Xa imvukelo eRashiya? Oonobangela, ingxelo ngeziganeko, iziphumo

Ukuze uqonde, xa i-revolution Russian, kuyimfuneko ukuba sibuyele emva ixesha wokulawula uNicholas II. Yaba * uKhesare wokugqibela Romanov ubukhosi lizwe yanyikima ntlekele eziliqela lwentlalo ezakhokelela izenzo abantu ngokuchasene norhulumente. Ababhali-mbali ukwahlula revolution ka-1905-1907., The Februwari Revolution kunye Oktobha Revolution of 1917 ngonyaka.

ngumba ukuvukelwa

Kude 1905 uBukhosi Russian wahlala phantsi kwemithetho yookumkani epheleleyo. Ukumkani yaba nguzwilakhe kuphela. kuphela kwakuxhomekeke kuye ukuba enze izigqibo ezibalulekileyo karhulumente. Ngenkulungwane XIX, isimo elondoloza enjalo imicimbi abazange lulungele ezinawo encinane kakhulu oluntu abaziingqondi kunye ukuhluleka. Aba bantu swi kwi-West, apho ixesha elide nje umzekelo ngokomzekeliso kwakukho French Revolution. Wonakaliswe ngamandla Bourbons wabanika abahlali amalungelo eli lizwe.

Kwanangaphambi kokuba revolution yokuqala kwenzeka eRashiya, inkampani wafumanisa ukuba uzinxunguphalise yezopolitiko. arhente olukhulu utshintsho izixhobo baze balungiselele kokubulawa amagosa aphezulu karhulumente ukunyanzela abasemagunyeni ukuba ahlawule umdla kwabo basemagunyeni kwizikhalazo zabo.

Tsar Alexander II weza etroneni ngexesha iCrimea beMfazwe, leyo ilahlekileyo eRashiya ngenxa yokuba umsantsa yoqoqosho ecwangcisiweyo kunye West. lahluleka ekrakra kwanyanzeleka Yibone oselula ukuqalisa iinguqulelo. Chief phakathi kwabo ukupheliswa serfdom ngo-1861. Oku kwalandelwa Zemstvo, nezigwebo, yolawulo kunye nezinye iinguqulelo.

Noko ke, radicals kunye abanqolobi nangoku ayenganelisekanga. Abaninzi kubo bafuna neNgonyama siseko okanye ukutshatyalaliswa gunya. Populists wenza iinzame kweshumi kwi Alexander II. Ngowe-1881, yena wabulala. Phantsi unyana wakhe, Alexander III, iphulo zinkuni yasungulwa. Amadela kunye nabalwela zezopolitiko ziye phantsi zocindezelo ngqwabalala. It gqaba wazola le meko. Kodwa revolution yokuqala eRashiya nangoku ngeenxa nje ekoneni.

Enziwe Nicholas II

Alexander III wafa 1894 kwindawo yokuhlala iCrimea, apho yalungiswa impilo yakhe ukwehluleka. Umlawuli eselula (wayeneminyaka engama-49 kuphela ubudala), ukufa kwakhe kwaba isimanga epheleleyo lizwe. Russia emkhenkceni ilindele. Phezu kwetrone yaba unyana omdala ka-Alexander III, Nicolas II. wobukumkani bakhe (xa kukho revolution Russian) ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni laba mnyama iziganeko ezingemnandi.

Okokuqala, omnye bavela okokuqala zoluntu ukumkani wathi ekusukeleni loluntu elungileyo inguquko i "amaphupha ongenangqondo." Kuba eli binzana ke Nicholas wagxeka bonke abamelene zayo - ukusuka benkululeko ukuya wobusoshiyali. YoMlawuli waba yi umbhali omkhulu Lva Tolstogo. Bala yinhlekisa koMlawuli etyeni esithi kwinqaku ebhalwe phantsi umbono oko weva.

Okwesibini, ebudeni umsitho lo ibekwa ka Nicholas II, le ngozi yenzeke eMoscow. Abasemagunyeni sixeko iququzelela isiganeko esikhethekileyo abalimi kunye namahlwempu. Baye wathembisa "Okukhona 'simahla ukususela kukumkani. Ngoko amawaka abantu baba phezu Khodynka Field. Ngaxa lithile baqalisa zimxinile, ngenxa apho babulawa amakhulu baze abantu abadlulayo. Kamva, xa i-revolution Russian, abaninzi baye ngokuba ezi ziganeko usingiselo elingumqondiso engxakini elizayo ngakumbi.

IMvukelo Russian izizathu njongo. Ntoni na ke? Ngowe-1904, uNicholas II yaba babandakanyeke emfazweni nxamnye eJapan. Impixano kwaqhambuka ngenxa yempembelelo kwamagunya amabini alwayo e kwiMpuma Ekude. ukulungiselela nolungafanelekanga, wolula unxibelelwano shapkozakidatelskih sengqondo utshaba - konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ngokoyiswa umkhosi Russian emfazweni. isivumelwano soxolo sasayinwa ngoSeptemba 5, 1905. Russia wanika Japan inxalenye osemazantsi Sakhalin Island, kwakunye namalungelo zengqeshiso ukuba abaluleke ngokukodwa eMzantsi naseManchuria Railway.

Ekuqaleni kwemfazwe kweli lizwe kwakukho nokulatyuza ubuzwe nentiyo komnye iintshaba yesizwe. Ke kaloku, emva kokoyiswa, ngamandla ibonwe ye revolution kuqala ngo-1905-1907. eRussia. Abantu babefuna iinguqu ezinkulu ebomini karhulumente. Ingakumbi Ndaziva ukunganeliseki phakathi abasebenzi kunye nabalimi, ogama umgangatho wokuphila uphansi kakhulu.

Sunday igazi

Esona sizathu siphambili ukuqhambuka impi yombango kwakukho iziganeko ezibuhlungu eSt Petersburg. January 22, 1905 igqiza abasebenzi ukusuka Putilov Works waya Winter Palace kunye isicelo kukumkani. Abasebenzi wacela inkosi ukuphucula iimeko zabo zokusebenza, ukwandisa umvuzo, njl Kwakukho neemfuno zezopolitiko, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo ukuba abize kwiNdibano neqela - .. ukumelwa Abantu malunga imodeli Western yasepalamente.

Amapolisa waziqhekeza hambo. lwemipu zasetyenziswa. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukeneyo, wafa ebantwini 140 ukuya 200. Le ntlekele yaziwa Sunday. Xa isiganeko yaziwa kulo lonke ilizwe, uqhankqalazo eqala eRashiya. Kokubona abasebenzi yaye esongezwa nabavukeli zobungcali abaphembeleli leftist, babeqhuba ukuya kulo msebenzi ngokufihlakeleyo kuphela. It namandla kunye nenkcaso-melo.

I-revolution lokuqala Russian

Neyabangela uqhankqalazo kufuneka intensities ezahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kummandla bukhosi. Revolution ka 1905-1907. eRashiya kakhulu nzima kwakugquba phezu ongaphandle karhulumente wesizwe. Hi xikombiso, le wobusoshiyali Polish bakwazi ukubonisa ukuba baye emsebenzini malunga 400 namawaka abasebenzi ebukumkanini Polish. zaqalwa ezifanayo yenzeka kwi aseBalti kunye eGeorgia.

Radical woPolitiko (iiBolsheviks kunye SRs) baye bagqiba ukuba eli lithuba labo lokugqibela ukuze bambambe amandla kweli lizwe ngoncedo imvukelo izihlwele. Le baniqunga baphathwa nje kuphela abalimi kunye nabasebenzi, kodwa amajoni zesiqhelo. Ngoko ke waqalisa luqhankqalazo abaxhobileyo emkhosini. I-episode idumileyo kolu thotho le mvukelo kwi wempi "Potemkin".

Ngo-Oktobha 1905, kwaqalisa umsebenzi wayo zadityaniswa Saint Petersburg yiSoviet, leyo yaququzelela kubabethi ngapha ikomkhulu bukhosi. Iziganeko bomzabalazo wathabatha zobundlobongela ngoDisemba. E Moscow, wombhodamo exhobileyo kwakhokelela besilwa Presnya kunye nakwezinye iindawo esixekweni.

IManifesto October 17

Ekwindla ka-1905 Nicholas II waqonda ukuba ukulawula le meko. Wayengazi ngoncedo umkhosi ukucinezela neemvukelo amaninzi, kodwa akuyi kukunceda ukuba balahle ephikisanayo ngokunzulu phakathi kukarhulumente kunye noluntu. YoMlawuli waqala ukuxoxa ngamanyathelo okuyo ukufikelela kwizibhambathiso ezithile kunye zaneliswe.

Isiphumo ngesigqibo sakhe yaba Manifesto-Oktobha 17, 1905. Development loxwebhu wayenikwe negosa ezaziwayo-kakuhle kunye namazwe Sergei Witte. Ngaphambi koku, waya asayine uxolo kunye yaseJapan. Ngoku kufuneka Witte waba ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba ixesha ukunceda ngukumkani wabo. Le meko nzima kukuba ngo-Oktobha, baya baqhankqalaza abantu abazizigidi ezibini. Ubetha liyigubungele phantse onke amacandelo oshishino. It elele elukhukweni enedumbe zothutho ngololiwe.

IManifesto October 17 yazisa ezinye iingunqu inkqubo yezopolitiko yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Nicholas II phambi owned amandla kuphela. Ngoku ke wanika inxalenye igunya layo lowiso-mthetho, umzimba entsha - i-State Duma. Wayefanele ukuba onyulwe yi okuthandwayo kwaye abe imizimba okwenyaniso ummeli.

Kananjalo ndawumisa nabo imigaqo zentlalo ezifana ezifana inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yesazela, inkululeko yokuhlangana, kwakunye inviolability lomntu. Ezi nguqu zibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo imithetho karhulumente esisiseko yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Ngoko eneneni kukho umgaqo-siseko wokuqala wesizwe.

phakathi revolution

Ukupapashwa Manifesto ngo-1905 (xa kukho revolution e Russia) iye yanceda abasemagunyeni ukuba phantsi kolawulo loo meko. Uninzi bavukeli yathotha. yafikelelwa ukusilela yethutyana. Echo Revolution liviwe 1906, kodwa ngoku izixhobo ingcinezelo uhulumeni kulula ukumelana izitha zabo ekrakra ngubani avume ukuba babeke phantsi izixhobo zabo.

Yaqala ekuthiwa-ithuba inter-mbuso, xa 1906-1917 gg. Russia i neNgonyama siseko. Ke kaloku Nicholas kwafuneka Babengabalelani ngokoluvo State Duma, ezingenakulinganiswa ukuthatha imithetho yakhe. Lo mlawuli lokugqibela Russian kwaba yi elondoloza indalo. Akazange akholwe izimvo zobunene waza wacinga igunya lakhe kuphela enikwe yena nguThixo. Nicholas wenza minyinyiva kuphela ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho output elide.

Iintlanganiso zokuqala ezimbini kaRhulumente Duma ongayisebenzelanga wazibeka ngaphantsi ixesha komthetho. ixesha Natural bayavuma kwenzeka xa uPhilip wathabatha rematch. Ngeli xesha, umhlobo eyintloko uNicholas II yaba Prime Minister uPyotr Stolypin. URhulumente akunakuze uyavumelana Duma eminye imiba engundoqo yomgaqo-nkqubo. Ngenxa yale impixano, Juni 3, 1907, uNicholas II lichithakale indibano ummeli kwaye wenza utshintsho kwinkqubo yonyulo. III and IV intlanganiso kubume iye ngaphantsi olukhulu ngaphezu kweyokuqala leyo yesibini. Phakathi Duma kunye urhulumente uqale incoko.

The First World War

Iimbangi ezingundoqo revolution eRashiya kukugcina ngamandla kuphela kumkani, kuthintela amazwe ekuphuhliseni. Xa umgaqo lobuzwilakhe kwakwenziwe ngaphambili, le meko iye yazinza. Ukukhula koqoqosho sele iqalile. Kwezolimo komhlaba Stolypin wasiza abalimi ukumisa iifama zabo ezincinane zabucala. Kukho iklasi entsha kwezentlalo. Eli lizwe zazivelela bakhulile baba zizityebi phezu kwamehlo.

Ngoko kutheni na kwenzeka revolution olandelayo eRashiya? Ngokufutshane, Nicholas wenza impazamo ukungena leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi ngo-1914. amadoda izigidi ezininzi bazilungiselela. Njengoko kunjalo kunye kwiphulo Japanese, kuqala, eli lizwe yehlelwa evutha ngumoya 'izwe. Xa nendyikitya yalibaziseka, kwaye ukusuka ngaphambili imibiko yokwenzakala, inkampani waqalisa ukuxhalatyiswa kwakhona. Akukho namnye kuthi ngokuqinisekileyo wobeka phi imfazwe urhuqa on. Revolution eRashiya uyeza umva.

February revolution

Xa historiography kukho ibinzana elithi "The Revolution Russian Great". Ngokuqhelekileyo, eli gama generic libhekisela iziganeko ka-1917, xa lizwe babhukuqwa nje emibini. LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi iye hit uqoqosho lwelizwe. Ukuqhubeka mpofu yabemi. Ebusika ka-1917 e-Petrograd (renamed ngenxa abavakalelwa anti-German) baqala imiboniso abaninzi abasebenzi kunye ngabemi awonwabanga amaxabiso aphezulu isonka.

Ekubeni February Revolution eRashiya. Iziganeko zenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Nicholas II ngeli xesha kwikomkhulu Mogilev, kufuphi ngaphambili. Ukumkani, ndakuqonda malunga zaqalwa kwikomkhulu, wathabatha uloliwe ukubuyela Tsarskoye Selo. Kodwa yena kakhulu emva kwexesha. In Petrograd umkhosi anezikrokro waya kubavukeli. Le dolophu kwaba phantsi kolawulo labavukeli. NgoMatshi 2, iindwendwe waya kukumkani, ukuba beyiseke ukuba asayine shela yakhe. Ekubeni Februwari revolution eRashiya ushiye neNgonyama lokugqibela.

ukuphindisela 1917

Emva ekuqaleni imvukelo kuyimfuneko, uRhulumente lwethutyana lasekwa Petrograd. Oku kuquka imigaqo-nkqubo, ngaphambili eyayisaziwa nguRhulumente Duma. Baba kakhulu benkululeko kunye wobusoshiyali ngomlinganiselo. Intloko kaRhulumente lwethutyana Alexander Kerensky.

Isiphithiphithi kweli lizwe uza komeleza kwaye nezinye zezepolitiki olukhulu ezifana kwiBolsheviks kunye mbuso Social. Umzabalazo igunya. Ngokusemthethweni, urhulumente yethutyana ukuze sisinde de intlanganiso yeNdibano neqela, xa lovoto ilizwe jikelele ukuba isigqibo ukuba baphile ngendlela. Noko ke, sekunjalo kwakukho kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Okokuqala, kwaye abalungiseleli akazange afune ukuba angavumi uncedo namahlakani ayo kwi Entente. Oku kwakhokelela ekwehleni okukhulu ukuthandwa engunobambiso kaRhulumente emkhosini, ngokunjalo phakathi abasebenzi kunye nabalimi.

Ngo-Agasti 1917, Jikelele Lavr Kornilov wazama ukuba alungiselele yazibandakanya d'AFP. Kwakhona eliphikisa iiBolsheviks, bewagqala isisongelo ukuya ekhohlo Russia olukhulu. Loo mkhosi kakade Petrograd. Ngeli xesha, urhulumente kunye abaxhasi Lenin ngokufutshane bemanyene. YamaBolshevik abaphembeleli watshabalalisa umkhosi Kornilov ngaphakathi. Le zidale akuphumelelanga. Urhulumente interim wasinda, kodwa hayi ixesha elide.

yamaBolshevik revolution

Kuzo zonke ukuvukelwa zasekhaya Great Oktobha Socialist Revolution waziwa kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba umhla wakhe - Novemba 7 (New Style) - kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-70 bekusoloko iholide kazwelonke yangaphambili ubukhosi Russian.

Ndaphila enye lika wema Vladimir uLenin uLeon noTrotsky. Iinkokheli yamaBolshevik Party, waphumelela inkxaso Petrograd ikampu. October 25, isimbo endala amaKomanisi inkxaso imikhosi exhobileyo bababamba iingongoma ezingundoqo Petrograd unxibelelwano - kusungulwe, inkonzo yeposi, iziporo. Government lwethutyana yabekwa yodwa kwi Winter Palace. Emva ukuhlaselwa emfutshane yangaphambili yokuhlala yasebukhosini abalungiseleli abanjwa. Uphawu ukuqala umsebenzi ngokugqibeleleyo waba adubula blank udubule Cruiser "Aurora". Kerensky wayengekho edolophini, yaye kamva waba nako basuka eRashiya.

Ngentsasa yango-Oktobha 26 kwiBolsheviks sele ziinkosi ze Petrograd. Kungekudala kwafika imimiselo yokuqala urhulumente omtsha - le Ndiwise kwi Uxolo kunye Ndiwise kwi koMhlaba. I Provisional URhulumente babengakuthandi kanye ngenxa yokunqwenela yayo ukuqhubeka imfazwe nxamnye eJamani Kaiser, ngoxa umkhosi Russian ukulwa ndidiniwe kwaye abatyhafileyo.

slogans elula ecacileyo kwiBolsheviks babethandwa phakathi kwabantu. ekugqibeleni abalimi babelinde ukutshatyalaliswa yezikhulu kunye ukuhluthwa ubunikazi bomhlaba. La majoni bafunda ukuba imfazwe impiriyali yaphela. Noko ke, eRashiya ngokwayo yaba kude ehlabathini. waqala War Civil. IiBolsheviks neminyaka engama-4 ukuya kulwa kubachasi babo (abamhlophe) kulo lonke elo lizwe ukuze likwazi ukumisela ulawulo phezu ummandla yoBukhosi yangaphambili Russian. Ngowe-1922, i-eSoviet Union kwasekwa. Great October Socialist Revolution yaba isiganeko kwangenisa kwixesha elitsha kwimbali kuphela Russia kodwa ihlabathi liphela.

Kuba okokuqala kwimbali owayephila ngexesha amandla baphiwa ndawonye olukhulu. October 1917 wamangala futhi ndoyika kwintlalo yaseNtshona yoohlohlesakhe. KwiBolsheviks besithembe ukuba iRussia uya kuba sokufezekisa kwasekuqalekeni revolution yehlabathi kunye nokupheliswa yongxowankulu. Ayizange yenzeke.