Vyacheslav Molotov (Vyacheslav Mihaylovich Skryabin): engobomi, umsebenzi wezopolitiko

Molotov wayengomnye iiBolsheviks ezimbalwa umnxeba yokuqala, nelawula ukuba asinde era zocindezelo kaStalin kwaye ahlale ngamandla. Uye wabamba iintlobo zezithuba karhulumente omkhulu imi--1920-1950.

kwiminyaka yokuqala

Vyacheslav Molotov wazalelwa ngoMatshi 9, 1890. Igama lakhe real - Alexander Scriabin. Molotov - mbumbulu party. Xa kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, kwiBolsheviks wasebenzisa ezahlukahlukeneyo amagama eshicilelwe kumaphephandaba. Molotov elabo wasebenzisa okokuqala kwi incwadana encinane kuphuhliso loqoqosho Soviet, yaye ukususela ngoko ngakumbi naye ukuba aphume.

I-revolution elizayo wazalwa kwintsapho abakumgangatho ophakathi, owayehlala ke umpheki kwilali kweli phondo Vyatka. Uyise ngokufanelekileyo indoda esisityebi yaye bakwazi ukunika abantwana bakhe imfundo elungileyo. Vyacheslav Molotov waba kwisikolo yokwenene Kazan. Kwiminyaka yobutsha bakhe beza le revolution yokuqala Russian, leyo, Kakade ke, ababa kodwa kuchaphazela iimbono mfana. Student waye wajoyina i-qela lolutsha yamaBolshevik ngowe-1906. Ngowe-1909 wabanjwa kwaye elubhacweni Vologda. Emva kokuba kukhululwe Vyacheslav Molotov bafudukela eSt Petersburg. Kwikomkhulu, waqala ukusebenza kwiphephandaba yokuqala Party zomthetho obizwa "Inyaniso." Scriabin wazisa umhlobo wakhe Victor Tikhomirnov, owayevela kwintsapho zabarhwebi, kwaye waxhasa lo kopapasho Socialist ngeendleko zabo. Igama enene Vyacheslav Molotov kuphinda ekubhekiselwe kuyo ngoko. Ekugqibeleni Revolutionary elidityaniswe ubomi bakhe iqela.

INguqu kunye War Civil

Ngu ekuqalekeni Februwari Revolution of Vyacheslav Molotov, ngokungafaniyo amaninzi iiBolsheviks edumileyo, waba eRashiya. party umntu Key iminyaka emininzi kuye elubhacweni. Ngenxa yoko, kwinyanga yokuqala ka-1917, Molotov Vyacheslav Mihaylovich waba ubunzima olukhulu Petrograd. Wahlala umhleli we "Inyaniso", wada waya kungena ikomiti yesigqeba yiSoviet lwabaSebenzi 'kunye Amajoni' yamaSekela.

Xa uLenin kunye nezinye iinkokheli RSDLP (b) wabuyela eRashiya, lo igosa oselula amana kungena ngemvelaphi ngelo xesha ayisekho ebonakalayo. Molotov uyekelwe abadala yaye ubugagu, kunye nesibindi olululo. Kodwa ke yena kunye nezibonelelo: engaziva enyanzelekile, inkuthalo kunye nemfundo yobugcisa. Ngoko ke, ebudeni beMfazwe Civil Molotov kakhulu kwi "entsimini" umsebenzi kweli phondo - wahlela umsebenzi wamabhunga engingqi kunye noomasipala.

Ngowe-1921, amalungu iqela omqolo wesibini nethamsanqa ukuya umzimba omtsha kumbindi - i Secretariat. Apha Molotov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich elaqala umsebenzi ngokwemimiselo, yena element yakhe. Ukongeza, i-looNobhala we-Central Committee RCP (b), waba endisebenza Stalin, apho wagqiba ikamva lakhe lonke elizayo.

ngesandla sokunene Stalin kaThixo

Ngowe-1922, Stalin wonyulwa uNobhala Jikelele leKomiti Central. Ukususela ngoko, abantu abaselula V. M. Molotov waba uTimoti. Waba ukuthembeka ngokuthatha inxaxheba zonke ezihamba kunye oliqhophololo kukaStalin njengoko Lenin kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, yaye emva kokufa Lenin. Molotov ngempela endaweni eyiyo. Yena ngokwemvelo akuzange inkokeli, kodwa inkuthalo ezahlukeneyo ingenalo novelwano, wamnceda kumsebenzi ezininzi umabhalane kwiKomiti Central.

On komngcwabo Lenin ngowe-1924, Molotov ethwele ebhokisini yakhe, nto leyo uphawu kwimpahla yentsimbi ubunzima bakhe. Ukususela ngoko Baqala umzabalazo yangaphakathi ngaphakathi iqela. Ifomathi 'amandla awo adibeneyo "eyayikho ixesha elide kakhulu. Oku kubeka phambili abantu abathathu isicelo zobunkokeli - Stalin, noTrotsky kunye Zinoviev. Molotov bekusoloko unodoli wokuqala uqikelelo. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho izinga abambe nguNobhala-Jikelele, yena Sasizabalaza kwiKomiti Central, kuqala nxamnye "Trotskyist", emva koko "Zinoviev" inkcaso.

January 1, 1926 V. M. Molotov yaba lilungu le-Politburo - ibhunga lolawulo le-Central Committee, eziquka umntu inelona futhe likhulu qela. Ngelo xesha linye ukoyiswa lokugqibela yabadlali kuStalin kwenzeka. Ngomhla ekubhiyozeleni leminyaka-Oktobha Revolution ziye ukuhlaselwa abaxhasi noTrotsky ngayo. Kungekudala wathunyelwa Kazakhstan elubhacweni yekhethelo, waza emva koko washiya ngokupheleleyo USSR.

Molotov waba Stalin kaThixo kumqhubi ikhosi kwiKomiti Party Moscow City. Yena rhoqo wadlala nxamnye enye neenkokeli ekuthiwa-ekunene-iphiko eliphikisayo Nikolaya Uglanova, leyo, ekugqibeleni, Ububahluba isithuba sikaNobhala yokuQala CIM. Ngowe-1928-1929 gg. Ilungu Politburo Wathabatha kule ndawo. Ngezi Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, Molotov owabanjwa ukubonakaliswa eMoscow zokucoca izixhobo. Ukusuka apho, bonke abachasi kukaStalin zaye zachithwa. Nangona kunjalo, lo ingcinezelo kwexesha base kakhulu - akukho namnye okwangoku shot okanye bathunyelwe kwiinkampu ekusetyenzwa nzima.

Explorer collectivization

Indudumo abachasi bakhe, Stalin kunye Molotov ukuya ekuqaleni 1930 yanika amandla kuphela Koba. UNobhala Jikelele uncome ukusungulwa nenkuthalo isandla sakhe sokunene. Ngowe-1930, emva yokurhoxa Rykov yaba isithuba esingenamntu usihlalo weBhunga Abantu Commissars USSR. Kuye kwafakwa Molotov Vyacheslav Mihaylovich. Ngokufutshane, waba yintloko ke urhulumente waseSoviet, ubambe eso sithuba kude 1941.

Ukususela ekuqaleni collectivization emaphandleni Molotov kwakhona rhoqo kuhambo ishishini elo lizwe liphela. Wabakhokela ekubulaleni kulaks kwi Ukraine. Urhulumente kufuneka yonke isonka yamahlwempu ezakhokelela uxhathiso apha elalini. Ezindaweni wasentshona yafikelela noqhankqalazo. Ubunkokheli Soviet, hayi kanye mandithi, buqu Stalin, bagqiba ukwenza i "emnqakathi enkulu" - isiqalo kabukhali ngezoshishino noqoqosho ngasemva. Ngenxa sidinga imali thina. Ke kokufuduselwa ngenxa kwintengiso okuziinkozo aphesheya. Ukuze uyifumane, urhulumente waqalisa irikhwizishini isivuno ukusuka abalimi. Malunga ukwenza oku Vyacheslav Molotov. Ngobomi yale umsebenzi ngo-1930 wazaliswa ngeziqendu ezahlukeneyo yingozi kunye exutyiweyo. Iphulo lokuqala enjalo yaba kukuhlasela kumafama Ukrainian.

iifama iyasilela esihlanganyelweyo akakwazanga ukumelana aneenjongo zawo njengoko nezicwangciso yokuqala yeminyaka emihlanu, ngokuba procurements okuziinkozo. Xa sifika kwiingxelo ongemhle eMoscow malunga ukuvuna-1932, i-yesicelo wagqiba ukulungiselela wave entsha zocindezelo, eli xesha kuphela ngokuchasene kulaks, kodwa abaququzeleli iqela bobulali ukumelana nomsebenzi wabo. Kodwa la manyathelo akayi konga Ukraine ngenxa yendlala.

Umntu wesibini sikarhulumente

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa phulo kulaks i lasungula uhlaselo elitsha, apho yazinyaswa yi Molotov. USSR ukususela ekusekweni kwayo ibe kwimeko ngegqudu. Stalin kwakubangelwa ubukhulu becala neqembu yakhe ndalahla ezininzi eliphikisayo beqela iiBolsheviks. Ngaba ngo ngamagosa nehlazo agxothwayo eMoscow, wafumana izikhundla nezincinane ongaphandle lizwe.

Kodwa emva kokubulawa laseKirov ngo-1934, Stalin wagqiba ukusebenzisa eli thuba njengesizathu lokutshatyalaliswa ebonakalayo okungafunwa. Amalungiselelo beqale lokuthetha iinkundla. Ngowe-1936, le ityala nxamnye Zinoviev kunye Kamenev walungiswa. Wabaseki yamaBolshevik Party batyholwa ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwintlangano Trotskyist omusha. Yaba ibali ze kakuhle ezicwangcisiweyo. Molotov, nangona kungqinelwano yakhe ukusoloko, wamelana inkundla. Emva koko phantse umfana zocindezelo. Stalin wakwazi ukugcina abalandeli bakhe ngetshekhi. Emva kweso siganeko, Molotov bazama ukuxhathisa iliza okwadala ngesothuso. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, waba nxaxheba osebenzayo.

Ngu ekuqaleni War Patriotic Omkhulu Commissars-25 Abantu bakhe, owayesebenza SNK ngo-1935, basinda kuphela Voroshilov, Mikoyan, Litvinov, Kaganovich kunye Molotov ngokwakhe Vyacheslav. Ubuzwe, ubuchule, ukunyaniseka lobuqu kwinkokeli - konke oku ilahlekelwe intsingiselo. Phantsi ahambise i NKVD Kunento eyodwa. Ngowe-1937, usihlalo SNK wenziwa kwenye plenums yeKomiti Central kunye diatribe apho Ubiza toughen ekulweni neentshaba zabantu kunye iintlola.

It Molotov laqalisa iinguqu, elandelwa "bamaZwe" wafumana ilungelo agwebe abarhanelwa asingabo bodwa, kodwa nezintlu yonke. Oku kwenziwa ukuze lula umsebenzi izidumbu. Le abenzi bemilingo zocindezelo kwenzeka ngo-1937-1938 gg., Apho NKVD kunye iinkundla yokuzithenga ukumelana nokuqukuqela umtyholwa. Abantu ababekhwele apho gu kuphela ubunkokheli beqela. Wayichukumisa Kwakhona phezu abemi abaqhelekileyo USSR. Kodwa ngokuyintloko buqu Stalin kweliso "Trotskyists" abaphezulu, iintlola Japanese kunye nezinye ngabangcatshi. Emva inkokheli kumatyala wawela ehlazweni ozibandakanye abanokuzityand yakhe abakhulu. Ngowe-1930 Molotov okunene waba ngumntu wesibini sikarhulumente. Ku kombisa yaba mbhiyozo ngokusesikweni unyaka wama-50 ngo-1940. Emva koko usihlalo SNK nje ufumene iimbasa ezininzi karhulumente. Imbeko yakhe kwisixeko Perm igama Molotov.

Abantu Commissar for Affairs Foreign

Ekubeni Molotov waba kwi Politburo, yena igosa eliphezulu yiSoviet ababandakanyekayo nkqubo amazwe. USihlalo CPC kunye yaBantu Commissar leMicimbi yangaPhandle ye-USSR Mxim Litvinov wayedla baphikisana kwimiba ubudlelwane ne-West, njalo njalo .. Ngo-1939 kwakukho obekulindelekile. Litvinov washiya post yakhe, Molotov waye yaBantu Commissar for Foreign Affairs. Stalin wammisa nje ngomzuzu xa umgaqo zangaphandle kwakhona libe sisiqinisekiso ubomi lonke ilizwe.

Ezikhokelele ekugxothweni Litvinov? Kukholelwa ukuba Molotov kule umthamo kwaba lula ngakumbi kuba nguNobhala-Jikelele, njengoko lweli rapprochement ne eJamani. Ukongeza, Commissar emva Scriabin wamiselwa, kwi-ofisi yakhe, iliza entsha zocindezelo, elathi Stalin ukuba balahle oonozakuzaku, musa ukuxhasa umgaqo bakhe bezinye iintlanga.

Xa Berlin bevayo icala Litvinova, uHitler wayalela abadlali bakhe ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni na mood omtsha eMoscow. Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1939, kunjalo Stalin yathandabuza, kodwa ekugqibeleni wagqiba ehlotyeni, kuluncedo ukuzama ukufumana ulwimi okudibeneyo Wesithathu, hayi Britain okanye France. NgoAgasti 23 kuloo nyaka, wafika e Moscow, uMphathiswa Foreign German nguJoachim von Ribbentrop. Uthethwano Stalin kuphela kunye Molotov babenaye. Azikho baziswe malunga neenjongo kwamanye amalungu Politburo, leyo, umzekelo, iye yakhokelela nasekudaneni Voroshilov, ngelo xesha owayephethe lobudlelwane neFransi ne England. Isiphumo yokufika kwabathunywa yaseJamani yaba odumileyo non-ndlongo isivumelwano. Kwakhona eyaziwa ngokuba Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, nangona, eneneni, igama waqalisa ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kamva ngaphezu kwiziganeko ezichazwe.

Uxwebhu oluphambili kuquka neenkqubo ezongezelelweyo emfihlekweni. Ngokutsho amalungiselelo ayo, eSoviet Union kunye iJamani wahlula eMpuma Yurophu yaba iinkalo impembelelo. Eli lungiselelo lanika Stalin ukuze uqalise imfazwe nxamnye eFinland, annexing ithi lweBaltic, Moldova kunye Poland. Mkhulu kangakanani igalelo eyenziwa ezi zivumelwano Molotov? Non-ndlongo Isivumelwano yathiywa ngegama lakhe, kodwa ke, zonke izigqibo ezingundoqo ezenziwa Stalin. Commissar yakhe zityekele kumabi ukuthanda yinkokeli. Kule minyaka mibini izayo, kude kube ukuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, Molotov wenza nkqubo becala kuphela amazwe.

IMfazwe Enkulu Yobuzwe

Ngokutsho imijelo yawo ozakuzo Molotov wafumana ingcaciso malunga nokuqulunqwa Wesithathu imfazwe kunye eSoviet Union. Kodwa akazange baqhoboshele ukubaluleka kwezi ngxelo, kuba kaloku wayesoyika ihlazo kwicala Stalin. Leader phezu kwetafile imiyalezo efanayo umfaniswano, kodwa abazange bahlunguzele inkolelo yakhe ukuba uHitler wayeza nabuganga ukuba ahlasele USSR.

Akumangalisi ukuba amanqaku kaJuni 22, 1941 Molotov emva kokuba umqeshi wakhe wothuswa gqitha iindaba isibhengezo zemfazwe. Kodwa kuye, Stalin wayalela ukuba enze intetho yakhe edumileyo, ethi yasasazwa kunomathotholo ngomhla kokuhlaselwa Wehrmacht. Ebudeni bemfazwe Molotov wakhonza imisebenzi ikakhulu ozakuzo. Kananjalo ulibamba Stalin iKomiti Defense State. Abantu Commissar kanye kuphela wazifumana ngaphambili, xa wathunyelwa ukuba iphande iimeko elihlazo iindlela Vyazma ekwindla ka-1941.

ku eliSetyenzisiweyo

Phambi kokubhiyozela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II Molotov ngusihlalo waloo SNK yena indawo yi Stalin ngokwakhe. Xa, ekugqibeleni, kukho uxolo, commissar abantu bahlala emlindweni wakhe ophetheyo-nkqubo wezangaphandle. Yena inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zokuqala UN, ngoko ukuhambela eUnited States. Ngokwangaphandle, yonke into wakhangela kakuhle Molotov. Noko ke, ngo-1949, wabanjwa ngumfazi wakhe Polina Zhemchuzhina. Yena wayengumYuda ngokuzalwa, kwaye ngumntu obalulekileyo kwi yamaYuda Committee Antifascist. Kanye emva kwemfazwe, i eSoviet Union yasungula iphulo lokulwa-Semitic, olwaqalwa Stalin ngokwakhe. ngokwendalo Pearl bawela lokusila kwayo. Ukuze ukumbamba umfazi Molotov yaba uphawu emnyama.

Ukususela ngowe-1949, waba indawo rhoqo for Stalin, abaqala inobuhlungu. Noko ke, emthonjeni igosa elifanayo ebeze yeposi lakhe Commissar. Xa XIX Congress of the Party, Stalin akazange ziquka kuyo Elawulayo entsha zeKomiti Central. Itheko waqalisa ukujonga Molotov njengendoda nakanjani. Zonke iimpawu zibonisa ukuba eli lizwe kuza yezihlangu elitsha eliphezulu, ezifana ke lowo iziphithiphithi yiSoviet Union kwi-1930. Ke kaloku Molotov wayengomnye-sicelo wokuqala ukubulawa ngokudutyulwa. Ngokutsho memoirs ka Khrushchev, Stalin xa ngokuvakalayo kanye wathetha wakhala ukuba Abantu eyayisakuba Commissar leMicimbi yangaPhandle owathunywa ngengqondo nobutshaba Western ngexesha lamaphulo zakhe zozakuzo eUnited States.

Emva kokufa kukaStalin kaThixo

Molotov kusindiswa nje ngesiquphe kokufa Stalin, Matshi 5, 1953. Ukudlula yakhe Njengokungeniswa hayi kuphela lizwe kodwa okusingqongileyo ngokukhawuleza. Ngeli xesha Stalin yaba isithixo, ukufa ogama kwaba nzima ukukukholelwa. Abantu kukho amarhe okuba Molotov ukuze endaweni inkokheli njengentloko yombuso. Oku kube negalelo udumo lwakhe, kwakunye nomsebenzi ixesha elide abakwizikhundla eziphezulu.

Kodwa Molotov kanye kwakhona akazange athi zobunkokeli. "Amandla nemibutho" wammisa kwakhona uMphathiswa weMicimbi Foreign. Molotov inkxaso Khrushchev kunye neqembu yakhe nokuhlaselwa Beria kunye Malenkov. Kodwa evela Union yathatha ixesha elide kakhulu. Iqela elite iimpikiswano nezolo malunga nkqubo angaphandle. Sibi yaba umbuzo lobudlelwane kunye weYugoslavia. Ukongeza, Molotov, Voroshilov kunye Khrushchev wavakalisa izichaso phezu izigqibo zayo kuphuhliso kumazwe enyulu. Zazingekho na iintsuku xa inkokeli enye kuphela kweli lizwe. Khrushchev waba, Kakade ke, akazange abe nesabelo yeshumi amandla, leyo Stalin. Ukunqongophala ubunzima zekhompyutha ekugqibeleni esamenza ukuba awuyeke.

Kodwa phambi kwalonto nezikhulu zakhe izikhundla goodbye Molotov. Ngowe-1957, yena Washumayela kunye Kaganovich kunye Malenkov kwiqela anti-party ekuthiwa-. Injongo yale kuhlasela Khrushchev eyayifuna ukuba ukurhoxa. Nangona kunjalo, iqela kwazi fail iqela yokuvota. Kulandele rematch le nkqubo. Molotov waphulukana post yakhe wezangaphandle.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Emva 1957, Molotov yabamba izithuba zikarhulumente minor. Ngokomzekelo, waba inxusa Mongolia. Emva ukugxekwa ngesigqibo sakhe XXII Congress uphum'aphele leliqela wamthumela umhlala-phantsi. Molotov wahlala ekhuthele de imihla yakhe yokugqibela. Njengoko umntu ngasese, wabhala waza wapapasha iincwadi kunye namanqaku. Ngowe-1984, sele indoda endala unako ukufikelela nokubuyiselwa Communist Party.

Ngama-1980, umbongi uFelix Chuev wanyathelisa ingxoxo yakhe kunye ne-tomato yezopolitiko zaseSoviet. Kwaye, umzekelo, umzukulu kaVyacheslav Molotov, ososayensi wezopolitiko uVyacheslav Nikonov waba ngumlobi weememori ezicacileyo kunye nezifundo kwi-biography yomsebenzi weSoviet. Umntu wesibini owayekade esesidlangalaleni wabulawa ngo-1986 eneminyaka eyi-96.