Iimpawu nesalfure. Ukusebenza nesalfure. sulphur Medical

Chalcogens - izinto iqela libhekisela nesalfure. uphawu wayo chemical - S - unobumba wokuqala kwigama lesiLatini sulfur. Ukwakhiwa into elula ezibhalwe ngulo phawu ngaphandle index. Qwalasela iingongoma eziphambili malunga nesakhiwo, iimpawu, ukulungiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa nesiqalelo. iimpawu sulphur iza kwenziwa banzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Common iimpawu neeyantlukwano chalcogen

Isalfure iphathelene iqelana kwe-oksijini. Eli qela 16 kule mihla ixesha-ithuba zenza umfanekiso kwenkqubo ngamaxesha athile (PS). amagumbi lixesha kunye index - VIA. Amagama imichiza welo qela, iisimboli chemical:

• oksijini (O);
• sulphur (S);
• selenium (Se);
• tellurium (Te);
• ಪೇನ್ ipheyini (Po).

Iziqalelo shell electron engaphandle amalungiselelo ngaphezu efanayo. Iqulethe yonke ezintandathu electron Valence ezinokuba inxaxheba ekubunjweni iibhondi imichiza kunye nezinye atom. iikhompawundi hydrogen babe isakhiwo H ₂ R, umz, H ₂ S - hydrogen emanzini. Amagama imichiza lakha oksijini iintlobo ezimbini iikhompawundi: isalfure, selenium kunye tellurium. iifomyula jikelele oxides ezi zinto - RO _2, RO _3.

Chalcogen kunxibelelana izinto ezilula, nto leyo yahluke kakhulu svostvam ngokwasemzimbeni. Avamise kakhulu kwi uqweqwe zonke chalcogen - oksijini nesalfure. Into yokuqala sichaza irhasi ezimbini, le yesibini - le eziqinileyo. ಪೇನ್ ipheyini - i element radioactive - ezinqabileyo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Xa iqela ioksijini kwiipropati ebuntsimbi ಪೇನ್ ipheyini ukunciphisa kunye nokwanda ngentsimbi. Umzekelo, nesalfure - boqobo nonmetal kunye tellurium ibe ukukhazimla ebuntsimbi kunye conductivity yombane.

№ elementi 16 di inkqubo ezithile Mendeleev

Isihlobo atomic ubunzima nesalfure - 32,064. Of le Isotope zixhaphakileyo zendalo S ³² (ngaphezu kwe-95% ngokobunzima). Esafunyanwa ezincinci izixa kweenyuklayidi kunye mass atom ka-33, 34 no 36. uphawu sulphur kwi imeko SS kunye nesakhiwo atomic:

• namba - 16;
• nesigxina atom yi-16;
• radius atomic - 0,104 NM;
• amandla ionization ka -10,36 eV;
• electronegativity isalamane - 2.6;
• izinga namachibi xa iikhompawundi - +6, +4,-phinde ngo 2, -2;
• Valence - II (-), II (+), IV (+), VI (+).

Isalfure na kwixesha wesithathu; electron e atom zifumaneka kumanqanaba amathathu energy: lokuqala - 2, owesibini - 8, - 6. electron Valence wesithathu zonke zangaphandle. Xa kunxityelelwana iziqalelo sulphur electronegative ngakumbi unika electron 4 okanye 6, yokufumana igcwala karhulumente eqhelekileyo +6, +4. Ukusabela nge hydrogen kunye atom otyhidiweyo uzoba electron ezingekhoyo octets ezimbini ukuyizalisa kwaye ukuphumeza karhulumente ngokuthe ngcembe. Igcwala kule meko uvikivwa ku -2.

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo le rhombic kunye neefom allotropic monoclinic

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, le sulfur inamathelene kwi-engile kwisekethe oluzinzileyo. Baya masivalwe kwi umsesane, nto leyo ebonisa ubukho iimolekyuli sulphur elibujikele. Ukwakhiwa Formula abonisa S ₆ no S _8.

iimpawu sulphur kumele ukuba luphunyezwe kwidama inkcazo umahluko phakathi uguqulelo allotropic ukuba iipropati ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni.

Rhombic okanye α-sulphur - ifomu crystalline kakhulu izinzile. Oku ziikristale eqaqambileyo emthubi, eliquka iimolekyuli S _8. rhombic sulphur konga 2,07 g / cm3. ziikristale Ukukhanya yellow fomu monoclinic β ibunjwe-sulphur kwi ukuxinana 1,96 g / cm3. abilayo ifikelela 444,5 ° C.

Ukulungiswa sulphur amorphous

Yiyiphi umbala sulphur isekwimo zeplastiki? Le ubunzima limnyama, iyafana umgubo emthubi okanye kwakheka. Ukuze ufumane oko, kufuneka bayinyibilikisa rhombic okanye sulphur monoclinic. Kwiqondo lobushushu ngaphezu 110 ° C ulwelo ibunjiwe, lo gama ubilisa ngakumbi kuba mnyama e-200 ° C uba ubukhulu kunye viscous. Ukuba ngokukhawuleza baluphose sulphur olutyhidiweyo emanzini abandayo, iqina ukwenza imixokelelwane Zig-Zag, apho isakhiwo ibonisa ifomula S _n.

Ukunyibilika sulphur

Ezinye iinguqulelo kwento enyibilikayo carbon disulfide, benzene, toluene okanye ammonia ulwelo. Ukuba lwehle kancinci izisombululo organic ke benziwa iinaliti sulphur monoclinic. Kuba komphunga ulwelo kuma lemon-yellow ziikristale ngokucacileyo sulphur rhombic. Bathi zibuthathaka, kube lula usile ukuba ngumgubo. Isalfure into ezingenakunyibilika emanzini. Le ziikristale iye kuhlala ezantsi enqanaweni, kwaye umgubo nga iflowuthi phezu (non-imigubo).

iipropati chemical

Ukusabela ziboniswa iipropati ezithile element nonmetallic № 16:

• isalfure yiluciferase izinyithi yehayidrojini, liye lancitshiswa S ^2- ion;
• ukutshiswa zezulu neoksijini ziveliswa khe nesulfure trioxide, ezo anhydrides acid;
• ukusabela nenye into electronegative ngakumbi - fluoro - nayo Isalfure ulahlekelwa electron yayo (oxidize).

sulphur Free endalweni

Njengoko esi sifo esigqugqisa ngayo sulphur ngayo kuqweqwe lomhlaba kwi indawo 15 phakathi imichiza. Umxholo avareji athom S ematyeni kunye neeminerali yi-0.05% ngokobunzima noqweqwe.

Yiyiphi umbala sulphur ngokwendalo (lweenkobe)? Le ngumgubo ukukhanya ezimthubi livumba iimpawu okanye ziikristale omthubi ukuba ukukhazimla yeglasi. Iidipozithi eluhlobo iidiphozithi, ezi zoleko crystalline ngayo sulphur afumaneka kwiindawo mlilo yamandulo mihla eItali, ePoland, kuMbindi Mpuma, eJapan, Mexico, United States. Ngokufuthi nezokukhupha drusen yinto ziikristale ezintle giant single.

Hydrogen sulphide kunye oxides kwindalo

Ezindaweni mlilo akhiwe phezu komhlaba sulphur compound sukube. Black ulwandle unzulu m ngaphezu kwama-200 asiphili ngenxa kokwahlulwa emanzini H ₂ S. Ifomula divalent sulphur oxide - SO _2, trivalent - SO _3. Ezi zihlanganisi sukube ezisegumbini nokwakhiwa inxalenye yeoli, igesi, amanzi yendalo. Isalfure iqukiwe nokwakheka namalahle. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ulwakhiwo lwe-oganikhi khompawundi ezininzi. Xa ukubola kweziyi zamaqanda chicken ekhululwe emanzini, ngoko Kudla ngokuthiwa ivumba zerhasi amaqanda abolileyo. Isalfure bobabo izinto biogenic, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukukhula kunye nophuhliso womntu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo na.

Ukubaluleka sulphide zendalo kunye sulphates

Iimpawu sulphur iya kuba njengezingaphelelanga ukuba nithi ukuba element ifumaneka kuphela ngokohlobo kwento elula oxide. Ezi zinto zixhaphakileyo yendalo - yinto ityuwa kwe-sulphuric acid kunye emanzini. Sulfides zobhedu, nentsimbi, zinc, imetyhuri, ukukhokela efumaneka ekwakhiweni kwezi izimbiwa chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, kunye cinnabar. Ukususela sulfates ukuze kuchazwe isodiyam calcium, barium nezinki iityuwa akha kwizimbiwa indalo kunye namatye (mirabilite, gypsum, selenite, barite, kieserite, epsomite). Zonke ezi zihlanganisi ezisetyenziswa kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ezoqoqosho, zisetyenziswa izinto ekrwada processing mveliso, izichumisi, izinto zokwakha. ixabiso elikhulu zonyango lwe crystalline ethile.

indawo yolwamkelo

into atyheli zikarhulumente free kwenzeka kwindalo kubunzulu ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, eli nesalfure inyibilikiswa ngamatye ningazidubi ngokuphengulula ukuba kumphezulu, lo gama nokugalela ubunzulu esibaselwe zomphunga kunye ngomoya. Enye indlela kubandakanya sublimation yamatye bamoya emlilweni ezizodwa. Ezinye iindlela ibandakanye zokuchithwa disulfide carbon okanye ayinto.

neemfuneko zezorhwebo Isalfure enkulu, ngoko ukuze bafumane into yayo elemental kusetyenziswa ezimbaxa. Le emanzini kunye emanzini sulphur kwenziwa ngendlela lifinyele. Igcwala isimo element ilingana ku -2. Isalfure igcwala ikhutshwa phandle ngokwandisa ixabiso ku 0. Umzekelo, indlela LeBlanc sodium sulfate liye lancitshiswa emanzini carbon. Emva koko lufumaneka calcium emanzini, ithathwa icarbon dioxide kunye nomphunga wamanzi. Le emanzini engumphumela oxidized yi ioksijini emoyeni phambi ngumnxibelelanisi: 2H ₂ S + O ₂ = 2H ₂ + 2. Ukubekwa sulphur sifumaneka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, maxa wambi unika izalathisi ntumbuluko eliphantsi. Nokwenza okanye zokuhlanjululwa ikhutshwa phandle ulwelo, ukulungisa, imixube processing of asidi.

Ukusetyenziswa sulphur kushishino lwangoku

sulphur Granular uya iimfuno ezahlukeneyo imveliso:

1. Ukulungiswa kwe-sulphuric acid kwishishini kwemichiza le.
2. sulfites Production kunye sulfates.
3. Khulula nokulungiselela ukutyebisa izityalo, izifo kunye nezinambuzane.
4. Isalfure aqulethe ores izityalo imigodi kunye yemichiza ukwenzela iintsimbi nonferrous. imveliso elimi sulphuric acid.
5. Ukusungulwa kumabakala athile ngentsimbi yokunika iipropati ezizodwa.
6. Ngenxa irabha vulcanizing wafumana irabha.
7. Production imidlalo, umdlalo, iziqhushumbisi.
8. Sebenzisa nokulungiselela Iipeyinti, zombala, imicu zokwenziwa.
9. amalaphu mhlophe.

Zinetyhefu sulphur kunye nemixube yayo

Dusts amasuntswana ukuba ivumba elibi, ukubacaphukisa kwiinwebu lweHo- ngeempumlo kunye iphecana yokuphefumla, amehlo kunye nesikhumba. Kodwa sulphur elemental zinetyhefu akujongwa kolube phezulu kakhulu. Inhalation hydrogen emanzini kunye dioxide kunokubangela ityhefu kakhulu.

Ukuba kaJohn ore sulphur aqulethe e smelters iigesi zeemoto na buyabanjwa, zingena umoya. Nokuxhuma ngamathontsi kunye nomphunga wamanzi, oxides isalfure nitrogen zibangela ukuba kubuzwe lo imvula eneasidi ekuthiwa-.

Isalfure khompawundi yayo kwezolimo

Izityalo kudla ion sulphate kunye nesisombululo lomhlaba. Ukunciphisa sulphur kukhokelela kade phantsi iiseli oluhlaza yokucolwa of acid kunye neeproteni. Ngenxa yoko sulfates esetyenziselwa ukuchumisa izityalo zolimo.

Ukuze iintsholongwane izindlu zeenkukhu, izisele, iivenkile yemifuno into elula itshiswe okanye baphathwe ngezibonelelo mihla amachiza sulfa. sulphur oxide anazo iipropati elwa angafumani elide isicelo ukuvelisa iwayini xa egciniweyo imifuno kunye neziqhamo. iziyobisi sulphur zisetyenziswa zinambuzane lokulawula izifo nezinambuzane (angumgubo nangexoshomba, iimalanana spider).

Ngawo amayeza

kubaluleke kakhulu ekufundweni amayeza powder etyheli wanika oogqirha olukhulu lidala uAvicenna kunye Paracelsus. kamva, kwakugqitywa kwelokuba umntu akaneliseki nesalfure ngokwaneleyo evela ludodobalisa ukutya, abafumana iingxaki zempilo (eziquka ukurhawuzelela kunye exobukayo ulusu, iinwele kunye nezikhonkwane buthathaka). Inyaniso kukuba ngaphandle nesalfure kakuhle Yindibanisela asidi acid, zenziwe ngekeratini, iinkqubo kwemichiza emzimbeni.

sulphur Medical yafakwa amafutha ukuba unyango lwezifo yesikhumba: amaqhakuva, nangokhwekhwe, ukhwekhwe, nokwaliwa, seborrhea. Mnths isalfure ephelisa intlungu rheumatism kunye sifo. Kuba kukufakwa ngcono umzimba ukudala amanzi iziyobisi sulfa emanzini. Oku ngumgubo etyheli, into emhlophe crystalline entle. Kuba izicelo ngaphandle le compound ibhalwa ukuthambisa zolusu.

Isichumisi kudala asetyenziswe immobilization le nxalenye oniwe omzimba. ityuwa Glauber kaThixo emiselwe nje amayeza isisu. Magnesia kwandisa uxinzelelo lwegazi into esetyenziswa ukunyanga lwegazi.

Sulphur embalini

Nkqu kumaxesha amandulo into nonmetallic iintyatyambo etyheli kutsala umdla lomntu. Kodwa kuphela ka1789, eli usomachiza omkhulu Lavoisier wafumanisa ukuba umgubo kunye ziikristale zifumaneka kwindalo, eyakhiwa-athom sulphur. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba malodor evela ngexesha yokutsha layo, manzi bonke ububi. Formula sulphur oxide, efunyanwa yokutsha, - SO ₂ (dust). Le inhalation igesi eyityhefu kube yingozi kwimpilo. iimeko aliqela ubunzima wokutshabalala zakule labantu kuloo mida, emathafeni izazinzulu uchaze ukwabiwa komhlaba okanye hydrogen amanzi sulphide okanye sulphur dioxide.

Ukuveliswa kokwenziwa anda umdla ziikristale etyheli yi emkhosini. amadabi amaninzi iphumelele ngenxa yokuba isakhono iinkosi ukudibanisa sulphur nezinye izinto ekwenziweni neziqhushumbisi. Umchiza ibalulekileyo - sulphuric acid - bafunda ukusebenzisa indlela ixesha elide kakhulu. KumaXesha Aphakathi, le into ebizwa ngeoli vitriol netyuwa - sulfate. sulfate ubhedu CuSO ₄ sulfate intsimbi FeSO ₄ nangoku isabalulekile kwazo kushishino kunye nezolimo.