Umsebenzi we-Beloyarsk we-NPP kunye nophando

Kwii-Urals, kwi-40 km empuma yeYekaterinburg, yenye yezinto zokuqala zamandla enyukliya kwiSoviet Union. Yaqala ukwakhiwa ngo-1955 waza wabizwa ngokuba ngu "Beloyarsk NPP". Ngo-1964, i-unit yokuqala ye-AMB-100 "I-Atomic Peaceful Bolshoi" enegunya le-100 MW inikeze umbane. Ukususela ngo-1967, kumsebenzi wesibini, i-AMB-200. Iyunithi yesithathu, i-BN-600 "I-Neutron Fast" enegunya le-600 MW, yathunyelwa ngo-Ephreli 1980. Namhlanje, isityalo sinezixhobo ezintathu zenyukliya. Ngo-1981 no-1987, ezimbini zokuqala zavalwa. Kwesithathu kwesokunxele. Iingcali zibiza i-neutron fast reactors "abafuyi", i. "Abalimi". Zasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izixhobo-grade plutonium kwi-uranium. Amazwe onke aseNtshona kumaziko ahlukahlukeneyo, ama-reactors afanayo afana. Kwaye i-Beloyarsk NPP kuphela ineyoyunithi yokugqibela yombane yamashishini kwihlabathi. Ukunyaniseka nokukhuselwa kwayo kuphezulu kakhulu.

Ngokufutshane malunga ne-reactor. Kwindawo yayo yokusebenza, iindibano zamagesi zidibene-izibatho ezenziwe nge-zirconium. Ziqukethe iipilisi zamandla enyukliya, ngokuqhelekileyo u-U235. Xa ukwahlukana kwamafutha kwiibhubhu, kubakho ukushisa okuninzi, okususwa kwindawo yokutshisa (isiphaluka sokuqala) ngetsimbi encibilikiweyo (nokuba yikhokelo) okanye amanzi phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu (ukuze ungabilisi). I-sodium kule meko ine-radioactivity ephezulu; Ngoko ukuba ayikwazi ukukhutshwa, ubushushu buya kudluliselwa kwesekethe yesibini, apho kukho isinyithi okanye amanzi phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Apha, indawo yokufudumeza iyatshisa umbane wesiphaluka sesithathu ukubilisa, kwaye i-steam inikwe iityubhisi. Kamva, kwakukho izixhobo kunye namanzi kuwo onke amaqonga. Amashishini ase-Metal-metal-reactors ayingozi kakhulu kunokuba amanzi asebenza ngamanzi. Kodwa zincwadana, ezivumela ukuba zisetyenziswe kwizothutho. I-Beloyarsk NPP kwi-BN-600 i-reactor ine-cooler metallic kwiipotye ezimbini zokuqala. Le ndlela yokugqibela i-steam-amanzi ne-sodium vapor superheater.

I-Beloyarsk i-NPP-2 iyona yesibini (okanye, ukuba ibe yinto ecacileyo, yesine) isityalo esiphezulu. Iminyaka emine yokusebenza kweyunithi yokulinga ye-BN-600 kunye nokuqhutyelwa kolwazi olufunyenwe kukhokelela ekubeni kuthathe isigqibo sokongeza ezimbini ezimbini-BN-800 kunye ne-BN-1200. Emva kwengozi yaseChernobyl le mi sebenzi imile, kodwa le projekthi yaqhubeka ihlengahlengiswa. Ngo-2007 ukwakhiwa kwaqala kwakhona.

Vimba i-BN-800 ijolise ekuphuhliseni phambili kwetheknoloji ye "neutron ngokukhawuleza", kwaye iziphumo ezilungileyo ezifumaneka kuyo ziya kuvumela:

- ukwakha umjikelo okhuniweyo wezityalo zamandla enyukliya;

- amaxesha angaphezu kwama-50 ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-uranium esele isichithele, ukubonelela amandla kwiitshini zamandla enyukliya zelizwe;

- ukusebenzisa inkunkuma yenyukliya ngokukhawuleza, ukusebenzisa i-uranium u-U238 engekho yomsakazo ukusuka kwiilaphu;

- Faka i-plutonium ukusasazwa kwiimfazwe zenyukliya ezichithwe.

I-Beloyarsk NPP, ekuqwalaseleni iiyunithi ezintsha zamandla ngo-2022, iya kuba namandla angama-2,600 MW. Kwiminyaka ezayo, ukwakha iBlock No. 5-BN-1200 iya kuqala.

Ukuthunyelwa kwee-reactors eziliqela ze-BN-1200 kule ndawo kunye nezinye izityalo zamandla enyukliya kunye nokubandakanywa kwamashishini akhiqiza amafutha enyukliya kwindlela yokujikeleza inkqubo yokuvelisa kwayo. Ngoko iRashiya iya kubonelela kunye namazwe onobubele ngala mafutha amakhulu eminyaka. I-Beloyarsk NPP kukuhlala kwindawo efanelekileyo kulo mjikelezo, ngenxa yokuba Kwiibhloko zayo zeendlela ezahlukeneyo, izisombululo ezintsha kwi- atom yoxolo ziphuhliswa .