Oxides, iityuwa, neziseko zazo, ii-asidi. Properties oxides, iziseko, ii-asidi, iityuwa

Inzululwazi yamanje yenzululwazi yinkcubeko eyahlukeneyo, kwaye ngamnye kubo, ngaphezu kwendlela yokufunda, ibaluleke kakhulu, iyasebenza. Nantoni na ochaphazelayo, yonke into ejikelezileyo yimveliso yemveliso yamakhemikhali. Amacandelo angundoqo ayimvelo kunye nezolimo. Makhe siqwalasele ukuba zeziphi iindidi eziphambili zezinto ezibhekiselele kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga kwaye ziziphi iimpahla eziba nazo.

Iindidi eziphambili zeemveliso ezikhoyo

Kwabo kuyinto yesiko ukufaka oku kulandelayo:

1. Oxides.
2. Ityuwa.
3. Izizathu.
4. Acids.

Iqela ngalinye limelelwa yintlobo ehlukahlukeneyo yeempawu zendalo kwaye ibalulekile kulo naluphina isakhiwo somsebenzi wezoqoqosho kunye noshishino lomntu. Zonke iipropati eziphambili ezibonakaliswe kwezi zixhobo, ukufunyanwa kwendalo kunye nokwamkelwa zifundwa kwiklasi yeekhemistri, nakanjani, kumabakala 8-11.

Kukho i-table jikelele ye-oxides, i-salts, iziseko, ii-acids, apho ziboniswa khona imizekelo yazo zonke izinto kunye nombuso wazo, ngokusemgangathweni. Kwakhona, intsebenziswano echaza iinkqubo zeekhemikhali iboniswa. Nangona kunjalo, siya kujonga nganye kwiklasi ngokwahlukileyo kunye nangakumbi.

Iqela lamaqumrhu - i-oxides

Iikhoxisi yinkalo yeemveliso ezi- inorganic ezinezinto ezimbini (ibinariyali), enye yazo ihlale i-O (i-oksijini) ngeqondo eliphantsi le-oxidation -2, emi kwindawo yesibini kwindlela yokusebenza yento. Umzekelo: N ₂ O _{5, i-} CaO njalonjalo.

Iikhoxisi zihlelwa njengolu hlobo lulandelayo.

I. Nesoobrazuyuschie - akakwazi ukwenza iityu.

II. Ukwenza ityuwa - banako ukwenza iitrothi (kunye neziseko, i-amphoteric compounds, kunye nomnye, iicidi).

1. Aicdic acids - xa befika emanzini benza ama-acid. Iqulunqwe yizinto ezingekho zinyithi ngokuqhelekileyo kunezinyithi ezine-CO ephezulu (iqondo le-oxidation).
2. Eziphambili - xa zingena kwiifom zamanzi. Yenziwe ngezinto zetsimbi.
3. I-Amphoteric - ibonisa uhlobo lwe-acid-based double, olumiselwa yimeko yokusabela. Ziyilwe ngenguqu yezitshixo.
4. Ezixutywayo - ngokuqhelekileyo zibhekisela kwiisaliti zenziwe ngamacandelo amaninzi e-oxidation.

I-oxide ephezulu i-oxide apho indawo yokwenza ifakwe kwindawo ephezulu ye-oxidation. Umzekelo: I ⁺⁶ _. I-tellurium, i-degree ephezulu ye-oxidation yi -6, ke iTe ₃ iyona ephezulu ye-oxide yale nxalenye. Kwinkqubo yexesha eliphantsi, phantsi kweqela ngalinye lezinto, isalathisi epheleleyo yomqondiso isayinwe ebonisa i-oxide ephezulu kuzo zonke iziqendu kweli qela, kodwa kuphela iqela eliphambili. Umzekelo, phantsi kweqela lokuqala lezinto (i-alkali zetsimbi) kukho ifom yefomu R ₂ O, oko kuthetha ukuba zonke iinqununu zeqela eliphambili kweli qela liza kuba kanye nale fom ye-oxide ephezulu. Umzekelo: Rb ₂ O, iiCs ₂ O njalo njalo.

Xa i-oxide ephezulu ichithwa ngamanzi, sithola i-hydroxide ehambelana (i-alkali, i-acid okanye i-amphoteric hydroxide).

Uhlobo lwe-oxides

Izikhokelo zikhoyo kuzo zonke iindawo eziqhelekileyo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Uninzi lwawo lufomini oluqinileyo okanye i-powder ifomu (CaO, iSiO ₂ ), ezinye i-KO (i-oxide e-acid) zivela njengama-liquids (Mn ₂ O ₇ ), kwakunye neegesi (Hayi, Hayi ₂ ). Oku kuchazwa ngumgaqo we-crystal lattice. Ngako oko umehluko kumaphunga abilayo kunye ne-melting, ahlukahluka kummeli ahlukeneyo -272 ⁰ С ukuya + 70-80 ⁰ С (ngamanye amaxesha aphezulu). Ubunqabileyo emanzini buhluke.

1. I-Soluble - i-oxides eyisiseko yentsimbi, ebizwa ngokuba yi-alkaline, umhlaba we-alkaline, kunye ne-acidic, ngaphandle kwe- silicon oxide (IV).
2. I-oxide-amphoteric oxides, zonke izinto ezisisiseko kunye ne-SiO _2.

Yintoni i-oxides idibene nayo?

Izixube, iisaliti, iziseko, i-acids zibonisa iimpawu ezifanayo. Iipropati eziqhelekileyo malunga nayo yonke i-oxides (ngaphandle koyi-ityuwa-yokwenza) ikwazi ukwenza iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo ngenxa yokusebenzisana okuthile. Nangona kunjalo, iqela ngalinye lee-oxides libonakaliswe yimpawu ezithile zeekhemikhali, ezibonisa iipropati.

Iipropati zamaqela e-oxide ahlukeneyo

I-oxides eziphambili-GS	I-Acidic oxides - CO	Amibini (amphoteric) i-oxides -AO	Izixhasi ezingafaki iisaliti
1. Ukuphendula ngamanzi: ukwakha i-alkalis (i-oxide ze-alkali kunye ne-alkaline komhlaba) Fr 2 O + amanzi = 2FrOH 2. Ukuphendula nge-acids: ukwakheka kweetyu namanzi Acid + Mna + n O = H 2 O + ityuwa 3. Ukuphendula nge-CO, ukwakheka kweetyu namanzi I-lithium oxide + nitrogen oxide (V) = 2LiNO 3 4. Ukuphendula, ngenxa yokokuba izinto ziguqula i-CO Mna + n O + C = Me 0 + CO	1. Amanzi afumanekayo: i-acid form (i-SiO 2 yokupheliswa) KO + amanzi = i-acid 2. Ukuphendula kunye neziseko: CO 2 + 2CsOH = Cs 2 CO 3 + H 2 O 3. Ukuphendula ngeenkomidi ezisisiseko: ukwakha ityuwa P 2 O 5 + 3 MnO = Mn 3 (PO 3 ) 2 4. Ukuphendula kwe-OVR: CO 2 + 2Ca = C + 2CaO,	Zibonisa iimpahla eziphinda kabini, zisebenzisana ngokwemigaqo ye-acid-based method (nge-acids, alkalis, i-oxides eyisiseko, i-oxide ye-asidi). Amanzi awanxulumani namanzi. 1. I-acids: ukwakheka kweetyu namanzi AO + acid = ityuwa + H 2 O 2. Ngeziseko (alkalis): ukwakheka kwama-hydroxycomplexes Al 2 O 3 + LiOH + amanzi = Li [Al (OH) 4 ] 3. Ukuphendula nge-oxyde acidic: ukulungiswa kweetyu I-FeO + SO 2 = I-FESO 3 4. Ukuphendula ngeOO: ukwakheka kweetyu, ukuxuba MnO + Rb 2 O = ityuwa kabini yeRb 2 MnO 2 5. Ukuphendula kwefusion kunye ne-alkalin ne-alkali yentsimbi ye-carbonates: ukwakha ityuwa Al 2 O 3 + 2 LiOH = 2LiAlO 2 + H 2 O	Musa ukwenza i-acids okanye i-alkalis. Zibonisa iipropati ezithile.

I-oxide ephezulu ephezulu, eyenziwe yintsimbi yesibini kunye non-metal, ichithwa ngamanzi, inika i-asidi eqinile okanye i-alkali.

Iimpawu eziphilayo kunye nama-acid

Kwi-classical sounding (esekelwe kwiindawo ze-ED-electrolytic dissociation - Svante Arrhenius), ii-acids zidibanisa izicatshulwa zeH ⁺ kwindawo ephilileyo kunye ne-anion yama-residu ase-An ^- . Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje ama-acids afundwe ngokugqithiseleyo kwiimeko ezinobungozi, ngoko kukho iingcamango ezininzi ezahlukileyo ze-hydroxides.

Iifomula zomkhosi ze-oxides, iziseko, i-acids, i-salts zenziwe kuphela ngeempawu, iziqendu kunye neendlwana, ezibonisa ubungakanani bawo kwimiba. Ngokomzekelo, i-acids engabonakaliyo ibonakaliswa ngu-H ⁺ asele asele asele ^n- . Umcimbi womzimba unomnye ummeli. Ukongeza kwi-empirical, bayakwazi ukubhala ifom epheleleyo kunye neyigqubuthelo, engayi kubonakalisa kuphela ukubunjwa kunye nobungakanani be-molecule, kodwa kunye nomyalelo wee-athomu, ubudlelwane babo nomnye kunye neqela eliphambili lomsebenzi we-carboxylic acid -COOH.

Inorganic zonke iicidi zihlukaniswe ngamaqela amabini:

• Anoxic - HBr, HCN, HCL kunye nabanye;
• I-oxygen equkethe (oxo acids) - i-HClO ₃ kunye nayo yonke indawo apho i-oksijeni.

Kwakhona, ii-acids ezingenalutho zihlelwe ngokuzinza (ezizinzile okanye ezizinzile - yonke into ngaphandle kwelahle kunye ne-sulfide, engaqinisekiyo okanye engaqinisekiyo-amalahle nesulfure). Amandla ama-acids anganamandla: i-sulfuric, i-hydrochloric, i-nitric, i-chloric kunye nabanye, kwaye ibuthathaka: i-hydrogen sulphide, i-hypochlorous kunye nabanye.

I-chemistry chemistry ayinikezeli olo hlobo. Ii-Acids, ezizinto zendalo, zibhekisela kuma- acids carboxylic acid. Isiqhelo sabo esifanelekileyo kukuba kubakho iqela elisebenzayo -COOH. Umzekelo, i-HCOOH (ifomu), i-CH ₃ COOH (i-acetic), i-C ₁₇ H _{35 i-} COOH (i-stearic) kunye nabanye.

Kukho inani le-acids, elona lugxininiswe ngokucokisekileyo xa ucinga ngesi sihloko kwiklasi yekhemistry.

1. Ityuwa.
2. Iitrogen.
3. Orthophosphoric.
4. Hydrobromic acid.
5. Amalahle.
6. Hydrogen iodide.
7. Sulfure.
8. Acetic, okanye i-ethane.
9. Butane, okanye ioli.
10. Benzoic.

Ezi zi-10 ze-acids ekhemistry zizinto eziphambili zeklasi ezihambelana naso kwikhosi yesikolo nakwi-industry kunye ne-synthesis ngokubanzi.

Iipropati ze-acids ezingekhoyo

Kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezisemgangathweni ziyimfuneko ukuba zibalawule okokuqala kuzo zonke iindawo ezihlukeneyo zombuso. Emva koko, kukho inani lee-acids ezibonakala ngathi zi-crystals okanye i powders (boric, orthophosphoric) phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Uninzi lwama-acids angaqhelekanga aluhlaza. Amaphunga abilisayo kunye nantlanzi ahluka.

I-Acids ingabangela ukutshisa okukhulu, kuba banegunya elinokuthi libhubhise ama-tissue kunye nekhumba. Ukufumana izixhobo zokusebenzisa izixhobo:

• I-Methylorange (ngokuqhelekileyo ephakathi-orange, kwi-acids - obomvu),
• I-Litmus (ngokungathathi hlangothi - obomvu, kwi-acids - obomvu) okanye kwabanye.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo zeepiksi zepropati ziquka ukukwazi ukusebenzisana nezinto ezilula kunye eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Iimpawu zeChimicals ze-acids ezingekhoyo

Nento abadibana ngayo	Umzekelo wokuphendula
1. Ngezitshixo ezilula. Okufunekayo: isinyithi kufuneka sime kwi-EHRNM kwi-hydrogen, kuba isinyithi esima emva kwe-hydrogen asikwazi ukuyikhupha kwi-acid composition. Ngenxa yempendulo, i-hydrogen ihlala ikhona ngendlela yegesi kunye netyuwa.	HCL + AL = i- aluminium i-chloride + H 2
2. Ngeziseko. Impendulo yenzelwa ityuwa namanzi. Ukuphendula okunjalo kwezi-acidi ezinamandla kunye ne-alkali kuthiwa yi-neutralization reaction.	Nayiphi na i-asidi (eqinile) + isisombululo esisisiseko = ityuwa namanzi
3. I-amphoteric hydroxides. Isiphumo: ityuwa namanzi.	2HNO 2 + beryllium hydroxide = Yiba (Hayi 2 ) 2 (ityuwa yesisindo) + 2H 2 O
4. Ngeenkomidi ezisisiseko. Isiphumo: amanzi, ityuwa.	2HCL + FeO = i-chloride ye-ferric (II) + H 2 O
5. Ngama-oxide amphoteric. Umphumo wokugqibela: ityuwa namanzi.	2HI + ZnO = ZnI 2 + H 2 O
6. Ngeesalti ezenziwe ngama-acid abuthathaka. Isiphumo sokugqibela: ityuwa kunye ne-asidi ebuthakathaka.	2HBr + MgCO 3 = i-magnesium bromide + H 2 O + CO 2

Azikho zonke iicidi eziphendula ngokulinganayo ekusebenzisaneni nezitye. I-Kemistry (ibanga lesi-9) esikolweni ibonisa ukuba isifundo esingacacanga sendlela yokuphendula, kodwa kweli nqanaba iipropati ezithile ze-nitric ne-sulfuric acid nazo ziqwalaselwa xa zibandakanya nezitye.

Ama-Hydroxide: i-alkalis, i-amphoteric kunye neziseko ezingekho phantsi

Iidiski, iiriti, iziseko, i-acids - zonke ezi ntlobo zezinto zinezinto eziqhelekileyo zemichiza, ngenxa yesakhiwo se-crystal lattice, kunye nefuthe elifanayo kunye nama-athomu ekwakheni iamolekyu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kwakunokwenzeka ukunika inkcazo ecacileyo kwi-oxides, ngoko kunzima ukwenza i-acids kunye neziseko.

Kanye nama-acids, iziseko kwiingcamango ze-ED zizinto ezikwazi ukubola kwiinqununu zensimbi Me ^{n +} kunye nee anions zamaqela e-hydroxyl OH-kwisisombululo esinamandla.

Ukwahlula kwiindidi zesiseko kunoku:

• I-soluble okanye i-alkali (iziseko ezinamandla eziguqula umbala wezalathisi). Yenziwe ngamatye amaqela I, II. Umzekelo: i-KOH, i-NaOH, i-LiOH (oko kukuthi, kuphela iinqununu ezincinci ziqwalaselwe);
• I-soluble ephantsi okanye engekho (ingamandla aphakathi, angatshintshi umbala wezalathisi). Umzekelo: i-magnesium hydroxide, isinyithi (II), (III) kunye nabanye.
• I-molecular (iziseko ezinobuthakathaka, kwindawo ephilileyo, ngokungafaniyo zidibanisa kwiimon molecule). Umzekelo: N ₂ H _4, amines, ammonia.
• Amphoteric hydroxides (umboniso wesibini-asethi). Umzekelo: i- aluminium hydroxide, i- beryllium, i-zinc hydroxide njalonjalo.

Iqela ngalinye elimele lifundwa kwiklasi yekhemistri kwiziko "leZiseko". I-Chemistry 8-9 yeklasi ibonisa ukufundwa ngokubanzi kwama-alkalis kunye namaqumrhu azinzileyo.

Iipropati eziphambili zeziseko

Zonke i-alkalis kunye ne-compact soluble compounds zendalo kwimeko ephilileyo ye-crystalline. Ngexesha elifanayo, amanqaku awo aphantsi, kwaye i-hydroxide engazinzi kakuhle iyancipha. Umbala weziseko zihlukile. Ukuba i-alkali imhlophe, ngoko i-crystals ye-soluble encinci kwaye isiseko se-molecular sinokuba ngumbala ohluke kakhulu. Ukuxiliswa kwamanzi amaninzi kule klasi kunokufunyanwa kwitheyibhile apho i-oxides, iziseko, i-acids, i-salts zihanjiswa, ukuchithwa kwazo kuboniswa.

U-Alkalis unokutshintsha umbala wezalathisi ngale ndlela: i-phenolphthalein - i-crimson, i-methylorange-yellow. Oku kuqinisekiswa ngokufumaneka kwamahhala kwamaqela e-hydroxo kwisisombululo. Yingakho iisiseko ezingenasombululo ezinokuthi ziphendule.

Iipropati zeekhemikhali zeqela ngalinye leziseko zihlukile.

Iimpawu zeChimpi
Alkalis	Iziseko ezizinzileyo	Amphoteric hydroxides
I. Ukusebenzisana ne-KO (isisetyu-manzi kunye namanzi): 2LiOH + SO 3 = Li 2 SO 4 + amanzi II. Ukusebenzisana nama-acids (ityuwa namanzi): Impendulo engaphelelangayo (see acids) III. Ukusebenzisana ne-AO ukwenza i-hydroxo eninzi yetyuwa kunye namanzi: 2NaOH + Me + n O = Na 2 Me + n O 2 + H 2 O, okanye Na 2 [Me + n (OH) 4 ] IV. Ukusebenzisana ne-amphoteric hydroxides kunye nokwakhiwa kwamanxuwa adixxo: Kuyafana ne-AO, kuphela ngaphandle kwamanzi V. Ukusebenzisana kunye nosawoti oluncibilikiweyo kunye nokwakhiwa kwama-hydroxide engenamanzi kunye nosawoti: 3CsOH + i-chloride yentsimbi (III) = Fe (OH) 3 + 3CsCl VI. Ukusebenzisana ne-zinc kunye ne-aluminium kwisisombululo esinomsoco ukwenza i-salts kunye ne-hydrogen: 2RbOH + 2Al + amanzi = idixidide ion 2Rb [Al (OH) 4 ] + 3H 2	I. Xa ndifudumala, banokubola: I-insoluble hydroxide = i-oxide + yamanzi II. Ukuphendula nge-acids (iyonke: ityuwa namanzi): Fe (OH) 2 + 2HBr = FeBr 2 + amanzi III. Dibana ne CO: Me + n (OH) n + G = CO + H 2 O	I. abasabela nee-asidi yenze neetyuwa kunye namanzi: Hayidroksayidi, copper (II) + 2HBr = CuBr 2 + amanzi II. Idityaniswe alkalis: iyonke - Salt kunye namanzi (imeko: fusion) Zn (OH) 2 + 2CsOH = G + 2H 2 O III. Ziba neziphumo kunye hydroxides ezinamandla: japan - ityuwa, ukuba basabela kwenzeka kwi isisombululo zolwelo: Cr (OH) 3 + 3RbOH = RB 3 [cr (OH) 6]

Oku inkoliso iimpawu eekhemikhali loo ukubonisa isiseko. iziseko Chemistry ilula kwaye nothobela imithetho jikelele iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo.

Iklasi iityuwa. Classification, iimpawu ezibonakalayo

Ngokusekelwe kwi sikhundla ED, iityuwa ukuba iikhompawundi ezikhankanywe isisombululo zolwelo ukuze kwahlula ukuse- metal Me ⁺ anions ⁿ kwaye anions An ^{not translate the.} Ngoko unokuthelekelela ityuwa. Ukubekwa Chemical inikezela akukho namnye, kodwa oku ichanekile kakhulu.

Kulo mzekelo, bangamasebe ngokwemvelo yemizimba yethu, zonke ityuwa zihlukaniswe:

• Asidi (ukuba ukuse- equlathe hydrogen). UMZEKELO: NaHSO _4.
  
• Key (ifumaneka njengenxenye gidroksogrupp). UMZEKELO: MgOHNO _3, FeOHCL _2.
• Umyinge (esakhiwa kuphela nje zesiqinisekiso yesinyithi kunye namasalela acid). UMZEKELO: NaCL, CaSO _4.
• Dual (kuquka ezimbini zesiqinisekiso metal ezahlukeneyo). UMZEKELO: Naal (SO _{4) 3.}
• Complex (hydroxo, izakhiwo aqua kunye nabanye). Umzekelo: K ₂ [Fe (CN) _4].

iityuwa Formula zibonisa nakuhlobo lwemichiza zabo, ngokunjalo intetho malunga nokuqulunqwa loqobo nelomyinge kwemolekyuli.

Oxides, iityuwa, iziseko, ii-asidi ube nekhono ezahlukileyo ukunyibilika, leyo ingakhangelwa theyibhile eyahlukeneyo.

Ukuba sithethe malunga nobume udibaniso lwe iityuwa, kuyimfuneko ukuba agcine usenza intw zabo. Zikhona kuphela okuqinileyo, crystalline okanye ifomu powder. Umbala lebanga kakhulu ntlobo. Izisombululo ze neetyuwa ezinzima ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka imibala eqaqambileyo elizele.

Zemichiza intsebenziswano iityuwa iklasi medium

Yiba iimpawu chemical efanayo wenqwelwana, iityuwa acid. Oxides, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, zahluke kancinane kubo kule inkalo.

Bonke bungabonakala iintlobo ezisisiseko 4 leendibano ukuba neetyuwa eliphakathi.

I. Ukusebenzelana asidi (strong kuphela ngokwemigaqo ED) simise elinye ityuwa kunye asidi:

KCNS + HCL = KCL + HCNS

II. Ukusabela kunye hydroxides kunye inkangeleko neetyuwa ezinyibilikayo kunye neziseko enganyibilikiyo:

CuSO ₄ + 2LiOH = 2LiSO _{ityuwa enyibilikayo 4} + Cu (OH) _{2 isiseko ezingenakunyibilika}

III. Ukusebenzisana nabanye ityuwa enyibilikayo ukwenza i neetyuwa enganyibilikiyo and enyibilikayo:

PbCL ₂ + Na ₂ S = PbS + 2NaCL

IV. Ukusabela ne metal, ejongene kwi EHRNM ngasekhohlo yakha ityuwa. Kulo mzekelo metal engenayo kufuneka basabela iimeko eziqhelekileyo zakudibana namanzi:

Mg + 2AgCL = MgCL ₂ + 2Ag

Ezi ndidi ziphambili leendibano ukuba uphawu neetyuwa eziqhelekileyo. Formula iityuwa ezintsonkothileyo, ukuthetha esisiseko, iacid kabini ngokwabo malunga Okukodwa yabamba iipropati imichiza.

oxides Formula, iziseko, ii-asidi, iityuwa zibonisa uhlobo eekhemikhali zonke abameli ezi iindidi iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo, kwaye kananjalo, anike ingcamango izinto isihloko kunye neempawu zayo emzimbeni. Ngoko ke, ukubhalwa kwabo kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo ethile. A iintlobo ezininzi zezinto iikhompawundi inikeza ngokubanzi i inzululwazi emangalisayo - chemistry. Oxides, ii-asidi, iityuwa - kuphela yinxalenye kweyantlukwano omkhulu.