Genre sentimentalism. Iimpawu sentimentalism kwiincwadi

Iintlobo sentimentalism, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya classical-isimbo, ebizwa umfundi ulwazi iimvakalelo oqhelekileyo, ukuba uhlobo zendalo karhulumente sangaphakathi, ukuba badibane nendalo. Kwaye ukuba classicism waqubuda sizathu kuphela, bayasilela zikhona kuzo zonke logic, inkqubo (ngokutsho kwithiyori izibongo Boileau), i igcisa-sentimentalist ndikhululekile ngengqiqo amagama ayo, ukubhabha banga. Wazalwa zoqhankqalazo ezichasene nama sizathu ukoma ezendeleyo yiEnlightenment, zonke iintlobo ze sentimentalism na into onayo esuka kumncedisi we kwinkcubeko, nokuba ubunzulu umphefumlo athathe ukusuka ezantsi kwayo.

Imvelaphi ye sentimentalism

umbuso wobukhosi Absolutist ukuba bawele nentlekele obukhulu. Endaweni lwamaxabiso zentlalo kuza imilinganiselo, abhijelwe lomntu, kunye vsesoslovnoy. Sentimentalism - inkcazelo kwi iincwadi ukuzingca kwezakhi ebanzi oluntu kunye evutha ngumoya onamandla anti-wobukhosi.

Ilifa wesithathu, uzinzo kwezoqoqosho, kodwa yentlalo akanamandla yezopolitiko, uye waqinisa nxamnye ebukhosini kunye nabefundisi. Kwaba apho, eklasini wesithathu, kwaye wazalwa odumileyo: "Inkululeko, ukulingana, abo bakwinkonzo" - nto leyo eyaba isilogeni zonke yeenguqu. inkcubeko kwezentlalo yoluntu wawufuna nokulawulwa ngokwentando yesininzi.

inqubo Rationalist obala postulate nokubaluleka ngezimvo, yiyo le ngxaki eceleni. neNgonyama Absolute njengendlela ubume karhulumente yawa kwamazinyo. Ingcamango neNgonyama ehlisa ingcamango yokuba kumkani bakhanyiselwa - kuba phantse akukho mntu okanye omnye akazange ahlangabezane neemfuno zokwenene zoluntu.

Ububi inkcubeko

Ukuba nokwenzeka oohlohlesakhe yi Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-18 liye lenyuka kakhulu kangangokuba ukuba ambhalele nemigomo ukuze zonke ezinye iiklasi, ingakumbi inkcubeko. Ukuba lweli iingcinga inkqubela, yena wababela ukuba uncwadi nobugcisa.

Ngaphezu koko, oko kuhlala ngabameli zazo kwindawo yazo: Rousseau - weewotshi usapho, uVoltaire - izivumelwano Diderot - yezandla ... Malunga artists kwaye ukhumbule akukho ndlela, ngokuba ngokupheleleyo kwilifa wesithathu, kuphela ngokukodwa.

Nangona onke amacandelo oluntu le mazwi lwentando ngenkulungwane ye-18 lakhula nge ephala, hayi nje kuphela kweli Estate yesiThathu. La mazwi yaye bafuna ukuba ongasekhoyo yiEnlightenment namanye amaqhawe, iimeko ezizodwa ukushukumisa ezintsha. Kunjalo Iintlobo of sentimentalism kwi abaqalayo uncwadi khange. izibongo Elegiac, uhlobo epistolary, memoirs - bonke kudala iifom ezaliswe isiqulatho esitsha ezaziwayo.

Iimpawu eziphambili sentimentalism kwiincwadi

Njengenye indlela umgaqo yiEnlightenment bulumko lale esusa enye indlela kwimbono yehlabathi: musa ingqondo, intliziyo, oko kukuthi, wayebhekisela kudidi ukushukumisa iimvakalelo. Uncwadi - ke intsimi leyo unamathupha zonke iintlobo zonke sentimentalism.

Sentimentalists ayekholelwa ukuba umntu ngemvelo ukuba yayintsha, oqiqayo, nengqiqo, oko likufutshane bume yendalo, nto leyo ngokufundisa izivamvo unika ebomini noxolo. Isidima kufuneka zendalo, babhala, yaye kuphela xa iqondo eliphezulu uvakalelo kuluntu onako ulonwabo lokwenene. Iintlobo eziphambili sentimentalism kwiincwadi yaye ke ngoko zikhethwe ngokusekelwe zobuhlobo: wamadlelo, yokuchitha, uhambo, iidayari zobuqu okanye oonobumba.

Ukuxhomekeka ekuqaleni yendalo (An Education) kwaye uhlale kwi bume yendalo - kwindalo - ezi iintsika ezimbini apho zonke kwiintlobo zonke sentimentalism zisekelwe.

Yobugcisa kunye nenkqubela loluntu, urhulumente, uluntu, imbali, imfundo - la mazwi ngokuhambelana sentimentalism ikakhulu ngqwabalala. Inkqubela njengesiseko sokumilisela yiEnlightenment yakhiwa zizazinzulu kunye lexicographer, kwaba sochton ayiyomfuneko kwaye iyingozi kakhulu, yaye zonke izenzo impucuko - yintlekele eluntwini. Ihlelo wanikela ubuncinane ubomi yabucala yasemaphandleni, kwakunye eliphezulu - ubomi eyayingekaphuhli kunye zasendle kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

amabali yobuqhawe kweentlobo yokugqibela sentimentalism, hayi kunye. Ngemihla, okuvelayo ezilula Ubazalise. Endaweni iimvakalelo eqaqambileyo, imikhuba ukulwa nobuhle sentimentalism xa iincwadi ngenkulungwane ye-18 abonisa ukusulungeka iimvakalelo kunye nokuqhama yehlabathi ephakathi umntu avareji. Amaninzi, oyinzalelwane welifa wesithathu, imvelaphi amaxesha akukho esezantsi. Sentimentalism, inkcazelo kwi kwiincwadi bokubanga lwentando yesininzi, omkhanyelayo ngokupheleleyo ngezigaba ebekwe impucuko.

Ihlabathi engaphakathi emntwini: enye imboniselo

Ekuphetheni Age wokukhanya, umkhwa omtsha ngokuqinisekileyo hayi bakhwelela kude nemigaqo yemfundo. Noko ke, sentimentalism kunye Classicism kwiincwadi ngokulula waqonda: ukusuka ababhali classicists umlinganiswa ingacaci, sobuntu - i ngakumbi ubukho bezinto ubani features uvavanyo esisinyanzelo yokuziphatha.

Sentimentalists Kwakhona wabonisa uTshawe njengomntu kunye imbambano obungapheliyo. Waba ahlanganise wawo, nabubo bonke ubutshijolo, kuba ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya okulungileyo yakhe azalwa nokubi. Kunye nemvelo - isiqalo elungileyo, impucuko - ububi. rhoqo Uvavanyo Monosyllabic okungalungelaniyo imisebenzi theka inyathelo hero. Kusenokwenzeka kakuhle ngani, kodwa nikogoda ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yokuba usoloko ithuba lokuthobela indalo ukubuyela endleleni yokulunga.

Apha kule didacticism, yaye ngamanye amaxesha uphambene, kunye sentimentalism elidityaniswe ngokuqinileyo ilixa uhlobo yakhe.

Ihlelo imvakalelo kunye ukujongwa

Iintlobo eziphambili sentimentalism sihlobene kakhulu kumxholo, ngale ndlela bakwazi ukubonisa ngakumbi intshukumo entliziyweni yomntu. Oku inoveli ngoonobumba, yinto elegy, iidayari, memoirs nabo bonke ekuvumela ukuba nithethe umntu wokuqala.

Umbhali ke umisiwe into limela, yaye ukubonakaliswa kwayo - ebaluleke kakhulu ebalini. Isakhiwo kwakhona ezamahala ngakumbi izimiso zoncwadi musa kuhlutha engqondo, ukwakhiwa ke engenasizathu, kunye naliphi na inani lwesihloko lyrical.

Yavela elishumi yesibini kunxweme eNgilani, iintlobo eziphambili sentimentalism kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ziye yakhula kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kakhulu ngokucacileyo - eNgilani, eFransi, eJamani naseRashiya.

England

Amazwi wokuqala bavuma kumgca features sentimentalism kwiincwadi. Abameli likhanya ngamandla: ngumlandeli Njengomhlaziyi yamandulo Nikola Bualo - Dzheyms Tomson, oye wachitha elegy yakhe indalo IsiNgesi, luzele okubi; Umsunguli "amangcwaba" of poetics Edward Jung; ukuxhasa umxholo umbongo "Ingcwaba" Scot Robert Blair kunye Thomas Grey kunye elegy ubunjwe emangcwabeni lali. Zonke ezi ababhali yeyona uluvo oluphambili yokulingana abantu ngaphambi kokuba afe.

Emva koko - engcono - features sentimentalism uvele senoveli iincwadi yohlobo. Samuel Richardson isigqibo elaqhekeka ngokwesithethe adventure, adventure kunye inoveli picaresque, ukubhala inoveli ngoonobumba. "Bawo," kwicala Lourens Stern yaqala emva kokuqamba inoveli "A theka Journey Esebenzisa eFransi Italy, uMnu Yorick", nto leyo wamnika igama ulwalathiso. Kwincopho sentimentalism IsiNgesi ezibalulekileyo ithathwa umsebenzi Oliver umnyibilikisi.

France

Eyona ndlela ezaziwa sentimentalism uyaqapheleka yokuqala kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo eFransi. De Marivaux kwenzeka kanye ekuqaleni kwale iprozi, echaza ubomi Marianne kwaye umlimi, leyo wakhululwa ebantwini. I Abbe Prevost bazizityebi zemibala iimvakalelo ezichazwe uncwadi - uthando ezakhokelela kwintlekele.

Waqalwa sentimentalism eFransi - Jean-Zhak Russo kunye Iinoveli epistolary. Nature ngemisebenzi yakhe ezixabisekileyo ngokwayo, abantu bemveli. I inoveli "bavume" - ISityhilelo kwibali kuncwadi ehlabathini.

De Saint-Pierre, umfundi Rousseau, baqhubeka inkxaso inyaniso, leyo ushumayela iintlobo ezinkulu sentimentalism: uyolo lomntu ngokuvisisana nendalo kunye nesidima. Wayeca- nokugqama 'exotic "kwi romanticism, obonisa ilizwe lemvula olukude.

Kwakhona, musa ukuthatha abalandeli kwizikhundla Rousseau and ZH.-S. Mercier, alityhala inoveli "I Savage" abangekaphuhli (efanelekileyo) kunye neentlobo civilizational yobukho. Iziqhamo Mercier impucuko ichazwa njenge yekhasi kwi "imifanekiso ka Paris."

Umbhali-wafundisa de la Breton (amakhulu amabini isebenza lukhulu!) Omnye wabalandeli unyanisekileyo of Rousseau. Wabhala ngendlela yokubhubha yedolophu kwindawo iba umfana lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuziphatha, babe nyulu, yaye yaxoxa ingcamango pedagogy ngokwemiqathango kwimfundo yabafazi abakhuliswe ngayo.

Ukususela ekuqaleni revolutions features sentimentalism kwiincwadi baphela ngokwendalo. Genre sentimentalism ezincwadini natyetyiswa izinto ezintsha.

Germany

A look entsha kwi uncwadi eJamani nolwaluphenjelelwe G.-E. Lessing. Yonke le nto yaqala le mpikiswano oonjingalwazi Zurich University yiBodmer kunye uJohann Jakob Breitinger kunye umlandeli wangumququzeleli classicism - German Gottsched. I-Swiss wawalwela ekuyileni zemibongo, kodwa German bungayelelani.

F.-G. Klopstock eyomelezile isikhundla sentimentalism usebenzisa lwemveli Medieval isithethe esiJamani sobufundisi lula kunye neemvakalelo ngentliziyo waseJamani. Kodwa ke abenzi bemilingo of sentimentalism yaseJamani beza kuphela ngeminyaka yenkulungwane 18 ngokunxulumene umsebenzi ekudalweni nxaxheba yesazisi Literature yesizwe kwi intshukumo "Sturm und Drang".

Kulo mkhuba kwaye JW ebutsheni bakhe Goethe. "Inimba Young Werther," Goethe wathulula iincwadi German amaphondo pan-Europe. impembelelo izicacele of "Sturm und Drang" kwaye idrama ke I.-F. Schiller.

Russia

sentimentalism Russian wavula Nikolaem Mihaylovichem Karamzinym - "Iileta umhambi Russian", "Poor Liza" - obukhulu ukubhala imizwa. Onovakalelo, ukudangala, umnqweno ngokuzibulala - iimpawu eziphambili sentimentalism kwiincwadi - in Karamzin zidityanisiwe kunye nezinye izinto eziluyilo ezininzi. Waba ngunozala liqela ababhali Russian, ngubani walwa lwegama akudala grandiloquent kunye ulwimi olutsha zemibongo. Kweli qela zezethu II Dmitriev, VA Zhukovsky kunye nabanye.