Iyunithi kumphezulu weseli: isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Iseli unit ngaphezulu i esezantsi iphela. Oku kugqiba umda phakathi yemeko ezisingqongileyo kwaye kukho icytoplasm. Pak inika ummiselo ngokuzibandakanya kwabo. Thina elandelayo cinga awohluke yentlangano noshowo esebenza ngayo izixhobo yeseli ngaphezulu.

izakhi

Chonga macandelo alandelayo umphezulu yesixhobo iiseli eukaryotic: i-plasma inwebu, nadmembranny kunye nezakhiwo submemranny. Eyokuqala emelwe ngokohlobo into evaliweyo ukulenza. Plasmolemma ingqalelo esiyintsika yale kumphezulu unit cell. entsonkothileyo Nadmembranny (oko kubizwa ngokuba glycocalyx) - yinto ilungu langaphandle elahliweyo phezu ndizayo plasma. It iqulathe NGEEKHOMPONENTI ezahlukeneyo. Ngokukodwa, ezi ziquka:

1. Le ekudleni inxalenye glycoproteins kunye glycolipids.
2. Le inwebu neeproteni peripheral.
3. carbohydrate ezithile.
4. Poluintegralnye kunye neeproteni ephambili.

complex Submembranny sise plasmolemma. Le ibandakanya inkqubo yenkxaso-contractile ekwanti kunye hyaloplasm neuropathy.

Elements submembrannogo complex

Ukuqwalasela isakhiwo izixhobo yeseli ngaphezulu, kufuneka sijonge eqhiwukileyo hyaloplasm peripheral. Yona yoba yinto ekhethekileyo cytoplasmic kwaye ibekwe ngaphezu plasmolemma. hyaloplasm neuropathy zivezwa kweziyobisi ulwelo owahlukeneyo ngokwahlukeneyo kakhulu. Iqulethe iintlobo yeekhomponenti ubunzima lwalusanda phezulu kwaye ephantsi isisombululo. Enyanisweni, le microenvironment apho iinkqubo flow-ngqo kunye metabolic jikelele. hyaloplasm neuropathy inika nobuninzi kwemisebenzi kumphezulu lo matshini.

inkqubo contractile Musculoskeletal

Le ibekwe kwi hyaloplasm peripheral. Ukuxhaswa-contractile system release:

1. Microfibrils.
2. fibrils skeletal (filament eliphakathi).
3. Microtubules.

Microfibrils edalwe filamentous. fibrils skeletal akhiwa polymerization iqela zeprotheyini neemolekyuli. Inani labo kunye ubude ilawulwa amalungiselelo awodwa. Xa utshintsha mgaqweni kuvela imisebenzi cellular. Mba evela microtubules plasmalemma. iindonga awo akhiwa tubulins iiprothini.

Isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi unit yeseli ngaphezulu

Lokugaya lwenziwa ngokuba iindlela zothutho. Ubume yeyunithi umphezulu iseli yenza ukuzanyazanyiswa iikhompawundi ngeendlela ezininzi. Ngokukodwa, ezi zilandelayo iintlobo zezithuthi:

1. nokuhanjiswa Simple.
2. izithuthi UMSI.
3. intshukumo Active.
4. Cytosis (inwebu wotshintshiselwano ezisebhokisini).

Ukongeza kwizithuthi, yatyhila iinkalo umphezulu izixhobo ezifana esiseleni, ezifana:

1. Umqobo (ukwabela).
2. Receptor.
3. Identification.
4. Umsebenzi cell intshukumo ngokusebenzisa imfundo isithandi, pseudo- kunye lamellipodia.

ekuhambeni free

Simple nokuhanjiswa ngokusebenzisa iyunithi umphezulu iseli lwenziwa kuphela phambi omabini amacala ithambeka zombane ndizayo. ubukhulu balo lulawula isantya kwaye ngakwicala intshukumo. Bilipidny umaleko zingatsibela naluphi na uhlobo hydrophobic molecule. Noko ke, inkoliso eziphilayo izinto sikhuthele esibamba. Ngako oko, intshukumo yabo nzima.

izithuthi nje

Olu hlobo motion compound ukwabizwa ngokuba kwe- lula. Kwakhona kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iiseli unit kumphezulu ekho ithambeka nangaphandle ukusetyenziswa ATP. izithuthi UMSI ngokukhawuleza free. Xa inkqubo yokwandisa umahluko xi ithambeka kuza indawo apho ngesantya ihambe uba rhoqo.

zenethiwekhi

Transport ngokusebenzisa izixhobo kumphezulu weseli ilungiselelwa iimolekyuli ezizodwa. Ngezi zithwala yi ithambeka yoxinaniso ezi molekyuli ezinkulu uhlobo esibamba (acid, ingakumbi). izixhobo Surface iiseli eukaryotic ziquka zithwala kwiintlobo ngeentlobo ion zezenzi: K +, Na +, Ca +, Cl-, HCO3-. Ezi molekyuli ethile luphawulwa selectivity eziphakamileyo izinto zithutha. Ukongeza, kukho inkalo ebalulekileyo ngesantya kakhulu zokuhamba. Kusenokuba ukufikelela iimolekyuli 104 okanye ngaphezulu ngomzuzwana.

izithuthi esebenzayo

Lubonakala ngokushukumisa iziqalelo ngokuchasene ithambeka. Molecule ihanjiswa ukusuka kummandla kokugqalisela kusezantsi izabelo ephakamileyo. intshukumo enjalo idinga iindleko ethile ATP. Ukufezekisa izithuthi esebenzayo kungena ententeni kwamanzi izixhobo yeseli yezilwanyana iquka zithwala ezithile. Zibizwa ngokuba "iimpompo" okanye "iimpompo". Uninzi lwezi zithwala ziyahluka umsebenzi ATPase. Oku kuthetha ukuba bayakwazi ukuba ndidilize adenosine triphosphate kunye ukufumana amandla ukuze imisebenzi yayo. izithuthi esebenzayo kwenza nokudalwa ukuthambeka ion.

cytosis

Le ndlela iyasetyenziswa ukuhambisa amasuntswana kwezinto ezahlukeneyo okanye iimolekyuli ezinkulu. Ngexesha cytosis element abathuthwayo ejikelezwe yi sitho ndizayo. Ukuba intshukumo endlwaneni, ngoko ibizwa ngokuba endocytosis. Ngako oko, le icala kuthiwa exocytosis. Kwezinye iiseli izinto adlule. Olu hlobo zothutho kuthiwa transcytosis okanye diatsiozom.

cytolemma

Ubume izixhobo yeseli ngaphezulu luquka inwebu plasma izenze lipids kunye iiproteni om-1: 1. I "Indlela Sandwich" wokuqala element yaphakanyiswa ngo-1935 Ngokungqinelana ithiyori, isiseko plasmolemma Uyila iimolekyuli lipid ezicwangciswe maleko ezimbini (umaleko bilipidny). Baya kubuya imisila yawo (imimandla hydrophobic) omnye komnye, kwaye ngaphandle nangaphakathi - neentloko esibamba. Ezi imiphezulu ke isale ngomaleko bilipidnogo iimolekyuli protein. Le modeli yenziwe naqiniswa 50 anento yokwenza izifundo ultrastructural kwekhulu ungenziwa kusetyenziswa i kwemikroskopu. Kuye ngokukhethekileyo wafumanisa ukuba iyunithi phezu iqulathe umaleko ezintathu-iseli isilwanyana ndizayo. ubukhulu wayo 7.5-11 NM. Kuyinto avareji ukukhanya langoku, maleko ezimbini neuropathy mnyama. Eyokuqala elivumelana kummandla hydrophobic neemolekyuli lipid. izabelo Dark nayo, imele izaleko kumphezulu esiluqilima protein nentloko esibamba.

nezinye

Iintlobo yokufunda electron-abancinane kakhulu, kwenziwa ekupheleni iminyaka engama-50 - ekuqaleni sharing-60. Akhomba ku jikelele wombutho we inwebu maleko ezintathu. Oku kuboniswa kwithiyori J. Robertson. Ngelo xesha, xa ekupheleni 60s. I efunde ezininzi izibakala ekungakhange kuchaziwe ngokwemigaqo "umzekelo iqebengwana" ezikhoyo. Oku umfutho kuphuhliso kwezikim ezintsha, ezaziquka imodeli esekelwe ubukho Umatshini hydrophobic-esibamba protein ne lipid iimolekyuli. Phakathi omnye wabo ingcamango "lipoprotein ityali." Ngokuhambelana kunye nayo, eyenziwa iiproteni inwebu langoku iintlobo ezimbini: ebalulekileyo neuropathy. ubotshiwe lwakutshanje zizenzo zokusebenzisana electrostatic kunye iintloko polar kwi iimolekyuli lipid. Noko ke, abazange zakha umaleko oluqhubekayo. A indima ephambili ebangela ukuba kusekwe inwebu bobabo iiproteni globular. Bona shi waza ngenxalenye ekubhekiswe poluintegralnymi. Ukuhambisa la proteni lwenziwa kwisigaba engamanzi le lipid. Oku kuqinisekisa lability, kunye uthsintsho kwenkqubo ndizayo yonke. Okwangoku, le modeli kucingwa ukuba eqhelekileyo kakhulu.

lipids

Iimpawu eziphambili emzimbeni lwemichiza umaleko inwebu zinikwe, izinto eboniswe - phospholipids ezibandakanya nonpolar umsila (hydrophobic) kunye (esibamba) intloko polar. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo yabo ingqalelo phosphoglycerides kunye sphingolipids. Kutshanje kakhulu kwi monolayer engaphandle. Kufuneka unodibaniso kwi imixokelelwane oligosaccharide. Ngenxa yokuba amakhonkco yandisa ngaphaya inxalenye plasmolemma bangaphandle, oko ezidinga imilo azilingani. Glycolipids zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphunyezweni umsebenzi isixhobo umphezulu receptor. Njengenxalenye yesininzi inwebu kwakhona cholesterol (cholesterol) - a lipid steroid. Inombolo yakhe ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo luqinisekiswa kakhulu ndizayo ulwelo. I-cholesterol kakhulu, ngoko ke ngasentla. kwinqanaba engamanzi zixhomekeke umlinganiselo zeentsalela okunamafutha acid unsaturated igcwaliswe. Okukhona kubo, ngoko ke ngasentla. Ulwelo kuchaphazela umsebenzi enqanda kwi ndizayo.

protein

Lipids sizimisele ikakhulu iipropati umqobo. Iiproteni, ngokuchaseneyo, negalelo ekuphunyezweni engundoqo imisebenzi ye cell. Ngokukodwa, ukuthuthwa iikhompawundi, ulawulo ukutya, ulwamkelo njalo kolawulo. iimolekyuli protein zisasazwa kwi bilayer lipid ye zayimosaic. Baya inga siwa elingaphakathi. Le intshukumo ilawulwa, kuyabonakala ukuba, iseli ngokwayo. Isixhobo zothutho ababandakanyekayo microfilaments. Bona apha kwiiproteni ngamnye ezifunekayo. Iziqalelo inwebu kwahlukile ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yakho ngokunxulumene bilipidnomu umaleko. Iiproteni Ngoko ibe peripheral nengxam. Lo maleko wokuqala yenzelwe. Ukuba ndinodibaniso tenuous kunye kumphezulu ndizayo. iiproteni yesiko antywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo kuwo. Bathi ulwalamano oluhle kunye lipids yaye wahluliwe inwebu ngaphandle kokonakalisa bilipidnogo umaleko. Iiproteni ukungena ngawo, ebizwa ngokuba transmembrane. Intsebenziswano phakathi protein lipid iimolekyuli yendalo eyahlukileyo inika uzinzo plasmalemma.

glycocalyx

Lipoproteins babe amatyathanga icala. Iimolekyuli oligosaccharide Unga bophelela ku lipids kunye glycolipids fomu. ekudleni isabelo sabo kunye izinto ezifanayo eqhotyoshelweyo ukuba iseli glycoproteins kumphezulu intlawulo ezingakhiyo kuba ngumqolo we glycocalyx. Wabeka ngomaleko evakalala nganiso electron mninzi. Glycocalyx ukuyigubungela inxalenye plasmolemma engaphandle. nezabelo zayo ekudleni lula ukuqatshelwa iiseli kunye nezinto therebetween angabamelwane, kwaye ikwanika uqhagamshelo enamathelayo noko. Le glycocalyx kwakhona gitosovmestimosti akhoyo kunye receptors hormone, enzymes.

ukwengeza

receptors ndizayo ikakhulu zimelwe glycoproteins. Bona bayakwazi ukuseka imbalelwano ligands kakhulu ethile. Receptors ekhona inwebu, ukongeza, uyakwazi ukulawula intshukumo iimolekyuli lithile besisihla, singene seli permeability plasma ndizayo. Bona bayakwazi ukuguqula imiyalezo evela kokusingqongileyo kungena lwangaphakathi, izinto olubophelelayo isizalo extracellular kunye cytoskeleton. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba ubume glycocalyx lukwaquka iimolekyuli poluintegralnye protein. kwimimandla yabo ezisebenzayo ibekwe kwindawo wobuso izixhobo yeseli nadmembrannoy.