I-nitric acid

I-asidi ene-monobasic eqinile, engummiselo ongenabalabala phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ejikelezayo, ingaba kwisimo esiqinileyo, ebonakaliswe ukuguqulwa kweekristalline ezimbini (i-monoclinic okanye i-rhombic lattice), kumaqondo angaphantsi kwe-41.6 ° C. Le nkunkuma enefomic formula - HNO3 - ibizwa ngokuba yi-nitric acid. Inomlinganiselo we-molar we-63.0 g / i-mol, kwaye ubuninzi bayo bunxulumana no-1.51 g / cm³. Indawo yokubilisa ye-asidi yi-82.6 ° C, inqubo ilandelwa ukuchithwa (inxalenye): 4HNO3 → 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2. Isisombululo se-asidi kunye neqhekeza elincinci lezinto ezisisiseko ezilingana nama-68% amathumba kwiqondo lokushisa lama-121 ° C. Isalathisi sokurhoxiswa kwento ecocekileyo ihambelana no-1.397. I-asidi iyakwazi ukudibanisa namanzi kunoma yimuphi umlinganiselo kwaye, ekubeni yi-electrolyte eqinile, phantse ngokupheleleyo i-H + ne-NO3- ions. Iifom eziqinileyo - i-trihydrate kunye ne-monohydrates ineempompo: HNO3 • 3H2O kunye ne-HNO3 • H2O, ngokulandelanayo.

I-asidi ye-nitric iyingozi, into enetyhefu kunye ne-oxyidizer eqinile. Ukususela kuma-Middle Ages, igama elithi "amanzi anamandla" (Aqua fortis) yaziwa. Iingcali zemvelo, ezazifumana i-asidi kwi-13 leminyaka, zanikeza eli gama, liqiniseke ngeepropati zayo ezingaqhelekanga (zitshintshe zonke izitye ngaphandle kwegolide), zidlulile ngeesigidi izihlandlo zamandla ase-actic acid, ngaloo mihla yayithathwa njengeyona nto iyasebenza. Kodwa emva kweeminyaka emithathu kamva, kwafunyanwa ukuba umxube we-acids ezifana ne-nitric ne-hydrochloric acid kwisilinganiso se-1: 3, esibizwa ngokuba yi "royal vodka", sinokutshintshwa, kwanegolide. Ukubonakala komthunzi ophuzi ngexesha lokugcinwa kuchazwa ngokuqokelela kwe-nitrogen oxides kuyo. Xa kuthengiswa, i-asidi isoloko ixutywa kuma-68%, kwaye xa umxholo wezinto eziphambili ungaphezu kwe-89% ubizwa ngokuthi "fuming".

Iimveliso zeekhemikhali ze-nitric acid zihlukanisa ukuba zinciphise i-sulfuric okanye i-hydrochloric acids kwi-HNO3 yinkompozi enamandla, ngoko-ke i-hydrogen ayizange ikhutshwe ngokusabela ngezinyithi. Ngenxa yeendawo zayo zokuxhamla, iyakwazi ukuphendula kunye nezinye ezingekho izinyithi. Kuzo zombini iimeko, i-NO2 ihlala ikhona. Ekuphenduleni kwe-redox, ukunciphisa i-nitrogen kwenzeka kumadiresi ahlukeneyo: HNO3, NO2, N2O3, NO, N2O, N2, NH3, enqunywe nguxinaniso ye-asidi kunye nomsebenzi wensimbi. Iimolekyuli zeemveliso zenziwe ziqukethe i-nitrogen kunye ne-oxidation state ye +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, +3, ngokulandelanayo. Ngokomzekelo, ubhedu buxutywe nge-asidi enefuthe (II) nitrate: Cu + 4HNO3 → 2NO2 + Cu (NO3) 2 + 2H2O, kunye ne-phosphorus kwi-metaphosphoric acid: P + 5HNO3 → 5NO2 + HPO3 + 2H2O.

Ngaphandle koko, ukucutha i-nitric acid iyayiphendula ne-nonmetals. Ukusebenzisa umzekelo wendlela yokusabela ngayo i-phosphorus: 3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O → 3H3PO4 + 5NO, kunokubonwa ukuba i-nitrogen iyancitshiswa kwi-divalent state. Ngenxa yoko, i-nitrogen monoxide yenziwa, kwaye i-phosphorus ifakwe i- phosphoric acid. I-nitric acid egxininisiweyo ngokuxutyushwa nge-hydrochloric acid ichithe igolide: Au + 4HCl + HNO3 → HI + H [AuCl4] + 2H2O kunye ne-platinum: 3Pt + 18HCl + 4HNO3 → 4NO + 3H2 [PtCl6] + 8H2O. Kule mpendulo, kwisigaba sokuqala, i-hydrochloric acid ixutywe nge-nitrogen kunye ne-chlorine, kwaye ke izinyithi zakha i-chloride enzima.

I-asidi ye-nitric kwinqanaba lezorhwebo lifumaneka ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili:

1. Iyokuqala kukusebenzisana kwezetyu nge-acid sulfuric: H2SO4 + NaNO3 → HNO3 + NaHSO4. Ngaphambili, le ndlela yayikuphela kwayo, kodwa, ngokuza kwamanye ubugcisa, ngoku isetyenzisiwe kwibhubhoratri ukuvelisa i-fuming acid.
2. Iyesibini yindlela ye-arc. Xa umoya uphuthunyiswa nge- arc yombane ngeqondo lokushisa lika-3000 ukuya ku-3500 ° C, enye i-nitrogen emoyeni iphendula nge-oksijeni, ngokubunjwa kwe-nitrogen monoxide: N2 + O2 → 2NO, emva kokuba emva kokupholisa i-oxidized to nitrogen dioxide (kumaqondo aphezulu, i-monoxide ayifani ne-oxygen) : O2 + 2NO → 2NO2. Emva koko, ngokuqhelekileyo, yonke i-nitrogen dioxide, ene-oksijini engaphezulu, ichitheka emanzini: 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2 → 4HNO3.
3. Iyesithathu yindlela ye-ammonia. I-Ammonia i-oxidized kwi-platinum catalyst ye-nitrogen monoxide: 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O. I-nitroses eyenziwe yenziwe ikhuhlile, kwaye i-nitrogen dioxide yenziwa, echithwa ngamanzi. Le ndlela ivelisa i-asidi kunye ne-60% ukuya kwi-62%.

I-asidi ye-nitric kwimveliso isetyenziselwa kakhulu ukuveliswa kweziyobisi, idayi, iziqhumane, i- nitrogen fertilizer kunye ne-nitric acid salts. Ukongezelela, isetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa isinyithi (umzekelo, ubhedu, ukukhokelela, isilivere) ezingaphenduliyo nezinye iicidi. Kwishishini lezinto zokugcoba isetyenziselwa ukuchonga igolide kwi-alloy (le ndlela ingundoqo).