Isilwanyana lokuqala emajukujukwini. Belka and Strelka - axoxa oosomajukujuku

April ihlabathi weshumi liphela ibhiyozela Day Cosmonautics. Kwaba lelo xesha ke, emva ngowe-1961, niqhawule yokuqala baye emajukujukwini wenza cosmonaut eSoviet Yuriy Alekseevich Gagarin.

Ukuze umntu uye emajukujukwini, ngaphandle koloyiko impilo yabo ngaphandle ngokubeka ubomi babo esichengeni, kwakufuneka iminyaka yophando kunye imifuniselo ezininzi practical.

Oku ezisitheleyo kudala ngaphambi kokuba abantu babona Umhlaba ngokusebenzisa porthole ye kwisiphekepheke, izilwanyana ziye emajukujukwini. oosomajukujuku shaggy igqampe emhlabeni moya, nto leyo eya kuthatha phesheya koMhlaba, indoda ngokusondeleyo kulandele ngehambo isilwanyana yokuqala emajukujukwini nendlela abavakalelwa ngayo. izixhobo Special ivumela ukubukela, nkqu utshintsho olungephi kwiinkqubo zomzimba yabo. Ezi data wenza kube lula ukuphucula ukusebenza lobuchwepheshe moya ukuya phambili ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuqalisa umntu emajukujukwini ngaphandle nawuphi na umngcipheko kwimpilo yakhe.

Le nkolelo kakhulu

Zeziphi izilwanyana wathumela emajukujukwini kanye kuqala? Uninzi lo mbuzo usenokubonakala sabaqalayo. Eyona Active Ukuphendula, sivile ukuba izilwanyana yokuqala, xa wabona isithuba, yaba isibini izinja mongrel ogama Belka kunye Strelka. Kwaye, ukuba ukumangala yabaninzi, kufuneka ingxelo ukuba le mpendulo engalunganga.

Ngubani na yonke lazaliswa kuqala?

Kumanqanaba okuqala zophando, izazinzulu US ezathunyelwa obeku- space. Ezi zilwanyana zakhethwa ngenxa yokusondela kwawo nokomzimba ngabantu.

Lo moya wokuqala suborbital lwaqhutywa yi ziingcali NASA Juni 11, 1948. Ngelishwa, i inkawu akazange sisinde kule experiment. Le elandelayo embalwa imitsi abantu abaphila isiphumo esifanayo. Kodwa kule moya isekhona kukwazi nokuqokelela ulwazi ukwenzela zobuchwepheshe, kunye nezilwanyana moya emajukujukwini, intsimbi ngokukhuselekileyo emva Emhlabeni liphila kwaye lusempilweni. Xa nenani-60 saqalisa ukuphumeza iinqwelo kunye ukufikelela kwi komzila.

Xa iyonke, iiprogram uphando olwenziwe eUnited States phakathi 1948 no 1969, yaphehlelelwa emajukujukwini 32 hlobo.

Space Travel Dog

Ngelo xesha ngokunxuseneyo kunye eUnited States eSoviet Union yabamba wokuhlola yayo isithuba. Kubo, izinja zasetyenziswa kakhulu. Ngaba uyazi ukuba yintoni na isilwanyana yokuqala, a ngxa isithuba ukusuka cosmodrome Russian?

Dezik and Gypsies - ezi izinja ezimbini iyadi Julayi 22, 1951 baya kuba enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa kwi phezulu emoyeni. Ukufikelela umda enemiqathango kunye nesithuba, nto leyo imi endaweni ka-100 km, okwangoku capsule ekhethekileyo lawela ngokukhuselekileyo emhlabeni. Lo moya sasithatha imizuzu engama-20, yaye emva izinja ezimbini ndiziva ndonwabile. Kanye ngeveki enye enze enye moya, nto leyo eyaphela ngaphantsi ngempumelelo. ngokuphindaphindiweyo Dezik wathumela emajukujukwini, yaye omnye umkhweli we umjukujelwa, inja ogama Fox, ilalhekile ngexesha lihlala, njengoko iparashute, leyo kuthiwa ukuqinisekisa kwendiza kakuhle philisi ayivulwanga.

Ixhoba lokuqala ziingcali isithuba wabiza iinkokeli amava eli experiment. Kodwa uphando, akayekanga ukuzanga kakhulu. Xa zizonke, phakathi-1959 no-1960, flight 29 sub-Orbital lwaqhutywa kuyo izinja ziye, imivundla, amabuzi ezimhlophe kunye neempuku. Ezinye isilwanyana yokuqala isithuba ekuhambeni kwakhe phantsi zomzimba - ukuze bakwazi ukufunda imeko komzimba umzimba.

Iinqwelo Animal orbit

Lo moya yokuqala ye kwisiphekepheke lifikelele orbit, bethwele eziphilileyo yenziwa Novemba 3, 1957. Ukuba phambi kokuba izilwanyana kwathunyelwa ngababini, ngoku umkhweli nqanawa eSoviet "zwi-2" waba omnye kuphela dog Laika igama. Nangona ukubuyela Nngokobuchwepheshe na inja leyo kunokwenzeka, kodwa wasweleka nangoku zibhabha, emva kweeyure ezi-5, bemthomalalisile igophe elipheleleyo 4 ejikeleza uMhlaba. Unobangela lokufa kwakhe yaba eninzi uxinezeleko nobushushu umzimba. It Laika - oku sesona silwanyana yokuqala, a ngxa isithuba ukuba ijikeleze kwaye, ngelishwa, akazange abuye.

Ixesha olulandelayo satellite nabantu eziphilayo ababekhwele ezazithunyelwe orbit kweminyaka emithathu kuphela kamva. Kwathi ngoJulayi 28, 1960 I-moya Kwakhona asiphumelelanga, kwisiphekepheke ladubula emva kwemizuzwana 38 emva kokuqala injini. Kulo experiment, izinja babulawa oosomajukujuku Chanterelle kunye Inqina.

Kunye August 19, 1960 kwisiphekepheke "zwi-5" waya orbit, wenza neziphithiphithi 17 ejikeleza uMhlaba lawela ngempumelelo. Lonke eli xesha kwibhodi baba kakhulu Belka kunye Strelka. Emva kokuba ikhomishini ngoMatshi 1961, ezimbalwa kakhulu aba moya ngempumelelo, kwagqitywa ukuba athumele indoda emajukujukwini kuqala.

Ukukhethwa kwezilwanyana ngenxa ucwaningo isithuba

Izilwanyana yokuqala isithuba ayengekho kanye oko, zikhethwe ngononophelo kwaye baqeqeshwa phambi moya. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ukukhetha izinja ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kule moya, wabanika imiyalelo eyadini, abantu outbred, ngenxa yokuba emzimbeni singapheli ngakumbi.

Kuba moya Orbital kwakufuneka izinja esempilweni enobunzima wayedla ngaphantsi kwe ezintandathu no-35 cm ubude, phakathi kweminyaka eli-emibini ukuya kwezintandathu. Beka nabenzi boluvo ababanikezelayo ukufunda iinkcukacha kakhulu oluhle izilwanyana shorthaired.

Phambi izinja baqeqeshelwe ukuba nasemagumbini ezivaliweyo ukuba zilinganisa endlwaneni iziphekepheke ezibhabhayo musani ukoyika iingxolo elikhulu kunye intlokoma, esidla, usebenzisa isixhobo okhethekileyo onikezela ukutya weightlessness, hayi.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga ukubhabha wokuqala Belka kunye Strelka ukujikeleza

Kuthiwa ukusabela Belka kunye Strelka emajukujukwini wavula abantu indlela eya iinkwenkwezi.

Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba eneneni ezi izinja ezithandekayo ekuthiwa Albina kunye Marquis, kodwa phambi kokuqala yomzamo oko kubonisa ukuba indawo lweziqhulo amazwe eSoviet, kwaye ngoku isilwanyana yokuqala isithuba, watyelela komzila base wabuyela Earth, bayazazi kuthi phantsi amagama kunye notolwana olujonge kunye UNomatse.

Izinja zikhethwe inani elikhulu zicelo, kodwa, ngaphandle emzimbeni iparameters esisiseko kubalulekile idyasi umbala. Ubuhle bokuba izilwanyana aba umbala ukukhanya, yenzela lula ukuba iliso kuzo nge-liso. Enye into ebalulekileyo yaba inja kwaye isibheno, njengoko kunjalo kwimeko impumelelo yamava babo thaca ngokuyimfuneko kuluntu jikelele.

Nangona ixesha elindelekileyo ngohambo Belka kunye Strelka na ngenye imini, kodwa uqeqesho kunye nokuvavanywa izilwanyana kwiimeko flight uqikelelo ukuya kwiintsuku ezisibhozo.

Ngexesha lo moya kwibhodi inkqubo ubomi inkxaso ukusebenza, kwaye usebenzisa izinja izixhobo ekhethekileyo kweemeko weightlessness abondliwayo ukutya kunye namanzi. Ngokubanzi, izilwanyana bazive kakuhle, yaye kuphela ngexesha yokuqalisa irula egcine iyangongoza intliziyo. Eli nani nganye ezinga malungu abantu xa kwisiphekepheke lifikelele orbit.

Xa uzigqibe uphuhliso ngempumelelo indawo yezilwanyana, kuye kwacaca mhlophe - umntu nako ukuya ngaphandle ojikeleze umhlaba uze ubuyele akenzakala.

Ezinye izilwanyana wayekade space

Ukongeza obeku- izinja ngaphandle ojikeleze umhlaba baye batyelela kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezifana neekati, amahobe, amasele, iinkumba, imivundla, iimpuku, amaphela, leenewt, kwaye ezinye iindidi zeentlanzi. Abaninzi baya kuba nomdla ukwazi ukuba ngoMatshi 22, 1990 kwi isiphekepheke "Mir" wakwazi ukuba aqandusele intshontsho yamaqanda izagwityi. Oku kukuba wokuqala ukuzalwa ophilayo emajukujukwini.

Ngaba zizala izilwanyana esithubeni?

Kodwa ke into yokuba iqanda ngaphambili ingaqala amaqanda intshontsho kwisithuba, akuthethi ukuba izilwanyana kunye nezityalo esithubeni kunokubangela. izazinzulu NASA waqondakalalisa ukuba radiation cosmic nempembelelo embi kubume umsebenzi okuzala zezinto eziphilayo. iiseli lwegciwane ngenxa nemisinga ezininzi protons sele isithuba, wenze saba umsebenzi wayo. Akhulelwe ngaloo ndlela kube nzima. Kwakhona kule khosi yemifuniselo ayikwazanga kusindiswa ngokwemiqathango isithuba sele zarozhdonnye iimbumba. Ke kwangoko ladamba ukuze akhule kwaye wafa.