Yintoni electron Valence?

Physics kunye nootitshala chemistry ezikolweni kwaziwa kakuhle ukuba kulula kakhulu ukuba bacacise nawuphi na isihloko Asebenzisa izifaniso okanye sebenzisa imizekelo ilingane, echaza "ngeminwe". Nangona inkcazo eyanikwa akakwazi ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo umzekelo umgangatho, Noko ke, le ndlela ivelisa iziphumo. Oku kunjalo physics atomic.

Iipropati imichiza kwezinto Kulula kakhulu ukuba ukucacisa, ukuba usebenzisa imfundiso isakhiwo atom, ecetywayo yi yamachiza IsiNgesi E. Rutherford ngo-1911. Nangona isibakala sokuba umfuziselo wakhe ichanekile kuphela ngokuyinxenye, oko kwanele ukuba ukuqonda iinkqubo ezenzekayo. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ntoni na electron Valence yaye yintoni na ulwalamano lwabo kunye iimpawu umbandela efundwayo. Kodwa kuqala, masikhumbule imodeli langa lwesakhiwo atomic.

Rutherford wayezimisele ukuba atom ayikho yamasuntswana ayahlukahlukenanga, njengoko ndacinga ngaphambili, kodwa iquka engundoqo nzima embindini kunye electron ezijikelezayo ngeenxa zonke. Intlawulo yombane of nuclei HIV (+) kunye elektroni ngokulandelelana, negative (-). kweminyaka esibhozo emva kokupapashwa imfundiso yakhe lwesakhiwo-atom, uRutherford wakwazi ukuchitha unique, ngelo xesha, amava - ukuguqula nitrogen-oksijini. I-eksperimenti sasiquka "ATM" yi alpha athom amasuntswana initrogen. Emva yokungqubana kwakhiwa ioksijini atom kunye yamasuntswana "extra" bengabaveleli entle, kamva ngokuba Proton.

Theory ufumene ifomu ogqityiweyo engundoqo iquka protons, esebenzisa zemagnethi nokubamba electron yazo. Ekubeni atom na zombane cala, kwaye Proton kunye electron abasiwa, imali yabo iyonke ngokulinganayo. . Ngowe-1932, yamachiza J. Chadwick wafumanisa ukuba ngumongo ngaphandle protons amasuntswana ngaphandle kwentlawulo - neutron. Ngabo abanoxanduva ubunzima. Kuxhomekeka amandla electron, ukuze ingabekwa imigama ezahlukeneyo ukusuka ngumongo. Valence electron - ezi amasuntswana ukuba kakubi wasola:

• Bona sise umgama eliphezulu ngumongo, ngomhla zisuke bangaphandle;
• angasebenzisana atom asebumelwaneni.

Phantsi intsebenziswano kubalulekile ukuqonda ithuba lokuba ushiye orbit lwabo atomic okanye ukutshintsha isikhokelo sentshukumo.

Ikhethwa yi electron Valence ilula kakhulu - phezu lwezakhi. Ngokuba izinto ezisisiseko (ngaphandle nomnye, ekubeni kukho iimeko) imeko kuyinyaniso: inani lobuninzi electron Valence liyangqinelana nenani iqela apho element kuhlalutywa. Atom ukuba inani elikhulu yeengcingane amasuntswana, bengafuni uthumela ukuba ezinye athom, kunjalo nje oxidizer (kuthatha ufakele). Kwelinye icala, iqela inani elincinane lula Valence electron banikwa element, kokungena sokubandakanyeka. Kule meko sithetha yokunciphisa arhente okanye atom kubalizi.

Valence elektroni ixhomekeke ngqo kwi imeko atom. Ngoko ke, ukuba uthe ngandlel 'ithile ngaphandle ukunika amandla ezongezelelweyo (iguqulelwa kwimeko yimincili), umzila Valence ye amasuntswana ziya kuba ngakumbi.

Idatha kwi materials Valence ubavumele ukuba basebenzise inxaxheba yokuqikelela isiphumo. Umzekelo, imithombo chemical umbane ngenxa yokusetyenziswa electrolytes izinto ezinjalo abakwaziyo ukunika nokufumana electron. izinto cala ingabubuyatha kule meko. Kulula ukucinga ukuba onke electron iqokobhe olungaphandle-atom zizaliswe, ngoko i element iikhemikhali cala kwaye modem namanye athom (okanye amandla intsebenziswano ayinamsebenzi ukuze nokungahoywa). Umzekelo iphawulekayo kule - iigesi egalelwe.