I-London Stock Exchange: imbali yendalo

I-London Stock Exchange yiyona indala kunawo onke eYurophu. Ukongezelela, iyaziwa ngokuba ngamazwe ngamazwe: ngo-2004, yayiquka iinkampani ezingama-340 ezivela kumazwe angama-60. Nangona e-UK kukho ukutshintshana okungaphezulu kwe-21, ininzi ethandwa kakhulu iseLondon. Ngalo, siya kukuxelela kule nqaku.

Ulwakhiwo

I-London Stock Exchange ineemarike eziphambili ezintathu: izibambiso ezisemthethweni, ezingabhalwanga kunye nokunye utyalo-mali.

• Iimarike ezisemthethweni. Inxalenye enkulu kunazo zonke, ezijoliswe kumafemu anomlando othile wokuphila kunye nenkunzi enkulu. Unamaqela amabini: kwiinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe nakwiinkampani zasekhaya.
• Iimarike zee-securities ezingabhalwanga. Kwabonakala ngo-1980 ukubonelela ngeenkonzo kwiinkampani ezincinci. Ngelishwa, lo mzamo awuphumelelanga, kwaye ngenxa yokuthengwa kwexabiso eliphantsi kuma-90s okuqala, eli marike liye lakhanselwa.
• Iimarike zenye imali-mali. Kuye kwavela phakathi ka-1995 ukulungiselela iinkonzo ezincinci. Abaviwa abatsha abazange banikwe iimfuno ezizodwa ngokwembali encinane yemisebenzi yenkampani kunye nenani lezabelo ezazisetyenziswe. Iimfuno kumncinci wancinci zancitshiswa. Kodwa i-liberalization ka-1997 yaholela eLondon Stock Exchange iqinisa imithetho yokubeka izabelo.

Imbali

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, izitrato zathengiswa kwizindlu zekhofi okanye ezitalatweni. Ngo-1566 uTomas Gresham, owayevela eHolland, wakhetha ukwakha igumbi elilodwa kulezi njongo. Uthe uya kuyenza ngeendleko zakhe, kodwa wafuna ukuba abahlali kunye noorhulumente bafumane indawo efanelekileyo. Ingxowa yemali eqokelelweyo kwisixa sama-3 500 iipounds zathengiwe indawo efanelekileyo yomhlaba. Ngowe-1570, iRoyal Exchange yavulwa.

Utshintsho olutsha

Ngelishwa, umlilo omkhulu waseLondon wawubhubhisa, kwaye isakhiwo esitsha savuselelwa kuphela ngo-1669. Kwakhona, igalari yayilungelelaniswe, eneendawo ezingama-200 zokurenta. Kwisakhiwo esingaphantsi kwesakhiwo, iimpahla zagcinwa. Ngomnyaka we-1698, abathengi baxoshwa kwi-stock exchange for behavior disgust (ukungena kwempahla kunye nengxolo). Ukuxoxisana kunye nokugqiba iicandelo, ivenkile yekhofi "kuYonatan" yonyulwa. Emva koko uluhlu lwamaxabiso lokuqala lubonakala kwii-securities. Emva kweminyaka engama-50, ivenkile yekhofi "UYonatan" iphindaphinda isithuba sokutshintshisa kuqala - sitshiswa. Nangona kunjalo, iindwendwe zibuyisele isakhiwo ngokwazo. Ngomnyaka we-1773, kufuphi nevenkile yekhofi, abadayisi bakha isakhiwo esitsha, babibiza ngokuba "nguYonatan Omtsha" (kamva igama latshintshilwa "yiString Exchange").

Ukutshintshana ngekhulu lama-20

Imfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala yanciphisa kakhulu iimarike zentengiso yaseYurophu. I-London Stock Exchange yavala okokugqibela kunye nonyaka kamva (ngo-1915) yaqalisa umsebenzi wayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, iqela lezisebenzi zokuzithandela lakhiwa. Kwonke kwakukho abantu abangama-400. Yonke yesine yafa ekulweni. Ngama-1960, inani labasebenzi kunye nabasebenzi belandisiwe kangangokuba ulawulo lokutshintshiselana lucinge ukwakha isakhiwo esine-26-storey. Ukwakhiwa kwadlula iminyaka eyi-12, kwaye ngowe-1972 uMongameli waseNgilani ngokwakhe wavula isakhiwo esitsha .

Ngowe-1987 kwakukho ukuguqulwa kwamakhadidi kwi-stock exchange. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuzo: ukutshintshwa kwezorhwebo ngokomzimba (inkqubo ye-SEAQ), ukukhanselwa komncinci kumda weekomishoni, imvume kumalungu atshintshiselwano ukudibanisa imisebenzi yomrhwebi kunye nomthengisi. Ndiyabulela kwinkqubo ye-elektroniki ye-SEAQ, abadayisi abazange bafune ukungena kwiholo kwintengiso. Bakwenza oku kwiofisi yabo.

Ekupheleni kuka-1997, iingcaphuno zeLondon Stock Exchange zagqitywa ngokupheleleyo kwifomathi yekhompyutheni. Inkqubo yokurhweba ngekhompyutha I-SET yandisa ijubane lemisebenzi kunye nokusebenza ngokubanzi.

I-London Stock Exchange yeeMetroli ezingezantsi

Yayisungulwa ngexesha loPhulo lweShishino lwe-1877. Ngoku i-London Stock Exchange yezimbizi ezingenasinyithi zibhekwa njengeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwiziko lezorhwebo laseYurophu. Kuye indlela ende ukusuka elula ukuya phambili (kunye nekamva). Konke oku kuvumela abathengi kunye nabenzi bezinyithi zombane ukucima ilahleko ezikhoyo kunye neengozi zohlaselo kwixabiso lokunyuka. Unokwenza ukuthengiselana kwiinketho, iikontrakthi zexesha elizayo kunye nemali.

Ukutshintshana kufumaneka kwisakhiwo samandulo sokuTyala kweNdlu kwaye kusalondolozwa izithethe ezininzi zangaphambili. Igumbi lokusebenza lenziwe ngesangqa, esinqumla "ubulungu besetyhula" yabathathi-nxaxheba kwimisebenzi yokurhweba. Nangona kufikelelwe kwiinkqubo ze-elektroniki, ukuthengiselana kusekugqityiwe kwindlela yokukhala. Ngokufanayo, ilizwi kunye namaxabiso ezinsimbi. I-London Stock Exchange kwiNdlu yeZityalo ikhethe "ulwimi lwezandla" abathengi abasetyenzisiweyo ngexesha lokukhawuleza, ukuze bangadibanisi imiyalelo enikeziwe kwaye ifunyenwe.

Imarike yeGolide

Kukho intsimbi exabisekileyo ethengiswa yiLondon Stock Exchange - igolide. Kwakusoloko kumile kule sikhungo ngaphandle. Abameli beenkampani ezihlanu baya kuthatha inxaxheba kwigumbi elilodwa kwiintengiso. Usihlalo uphakamisa intengo, kwaye "ezintlanu" zibonisa ukukulungele ukugqiba. Emva koko konke ukuvunyelwa kunye nokuvunyelwa, amanani angqaliweyo ayaziswa ukuba zezivumelwano ziya kugqitywa. Ngokwecebo elifanayo, ubhedu buyathengiswa kwaye buthengwa. I-London Metal Exchange ngokuqinisekileyo yenye yezona ziqumrhu ezidumileyo zeBritani. Kodwa kukho amanye amaziko emithathu afanelekileyo akhankanywe ngokwahlukileyo.

I-Exchange Oil Exchange

Kuze kube ngo-1970, iimarike zamandla zazizinzile. Kodwa ngenxa ye-oil embargo (1973-1974), ukwakheka kwe-OPEC kunye nemfazwe yama-Arab-Israel, abalimi beoli balahlekelwa ukulawulwa kwamaxabiso. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kwama-80. I-International Petroleum Exchange yasungulwa eLondon. Isizathu esibalulekileyo sokubonakala kwayo kukunyuka kwenyuka kwamaxabiso eoli. Indawo engaqhelekanga yachazwa yonyuka kwimveliso yeoli kwiNxweme yoMntla.

Utshintsho linikeza iinketho zombini i- petroleum engatyiweyo, i-gasoil, i-oyile kunye nezivumelwano zexesha elizayo. Ingundoqo yayo yinto enokwenzeka yokutshintshela isikhundla semarike yemali yesikhundla sexesha elizayo, ngaphandle kokuba le ntshintshi ivela ngexesha lokungasebenzi. Uphawu lwesibini luyimini ende yokusebenza (de 20:15). Ishedyuli enjalo ivumela abathengi ukuba bangene kwizivumelwano zokubambisana ne-United States.

Izinketho zaseBrithani kunye neXesha lokuTshintshana

Ekuqaleni, yayinegama elifani ngokupheleleyo: i-London Mercantile Exchange. Eliziko liyimarike yemveliso ephuma kwiimpahla kunye nemveliso yezolimo e-United Kingdom. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngokwemali kunye nobukhulu, bukhulu kakhulu kunabalingani babo belizwe langaphandle (umzekelo, i-Chicago Exchange), kodwa oku akuthinteli inani elithile lezentengiselwano kwiYurophu.

Olu tshintsho luvele phakathi kwekhulu lama-20 ngokusekelwe kwintlangano "yokugcina", eyayiqhuba ixesha elizayo kwimigqaliselo yemveliso emininzi. Kamva, ifunyenwe phantse yonke iimarike zendawo, kwaye yada ithatha inxaxheba kwiimarike kubalingane beBaltic (ezivela kwimpahla yeempahla kunye namazambane). Amanani kwi-London Stock Exchange yezinto ezikhethiweyo kunye nexesha elizayo zinenzuzo. Unokugqiba ukusebenzisana njengesiqhelo (ibhali, ingqolowa, ingulube, njl.) Kunye nempahla yamakholoni (i-soy, ishukela, ikhofi).

Utshintsho lweeNkcukacha zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neKamva

EBritani kukho iindlela zokukhetha ezikhethiweyo, kodwa isebenza ikakhulukazi neSweden. Utshintsho kwiintlobo ezininzi zeefa zigcinwa kwi-International Exchange Options kunye nexesha elizayo.

Kuze kube ngo-1992, le ntsebenzo ibandakanye igumbi lokusebenza laseLondon Stock Exchange. Emva koko yonke into yashukunyiswa kwisakhiwo kwiSitalato saseKannon. Inxalenye enkulu yeemveliso zolu dshintshiso idibaniswe kunye nezibophelelo kunye nezixhobo zemali-mboleko, kwaye inxalenye ethile yentengiselwano ichaphazelekayo ngekontrakthi zezabelo.

Imakethe ye-stock market yaseNgilandi isebenza ngokusesikweni kwi-FTSE 100 yesitokisi sotshixo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba kusebenze kunye neendlela zaseYurophu naseMelika. Kuze kube kutshanje, yayinobume be-stock exchange exchange eYurophu ngokwezoxhobo zobugcisa .

Okukhethwa Kwamazwe ngamazwe kunye ne-Futures Exchange yi-UK yemarike eyintloko phakathi kweemveliso kwaye inika izinga eliphezulu lokuthengiswa kweebhanki eJapan, e-US, eJamani nase-Itali. Kodwa, ngokungafani namaziko e-America, ayikujongani neenkontileka kwiimali ezivela kwimali.

Emva kokuba i-stock exchange exale kunye neentlanganiso ezingaqhelekanga kwiindawo zokuxoxisana. Ngoku baye baba ngamaziko ezezimali asemthethweni banikezela abathengi uluhlu lweenkonzo ezahlukeneyo. Njengoko uphuhliso luguqukile, iinkqubo ezizinzileyo zokuhlala kunye nemithetho eqinile, ukunciphisa ingozi yabathathi-nxaxheba.

Uninzi lwamaBriki aseBrithani aluyi kuzisa inzuzo eninzi. Iimbopheleleko zabo zikhawulelwe kwiziqinisekiso eziqhelekileyo (ngamanye amaxesha ngeendlela zobutyebi). Indlu yokucoca i-London isebenza ekucoceni imisebenzi yale maziko. Nguye onika iziqinisekiso ezivela kwingxowa-mali yomshuwalense. Ekupheleni kuka-2000, ubukhulu bayo beyizigidi ezili-150 kwizigidigidi.

Isiphelo

Ngoku i-London Stock Exchange yenye yezona zihlanu ezinkulu kumaziko alolu hlobo kwihlabathi. Bathengisa izabelo zeenkampani ezingama-300 ezivela kumazwe angama-60. Ukuba sibheke kwiifisi zaseRussia, into ebaluleke kakhulu iLukoil, iGapprom neRosneft. Ukususela ngo-2005, ukuthengiswa kweendlela kunye nexesha elizayo kwi -RTS index iye yaqaliswa ngokutshintshiselwa .