IBhunga of Trent kunye neziphumo ezibalulekileyo yomsebenzi wakhe

XIX zeformula Council of Trent iminyaka 1545-1563 waba ngomnye milestones ezibalulekileyo yamaKatolika. Uninzi wamkela iimfundiso esiqingatheni iwaka leminyaka kamva, ihlale esebenzayo. Assembly High yeenkokeli yokomoya yamaKatolika iCawa bahlanganisana nokuphakama yoHlaziyo, xa gadalala yimiphumela kunye ubomi vange zodidi baseYurophu kumntla wenqaba ukuqaphela igunya Pope. IBhunga of Trent kunye neziphumo ezibalulekileyo yomsebenzi bakhe izigqibo "kabi 'ukuya wabaHlaziyi, iphawula isiganeko Counter-koHlaziyo kwinkulungwane XVI.

Imvelaphi yokomoya ngqu

Church yamaKatolika ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV, kanzulu ezandleni zayo eninzi komhlaba ezingasetyenziswanga kobutyebi obuninzi. EYurophu, ukwanda waba izishumi - isahlulo seshumi se ukuqokelelwa ngengeniso isityalo okanye imali yengeniso. Church wayehlala noluhlaza, ngexesha xa inxalenye ebalulekileyo esithembekileyo elihlwempu. Oku kujongela phantsi iziseko ukholo, igunya ibandla. Ukongeza, ezi oopopu ezisasazwa ezifakwe urhwebo kwezono - ". Ukuze kuxolelwe izono" iidiploma ezizodwa Kuba isixa esithile yezono zabantu, nangona ubunzulu betyala uya kungabi kuso sonke isono. intengiso enjalo kubi amakholwa. NeNguquko The Centre Jamani, leyo ke aliphelelanga kwaye wayefana "Ukuxokonyezelelwa Quilt". Phantsi kwale mvelaphi ezingentle, kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni abize iBhunga of Trent.

umonakalo enkulu ukuthembakala yamaKatolika iCawa awamphatha zobuntu. nenkokeli yalo waba Erazm Rotterdamsky. Xa phecana, "Dumisani sobudenge" sezifundo kakhulu phantsi iintsilelo kunye ngokungazi abefundisi. Enye nani zobuntu yaseJamani yaba Ulrich von Hutten, ophethe kweqiwa neRoma umdlali kwenzeke German. Mandinazise eyayibangela ukungavisisani phakathi kwabakhonzi kunye nokuba ulwimi zonqulo yaba Latin, apho amarhamente abaqhelekileyo akazange aqonde.

neNguquko

UHlaziyo ibe ngumngeni ehlabathini nemiba engundoqo neyintsusa Catholic Church. Ubukhulu becala ke sibhekiswe zoHlaziyo baba izigqibo zeBhunga of Trent. Lo mbono sokuqala ukuba babambe intlanganiso kunye yeBhunga usihlalo walo Pope kunye neenkokeli zoHlaziyo. Noko ke, ingxoxo kunokuba zesikolo imbambano ayiphumelelanga.

October 31, 1517 uMartin Lyuter wabethelelwa emnyango ophum Church "95" zakhe elahla ngamandla urhwebo kwezono. Ngexesha elifutshane, amashumi amawaka abantu baba abaxhasi izimvo kaLuther. Ngowe-1520, i-Pope wakhupha yenkomo amsongele icawa seal. Luther bazitshisa esidlangalaleni kuye, nto leyo yathetha ukuba ikhefu yokugqibela kunye neRoma. Martin Luther akazange ukuchasa le ibandla, wayefuna ukwenza kube lula. Abahlaziyi postulates zicacile kubo bonke:

• Ababingeleli ababa kuzekwe, enxibe iimpahla eziqhelekileyo, kufuneka bathobele imithetho eqhelekileyo kubantu bonke.
• Icawe yamaLuthere wala imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kaKristu kunye Virgin.
• IBhayibhile - umthombo kuphela ukholo lwamaKristu.

ukuvela kobuProtestanti

UCharles V wagqiba ukuba angenelele kwimeko. Ngowe-1521, Luther wafika kule Reichstag ngo Worms. Apho wacelwa ukuba balahle iimbono zakhe, kodwa uLuther wenqaba. Wacaphuka, umlawuli abashiya intlanganiso. Endleleni egodukayo eya kwi Luther ehlasela, kodwa Saxon Elector Frederick Izazi isindise kuye ezimela enqabeni yakhe. Ukunqongophala Martina Lyutera zoHlaziyo akazange ayeke.

Ngowe-1529 uCharles V yabawexuki ezifunekayo ukuthobela unqulo kuphela yamaKatolika kummandla oyiNgcwele bamaRoma (eneneni - Germany). Kodwa ke izilawuli-5, kunye ngenkxaso izixeko 14 ngonyawo. Ukususela ngoko abaxhasi yoHlaziyo, waqala amaKatolika ukuba babebizwa.

Le kuhlaselwa neNguquko

Ngembali yaso elide yamaKatolika iCawa ungamazanga loo isiphithiphithi nzulu, eyaqala uHlaziyo kuyo. Kunye nenkxaso kwamazwe yamaKatolika kubalawuli eRoma kweqiwa waqala ukulwa ngokubonakalayo "lo qhekeko amaProtestanti." Inkqubo yamanyathelo ejolise ubambeke kunye nokuphelisa iingcinga UHlaziyo kunye neentshukumo, ebizwa ngokuba Counter-uHlaziyo. Adubule ezi ziganeko ibe Council of Trent ngo-1545.

Lasungula kuhlaselwa kwi uHlaziyo yabalasela ukuvuseleleka Kwamacala zamaxesha, xa kuqhambuka owabulala amakhulu 'esikhova bamaProtestanti. " Kubathuthumbisi bathatha ulawulo lokushicilela. Ngaphandle kwemvume yabo, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukushicilela eyodwa yokusebenza, kunye "nezingalunganga" iincwadi kuzisa i "index yeencwadi esalelweyo" ezikhethekileyo kufuneka itshiswe.

Ukuhlaziywa Catholic

UHlaziyo lwabuqhekeza ihlabathi yamaKatolika kubini, kodwa phakathi baseYurophu enkulungwane XVI besithembe ukuba meko zisenako alungiswe. Kuyimfuneko kuphela ukuba ekufuneni uxolelwaniso, omabini amacala Sithathe njengenyathelo omnye komnye. Ngoko sasicinga amakholwa nje abaqhelekileyo, kodwa inxalenye Iikhadinali kunye Bishops. Ukususela phakathi kwabo, unesimilo ngakumbi amazwi abo babelinqula ngenxa yoyiNgcwele Bona ekuqhutyweni yokuvuselelwa ecaweni.

Oopopu madolw 'ixesha elide phambi kokuba livume ukwenza ukuguqulwa. Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1545, uPopu Paul III obize le Council zeformula. Indawo of the Council of Trent ibhekisela kwisixeko Trento (Italy). Kwathatha nqapha indawo de-1563, okt iminyaka eli-18.

Uloyiso wabaHlaziyi of the Catholic Church

Zisuka nje, nxaxheba kwibhunga zahlulwe zibe ngamaqela amabini - abaxhasi kuphuculo yamaKatolika kunye nokuphikisa yayo. Kule mpikiswano komsindo iphumelele lokugqibela. Phantsi koxinzelelo kwabo, sasiwa izigqibo eziphambili zeBhunga of Trent, ukulungisa imeko yokholo yamaKatolika kangangeenkulungwane.

Kwakuphethe kwafuneka ukurhoxisa intengiso yezono, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ikamva yamaKatolika iCawa ukudala uthungelwano emfundo. Kufuneka ulungiselele iindonga ababingeleli yamaKatolika luhlobo olutsha ukuba imfundo yabo ayikho ngaphantsi abashumayeli amaProtestanti.

Trent: intsingiselo yalo kunye neziphumo

Le ndlu yecawa waba impendulo yamaKatolika NgamaProtestanti. Kuye ibizwe uPopu Paul III ngo-1542, kodwa ngenxa yemfazwe Franco-German, intlanganiso yokuqala kwenzeka kuphela ngo-1945. Cathedral lwaqhutywa yi oopopu ezintathu. Inani elipheleleyo leentlanganiso 25, kodwa iiseshoni kuphela 13 ukuthatha izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela ukholo, amasiko okanye imithetho oluleko.

Trent iphakathi kakhulu kwimbali iCawa yamaKatolika. Esamkelwa kwiNdibano iintlanganiso kwiimfundiso enxulumene iseti imibuzo esisiseko. Umzekelo, imithombo ukholo, ikuvumile Canon zeencwadi zeZibhalo Ezingcwele aye aqatshelwa. KwiBhunga kuxoxwa iimfundiso ezithile amaProtestanti ebacekisile. Ngenxa ngeengxoxo oko wahlaziywa isimo sengqondo nokuzifica.

Imiba ye amiswa ka Ukubhaptizwa kunye Uqinisekiso, Evrahistii kunye yokuvuma, umthendeleko yombingelelo St. Nje inkonzo, umtshato. La manqaku uqhosha wagqitywa nesisombululo miphefumlo, ukunqulwa abangcwele njalo-njalo.

Pope Pius IX yamkele imimiselo conciliar ka-1564. Emva kokufa kwakhe, Pope St. UPius V ezikhutshwe kuqinisekiswa Council secawa ezihlaziyiweyo yaye yahlaziywa missal breviary.

Council of Trent: izigqibo ezinkulu

• Le inviolability ye iCawa, uMthendeleko nokuvuma.
• Ekulondolozweni amiswa ezisixhenxe, nimnqule icon ezingcwele.
• Ukuqinisekiswa kwendima ulamlo libandla negunya otshatsheleyo Pope ngaphakathi kuyo.

Trent wabeka isiseko ukuvuselela nokomeleza ingqeqesho Church yamaKatolika. Wabonisa ukuba zahlukane kobuProtestanti waba lokugqibela.

Imfundiso yeBhunga Trent kwi uMthendeleko

IBhunga of Trent (1545-1563) ngomba Yukariste ngethuba lonke ukuphunyezwa kwayo. Ke imimiselo ezintathu ezibalulekileyo baye bamkelwa

• "Ndiwise kwi uMthendeleko oyiNgcwele" (1551).
• "Ndiwise umthetho phezu wobudlelane yeentlobo ezimbini yobudlelane abantwana abancinane» (16.VII.1562).
• "Ndiwise umthetho phezu iDini kweYona Ngcwele Mass" (17 H.1562).

Trent ukhusela, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ubukho wenene kaKristu Yukariste kunye nendlela elivela phantsi ubukho imifanekiso iwayini kunye nesonka ekunikezelweni - «transubstantiatio». Kakade ke, le yindlela eqhelekileyo elucidation, kuba ngeenxa inkcazo eneenkcukacha nto yenzeka kanye ngayo «transubstantiatio», iimbambano phakathi bezakwalizwi.

Ngaphambili bekucingelwa ukuba uKristu ekhoyo kwi uMthendeleko, emva kokuba ezinkonzweni, ukuba kusekho lomzimba negazi bamiselwe. IBhunga of Trent ukuqinisekisile oku. Kuye kwakhona kwaqinisekiswa yi uchazo enkulu phakathi lixhoba yeNkonzo oyiNgcwele umbingelelo kaKristu emnqamlezweni.

Emva kokuba iBhunga of Trent osiyazi kwakhona yagxila umbono imxinwa Yukariste phambi kukaKristu kunye nohlobo wombingelelo i-Mass. Le ndlela AmaProtestanti akhuthaza ekunene. Ingakumbi okuninzi malunga idini Misa, yaye nangona engazange wakhanyela ukuba lo nguye idini kuphela likaYesu Kristu, ingqesho Service umbingelelo ngokwayo ngokwako ukuze anike uluvo lokuba eli dini umtshato kuloo - yimbali. Ukongeza, ugxininiso kakhulu kwi kumbingeleli ebudeni wenkonzo uMthendeleko i "uKristu yesibini", iye kakhulu kwanciphisa indima abantu abanyanisekileyo ngentloko imfundiso.

isiphelo

Ezivunywe liBhunga of Trent zineziseko ubukhulu becala ingaguqukanga basinda. The Catholic Church uhlala ngokunxulumene nemithetho eyamkelweyo kwiminyaka 500 eyadlulayo. Kungenxa yoko le nto Council of Trent, abaninzi ingqalelo esibaluleke kakhulu ukususela kwisahlulo yecawa omnye yamaKatolika namaProtestanti.