phambi arhente kakhulu ukunciphisa (umz, carbon monoxide).

sulphur trioxide

Isalfure trioxide (sulphur dioxide) - le oxide liphezulu sulphur (VI). Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, oko ulwelo ezingenambala ekucaphukisayo ukuba livumba ubhobhoyi. Ityekele ngumkhenkce kwi amaxabiso obushushu aphantsi degrees 16.9. Kulo mzekelo, umxube yikristale ezahlukeneyo ulungiso ngayo sulphur trioxide okuqinileyo. sulphur High oksayidi iipropati hygroscopic kunokubangela "dymlenie" yalo imiqathango umoya ofumileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ukubunjwa zamathontsana acid sulphuric.

emanzini

Emanzini yikhemikhali compound yokubini yeehidrojeni nesalfure. H ₂ S - yigesi zinetyhefu enemibala emihle, iimpawu uphawu kuzo incasa sweet kunye nevumba amaqanda abolileyo. Linyibilike kubushushu ka thabatha 86 ° C kwaye amathumba kwi -60 ° C. Thermally sibi. Kwiqondo lobushushu uyayixabisa ngaphezulu kwama-400 ° C ebangela yokubola emanzini ukuya S kunye H _2. It luphawulwa ukunyibilika entle ethanol. Amanzi iyachithakala kakuhle. Ngenxa wokupheliswa emanzini Iifomu emanzini asidi. Emanzini i arhente kakhulu ekunciphiseni.

Ezinokutsha. Xa umoya wayo yokutsha uyakwazi ukubona ilangatye oluhlaza. Kungomlinganiselo aphezulu ngayo idibene nesinyithi ezininzi.

sulphuric acid

Sulphuric acid (H ₂ SO ₄₎ ingaba ezahlukahlukeneyo zoqhaphelo nokucoceka. Urhulumente anhydrous yi ulwelo ezingenambala olunamafutha ukuba akukho ivumba.

lobushushu apho iziyobisi inyibilikiswa, yi-10 ° C. abilayo ngu 296 ° C. Amanzi iyachithakala kakuhle. Xa zichithakala sulphuric carbohydrate acid esiyiyo, kunye isixa esikhulu ubushushu. Iqondo izisombululo zolwelo noxinzelelo ka-760 mm HG. Art. ngaphezu 100 ° C. Ukwandisa abilayo kwenzeka olwandayo acid.

Iimpawu acid umbandela kuvela kwi intsebenziswano kunye oxides ezisisiseko kunye neziseko. H ₂ SO ₄ a diacid, ngaloo ndlela bangaba njengoko sulfates (neetyuwa medium) kunye hydrosulfates (netyuwa asidi), uninzi lwazo enyibilikayo emanzini.

Oku kubonakala kakhulu ngokucacileyo iipropati sulphuric acid ngayo redox. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba nokwakhiwa H ₂ SO ₄ kwi iqondo aphezulu sulphur igcwala (6). Ngokomzekelo abonakalisa zeepropati oxidative kwe-sulphuric acid kungabangela awasabela ne yobhedu:

• Cu + 2H ₂ SO ₄ = CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O + SO _2.

Isalfure: izakhiwo eziluncedo

Isalfure yinto element umkhondo kubalulekile ukuba izinto eziphilayo. Le yinxalenye acid (methionine kunye cysteine), enzyme iivithamini. Le element libandakanyeka ukuyilwa kobume neliphezulu protini. Isixa sulphur yento iikhemikhali equlethwe iiproteni, kukuba ngokobunzima ukusuka 0.8 ukuya 2.4%. Umxholo element emzimbeni womntu malunga 2 grams nganye 1 kg ubunzima (ngamanye amazwi, malunga 0.2% of sulphur).

iimpawu eziluncedo i element mkhondo ayikwazi nemikhuba. Ukukhusela protoplasm yegazi, nesulfure yi umncedisi esebenzayo umzimba ekulweni iintsholongwane eziyingozi. Kuxhomekeke kubungakanani amahlwili, oko kukuthi i element inceda ukugcina inqanaba yayo eyaneleyo. Isalfure kwakhona idlala indima ekulondolozeni amanqanaba eqhelekileyo ukuzikisa ingqondo inyongo eveliswe umzimba.

"Beauty ezimbiwa" oko kudla ngokuba, kuba oko kuyimfuneko ukuba kulondolozwe impilo eluswini, iinwele kunye nezikhonkwane. Isalfure amandla emvelo okukhusela umzimba nxamnye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo nefuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo. Kuyanceda ukuba isantya ukwaluphala. Isalfure hlantswa umzimba ityhefu kwaye ikhusela kwimitha, leyo ngoku kubaluleke ngakumbi, banikwa imeko yangoku esingqongileyo.

mali olunganelanga leziqalelo mkhondo emzimbeni kunokukhokelela ukususwa abaziintsizana ityhefu, okukwazi ephantsi nangamandla.

Isalfure --nxaxheba yefotosinthsis yebhaktiriya. Kuyinto isisahlulo bacteriochlorophyll kunye emanzini - umthombo hydrogen.

Sera: izakhiwo kunye nezicelo kushishino

I-sulphur ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo kakhulu ukuba ukuvelisa sulphuric acid. Kwakhona iimpawu le nto kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ukuze yokuhlanganisa iirubber, njengokuba fungicide kwezolimo kunye neziyobisi (nesalfure colloid). Ngaphezu koko, nesulfure isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa imatshisi kunye nokwenziwa pyrotechnic, kuba yingxenye lokwenza seroasfalta ezo zililo serobitumnyh.