I-Argentina, ubuninzi: ukubunjwa, ubungakanani, umgangatho wokuphila

Intsimi ye-Arijista yamanje inembali ende yokuhlala. Imbali entsha yombuso iqala kuphela ngekhulu le-16, ngoko uhlanga kunye nendlela yokuphila kweli lizwe liguquka. IArgentina, abemi balo namhlanje banomxube wenzalo yabanqobi nabemi bomthonyama, baphila ubomi obunzima kunye nobunzima.

Geography

I-Argentina iyindawo engasempuma-mpuma yeMzantsi Melika nakuma-mpuma yeqela laseTerra del Fuego. Indawo yeli lizwe malunga neekhilomitha ezili-2.8 zeekhilomitha. IArgentina, abahlali bayo bahlala kwiidolophu ezinkulu, baneendawo ezihlukeneyo: umntla nempuma zihlala kwi-plafa, kwaye ezantsi nentshonalanga ziindawo zeentaba. Umda osentshonalanga karhulumente udlulela kwi-Andes, edala isimo sezulu esikhethekileyo kwilizwe. Iindawo ezinentaba zinzima ukuhlala, ngoko ke bambalwa abahlali.

Intsimi yelizwe icebile kakhulu kwiiminerali, ngoko, ngenani leendawo zokugcina i-uranium, ilizwe liphakathi kwamazwe ahamba phambili. Nangona kunjalo, akukho zixhobo ezibalaseleyo, njengaseBrazil, umzekelo. Kukho ukuphulukana okucacileyo kwezizinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo eziyimfuneko ekuphuhliseni ishishini. Ubukhulu becala bezoqoqosho lwelizwe lenziwe ngamanzi kunye nezibonelelo zomhlaba, ezingasetyenziswanga ngokupheleleyo.

Imbali yokulungiswa kwelizwe

Inani lokuqala labantu baseArgentina ngabazingeli kunye namadada, abahlala apha kwi-8-7 yeminyaka eyi-BC. Kwixesha eliphambi kweColombia, ukuhlala kwiindawo ezihlala ngasemva zahlala apha, ukulandelwa kweziqhamo ezininzi kwaphela kwintsimi, babenezixeko zabo ezinkulu, eyona idume kakhulu iTagtil.

Kamva la mazwe anqotshwa yi-Inca empire. Kwaye ngo-1512 i-European colonization yaqala. Ngowe-1527, i-coloni yokuqala yaseSpain yaseParna yasungulwa. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva uhambo olukhulu lwabantu abayi-2500 bevela eSpain, kwaye baqulunqa isiseko sabantu abatsha abemi belixa elizayo iArgentina. Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo i-replenishment rhoqo yamakoloni ngenxa yokufika kwabahlali abasha. Ngelo xesha, ukulungiswa komhlaba akuzange kudlule ngokuthula, ukuxabana okusisigxina kunye noluntu lwabantu lwaqhubeka. Kwakhona, izenzo zezempi zaqhutyelwa phakathi kwabalawuli abahlukeneyo. Ngowe-1825, emva kweminyaka emininzi yeemfazwe zangaphakathi kunye nomzabalazo wokuzimela ngaphandle kweSpeyin, kutsha urhulumente omtsha - i-Argentina emele.

Isiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19 sibonakala njengexesha lophuhliso loqoqosho, olubandakanya ukwanda kwabemi. Ukufuduka kweMasa kwenzeka ngexesha lokusukela ngo-1880 ukuya ku-1940, xa amaninzi aseItaliyane, amaSpeyin kunye nabanye baseYurophu beza apha. Ngo-1880 kwakukho ukugxothwa kokugqibela kwamaNdiya kwimimandla yabo yemveli. Inkulungwane ye-20 yithuba lokuzama ukwakha urhulumente omtsha ophumeleleyo, kodwa le ndlela ayilula kwaye namhlanje iArgentina iyaqhubeka ikulwela inhlalakahle yayo.

Inani labantu baseArgentina

Namhlanje, inani elipheleleyo labemi baseArgentina - izigidi ezingama-646 zabantu abangama-646. Ukwanda kwezemvelo kunyaka odlulileyo kwakungabantu abangama-440 amawaka, ngenxa yabafuduki inani labahlali linyuka ngabantu abayi-6 000. Ukuqwalaselwa kwabemi base-Argentina kuqhutywe ukususela ngo-1951. Ngaloo nyaka kweli lizwe kwakuhlala abantu abayizigidi ezili-17 ezingama-300. Inani elilonke lelizwe liye lakhula ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka ezayo, nangona le ncwadana inomsebenzi othile.

Izwe ligcina ukukhula okulungileyo, kodwa ngowe-1951 bekuyi-2%, kwaye namhlanje ayizange ifike kwi-1%. Ukunyuka kwenani kubangelwa kubafuduki kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokuzalwa, kodwa kukho ukunyuka okuphawulwayo kwinqanaba lokuzalwa, kwaye inani labafuduki liyancipha. Ngako oko, izazi zenzululwazi zixela kwangaphambili i-zero okanye i-dynamics yelizwe labantu.

Ubuninzi boluntu

I-Argentina yilizwe elincinane labantu. Ngokomyinge, kukho abantu aba-15 abahlala kwikhilomitha yekhilomitha, elingaphantsi kwamazwe angomakhelwane. Oku kubangelwe kwiimpawu ezizimeleyo zokufama, ezingenakudinga ukuhlala ngokusisigxina kwabantu abasemhlabeni. Oku kuchaphazelekayo kwiimeko ezinzima kwiindawo ezinqumlayo kunye neentaba, indawo ezimeleyo zihlala ngabantu. Ubuninzi bobuninzi bubonakala kwi-Buenos Aires kunye nakwiindawo eziphezulu zophuhliso lwezolimo, kukho abantu abaphakathi kwe-100 kwikhilomitha nganye.

Uhlanga lwabantu

Ukuba ukhangele imvelaphi yezofuzo zamaninzi ase-Argentina namhlanje, ke indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa yizimpembelelo zaseMzantsi Yurophu, kwakhona egazini labo zifumaneka kwimimandla yabemi bomthonyama kunye neentlangane ezincinane ezivela kwiAfrika. Namhlanje, isizwe saseArgentina, amaNdiya, sinama-1.5% kuphela ewonke. Ezinye ezinye ziyi-mestizos. Kwaye umbuzo wobuzwe, phantse bonke kodwa amaNdiya, uphendula ngokuthi bangama-Argentines, athetha ngokuvela kobuzwe obutsha.

ULwimi

IArgentina, abemi bayo bavela kwimvelaphi edibeneyo, uthetha ezininzi izivakalisi. Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni sisiSpeyin, abaninzi abantu banxibelelana nabo. Enyanisweni, ukusuka kolwimi olukhankanywe eSpeyin, luhluke kakhulu, kuba uhlobo oluseArgentine lwalusungulwa ngesiseko sesiLwimi saseCastilian, ngaphandle koko lwaye lwachaphazela iilwimi zendawo. Ulwimi lwesibini oluqhelekileyo kweli lizwe li-Itali, lilandelwa yiPutukezi, isiJamani, isiFrentshi nezinye iilwimi zaseYurophu. Abantu baseNdiya bathetha ulwimi lwabo kunye neelwimi zabo, eziqhelekileyo zazo yiQuechua. Ingqikithi kukho ubuncinane iilwimi ezingama-40 kunye neelwimi kwilizwe.

Ukubunjwa kwezesini zoluntu

Ukubunjwa kwexesha kunye nobulili bobemi baseArgentina kubonisa ukuba ekuzalweni, inani lamadoda phezu kwabasetyhini liyabakho (i-1.05), ehambelana nemimiselo yehlabathi. Xa ukhulile, lesi sibonakaliso sinciphisa, eneminyaka engama-25 ukuya ku-50 sele esele i-1 ukuya kweyoku-1, eneminyaka yobudala engama-55 ukuya kuma-64 ubudala-0.97 ekuthandweni kwabasetyhini, nangaphezulu kweminyaka yobudala engama-65 ukuya kwi-0.7. Oku kubangelwa ukufa okuphezulu kwamadoda anesithuba esiphakathi kwamaxesha angama-74. Abasetyhini baphila ngokwesilinganiso ukuya kuma-80.9 iminyaka. I-pyramid yobudala yase-Argentina ibonisa ukuba leli lizwe liloluhlobo olusandulisayo, olusakhulayo, kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokuzalwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye akulona ixesha elide lokuphila.

Izikhombisi zamanani

IArgentina, abahlali bayo bahamba ngokukhawuleza kodwa bekhula ngokukhawuleza, kubonakaliswe ipesenteji ephakamileyo yabantu. Inani labahlali belizwe elineminyaka engama-15 li malunga nekota yesigidi samanani, abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ba-10% kuphela. Umthwalo wabantu malunga ne-57%. Oku kuthetha ukuba yonke i-Argentine enamandla kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba imveliso yezinto eziyimfuneko ebomini izihlandlo ezili-1.5 ngaphezu kokuba yena ngokwakhe angadla. Umntu onjalo ophakamileyo uhambelana nokusebenza koburhulumente.

Ukuqeshwa kwabemi

Inani labantu baseArgentina li malunga nama-65% kubo bonke abemi. Inqanaba lokubhala nokubhala nokubhala kwabafundi li-98%, isantya sokungabikho komsebenzi singama-5.9. IArgentina, imilinganiselo yokuphila ayikho ephakamileyo, ibonakalisa ukuba kukho ukungabikho kwemisebenzi enkulu kwiidolophu, ngoxa ezolimo zihlala zihlulwa ngabasebenzi. Ngako oko, amanani aseburhulumenteni awabonakali okwenyani. Eli lizwe, abantu abaninzi basebenza phantsi kweemeko zengqesho yesikhathi esithile, abaninzi abangasebenziyo abangabhalisi.

Ukusasazwa kwabantu

IArgentina iya kuba lizwe leendawo zasezidolophini ngokukhawuleza. Kuye kubekho ukuhlala kwendawo yasemaphandleni ngokuthe ngqo: iidolophana zazincinci ngobukhulu, uhlobo lwamafama. Ngamanye amaxesha iArgentina yayibizwa ngokuba yilizwe legrama ngaphandle kwabasimili, elibhekiselelwe ngumnini mhlaba omkhulu. Umnikazi welizwe uqeshe abasebenzi ukuba benze umsebenzi wonyaka, lonke ixesha ahlala kwezinye iindawo.

Namhlanje, uluntu luya ngokuya kwiidolophu. Ukuba ukhangeleka ukusasazwa kwabantu phakathi kweeyunithi zezolawulo zelizwe, ngoko ke indawo ephakamileyo yindawo enkulu (eBuosos Aires ngokwayo ihlala nabantu abangaba zigidi ezi-3), kunye nemimandla yaseTucuman, iMisiones.