Organelles Non-inwebu: isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Zonke iiseli eziphilayo zenziwe plasma inwebu, nucleus kunye icytoplasm. Owokugqibela ke organelles kunye inclusions. Organelles - ukuma osisigxina kwelo gumbi lentolongo; ngalinye elenza imisebenzi ethile. Inclusions - a kwezakhelo zexeshana ezinama isikakhulu glycogen kwizilwanyana kunye istatshi izityalo. Besenza umsebenzi yogcino. Inclusions angaba apha kukho icytoplasm kwaye matrix of organelles azimeleyo afana chloroplasts.

organelles yokuhlela

Kuxhomekeka isakhiwo, yahlulwe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu. Xa cytology release inwebu kunye organelles non-ndizayo. Owokuqala lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe subgroups ezimbini: odnomembrannye kunye dvumembrannye.

Ngu odnomembrannym organelles ziquka reticulum endoplasmic (reticulum), izixhobo Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, melanosomes.

Ngu dvumembrannym zichongwe organelles mitochondria kunye plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts). Zinelungelo isakhiwo entsonkothileyo kakhulu, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa yokuba ubukho inwebu ezimbini. ukwakhiwa kwawo nayo ibekhona kwi kunye organelles apheleleyo kunye DNA. Ngokomzekelo, xa matrix of mitochondria kunye ribosomes ukuze babonwe ayo DNA (mtDNA).

Kuba non-inwebu organelles ziquka ribosomes, iziko iseli (centriole), microtubules kunye microfilaments.

organelles Non-ndizayo: umsebenzi

Ribosomes ziyafuneka ukuze nokulungelelanisa protein. Abanoxanduva inkqubo translation, oko kukuthi, ezama ulwazi malunga umthunywa RNA, kwaye ukuyilwa amatyathanga polypeptide ye acid ngamnye.

iziko Cell libandakanyeka ekubunjweni edibanise mitotic. Oveliswa kwinkqubo meiosis kunye mitosis.

organelles ezinjalo non-inwebu njengoko microtubule cytoskeleton kwakheka. Iqhuba imisebenzi zokusebenza kunye kwezothutho. Kumphezulu microtubules angashenxela njengoko izinto ezahlukeneyo, kwaye organelles lonke, ezifana mitochondria. inkqubo yezothutho kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa iiproteni ezizodwa ibizwa. iziko Microtubule eququzelelayo lo centriole.

Microfilaments bangathatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo ngokutshintsha imilo yeseli, kwakunye nemfuneko ukususa ezinye elilodwa olunye-ezifana amoeba. Ngaphezu koko, umntu ibe iintlobo zezakhiwo zabo Olusebenziso ayiqondwa ngokupheleleyo.

isakhiwo

Njengoko igama libonisa, organelles ezingezo-inwebu kufuneka ingaphandle isakhiwo. Ziye ke yakhiwa iiprothini. Inxenye yabo asidi acid.

Ubume ribosome

Ezi organelles non-inwebu afumaneka ezindongeni reticulum endoplasmic. Ribosome ngokumila ungqukuva, ubukhulu yalo 100-200 Angstroms. Ezi organelles non-inwebu luqulathe ngamaqela amabini (subunits) - ezincinane nezinkulu. Xa ribosome ayikasebenzi, ukuba ahlukile. Ukuze bahlanganisa, ngenyameko phambi wemagniziyam okanye calcium ion kwi icytoplasm.

Ngamanye amaxesha, xa kuyondelelaniswe kweemolekyuli ezinkulu protini ribosomal zinokudityaniswa ngokwamaqela ebizwa polyribosomes okanye polysomes. Inani ribosomes kuzo ziyahluka ukusuka 4-5 ukuya 70-80, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu zinemoletyhule protein ukuba kuhlelwe ngabo.

Ribosomes luqulathe iiprothini kunye rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid), kunye iimolekyuli zamanzi kunye ion yentsimbi (calcium okanye wemagniziyam).

Ubume beziko yeseli

Xa eukaryotes, ezi organelles ezingezo-inwebu iqanjwa iinxalenye ezimbini, ekuthiwa centrosomes, kunye tsentrosfery - imimandla lula yokuba kukho icytoplasm ojikeleze centrioles. Ngokungafaniyo kwimeko kunye ribosomes yale organelle kukholisa zadityaniswa. Cwangcisa of centrosomes ezimbini ekuthiwa diplosome.

centrosome nganye iqulathe microtubules ukuba ejijekileyo ibe imilo zezindlu.

Ubume bale microfilaments kunye microtubules

Lokuqala kwenziwa iiprothini actin kunye nezinye contractile ezifana myosin, tropomyosin kunye nabanye.

Microtubules yimiqulu elide, engenanto ngaphakathi, apho ezikhula centrioles ukuya imiphetho esiseleni. ububanzi yabo - 25 NM, kwaye ubude kunokuba ukusuka neenanometer eziliqela ukuya milimitha eziliqela kuxhomekeke kubungakanani nemisebenzi iseli. Ezi organelles non-inwebu ziyilwe ngokuyintloko eli tubulin protini.

Microtubules ezi organelles ezingazinzanga zisoloko baguqulwa. Baye baphawula kunye isiphelo-yaye isiphelo elibi. Eyokuqala uyanamathela ngokusisigxina ngokwayo kwemolekyuli tubulin, kwaye ukusuka yesibini basoloko anamathela.

Formation of organelles non-ndizayo

Inoxanduva lokuphendla ekubunjweni nucleolus ribosome. Yeyona ukuyilwa RNA ribosomal, isakhiwo apho ufakwe DNA ribosomal abakwiindawo kwimimandla chromosomal ethile. Iiproteni ezenza ezi organelles ukuba kuhlelwe kwi icytoplasm. Emva koko, ke ithuthelwe endosome, apho kudityaniswe RNA ribosomal, ukwakha enganeno ezincinane nezinkulu. Ke organelles ukulungele ukuhamba ukuya kukho icytoplasm, yaye ngoko iindonga reticulum erhabaxa endoplasmic.

iziko iseli ekhoyo kwi iseli ukususela ekuqaleni kwalo. Kuye kwasekwa ngokwahlula iseli unina.

isiphelo

Njengoko isiphelo, esilishumayelayo isishwankathelo itafile.

Ngoko ke uyazi yonke malunga organelles non-inwebu, ezifumaneka apha izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kunye neeseli ezinzwaneni.