Iindlela eziphambili zokulungiswa kwemali

Xa ulwaphulo lwenkqubo yezemali luphulwa, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungiswa kwemali zisetyenziswe kweli lizwe. Utshintsho lujoliswe ekupheliseni ngokugqithiseleyo iimpazamo eziye zavela kuyo. Urhulumente uyashenxisa ekusebenziseni i-unit yezemali ezizinzile, enegunya lokuthenga elizinzile . Oku kuqinisekisa ukuphuhliswa kobudlelwane obukhoyo kwizoqoqosho.

Makhe sicinge ngeendlela ezisisiseko ezisetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwemali.

Ulwazi jikelele

Izindlela zokuphumeza ukulungiswa kwemali, iimpawu zabo zimiselwe yimimiselo enjongo yokuzinzisa inkqubo yezemali. Kwinkqubo yenguqu, iibhanki ezihlaziyiweyo zihoxisiwe, kwaye ezitsha zikhutshwe ngokutshintshiselwa.

Kwisakhelo sokulungiswa kwemali, iyunithi yemali okanye umxholo wayo wegolide ungatshintsha, utshintsho oluvela kwisikimu esinye sezimali luya kwelinye lwenziwa. Kule meko, ukuguqulwa kukuchaphazela kokubili imali kunye nokungabikho kwemali. Okwangoku, akukho ndlela yokuqhuba ukuguqulwa kwemali ayiqinisekisi ukugcinwa kwesitsha esitsha semali kwixesha elizayo.

Kule nto, emva kokuguqulwa, ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi ethile yokuxhasa kuyimfuneko. Indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo idlalwa ngumgaqo-nkqubo wezemali kunye nekhredithi. Kufuneka ukuba kulungelelwe kwaye kuhloswe ukulawula ulawulo lwemali kunye nokungahlawulwanga kwemali.

Ukwahlula

Izindlela zokuguqulwa kwemali zibandakanya iindlela ezinokuthi, kwiimilinganiselo ezahlukahlukeneyo, zichaphazele isimo sezemali. Kwizesayensi, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuzinzisa. Ngokukodwa, iindlela ezilandelayo zokuguqulwa kwemali ziyahlukana:

1. Ukuchithwa. Yomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe kunye neebhanki, igxininise kwimimiselo yendawo yokugcina imali. Le nqubo iqhutyelwa ngokudibanisa izixhobo zemali ezahlukileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuhlaliswa kwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokukhuselwa kwiilahleko. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imisebenzi iquka ukuphunyezwa kweeyunithi ezingaqinisekanga kunye nokufunyanwa kokuzinzileyo.
2. Ukuhluthwa. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukuvakaliswa kokukhishwa kweyunithi yezemali engenakunqandwa nokufakwa kwesitsha esitsha endaweni yoko.
3. Ukuhlaziywa. Iquka ukuguqula imali yesizwe ngokumalunga nemali yangaphandle, ihamba kunye nokunciphisa amandla okuthenga yunithi yerhafu.
4. Ihlelo. Le ndlela yokuqhuba utshintsho lwemali iquka ukuguqula inani lokubiza elikhoyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwenziwa phantsi komqathango wokutshintshwa kweyunithi yangaphambili kumlinganiselo othile kunye nefakiwe.
5. Ukuhlaziywa. Kubandakanya ukubuyiswa kwezinto ezikhoyo zegolide ze-unit ye-akhawunti.

Kukho ezinye iindlela zokulungiswa kwemali. Ukuchaswa, umzekelo, kunikezela ukurhoxiswa kwindlela yokuhamba kwemali engaphezulu. Oku kukuvumela ukuba unciphise inani lemali ekuhanjisweni.

Ukuchaneka kweenguqulelo

Ukuphuhliswa kwemali yelizwe kubonakaliswe ngokuguqulwa kwemali, iimfuneko zokuziphatha, iinjongo kunye neziphumo. Umsebenzi oyintloko wohlaziyo lokulungisa ukuhanjiswa kweempahla zezimali kunye nokuqinisa yonke inkqubo.

Izindlela zokuguqulwa kwemali zikhethwa ngokuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo:

• Indlela yokuvelisa;
• Ubume bezopolitiko;
• Isikhundla seeklasi ezithile kuluntu;
• Uwonke jikelele woqoqosho kwilizwe.

Iindlela ezikhoyo zokuguqulwa kwemali ziquka ukukhutshwa kwazo zonke okanye ipesenti ezithile zeempawu zephepha, ukufaka endaweni yazo ngokutsha, ukulungiswa kwemali yonke kunye nekredithi, ukutshintsha izinga lokutshintshana njalo njalo.

Ukuhluthwa

Igama le ndlela lunezimpembelelo zaseLatin. Ivela kumagama nullus - "akakho", "akukho" kunye ne-facio - "yenza". Ukuguqulwa kwemali njengendlela yokulwa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kusetyenziswe nguRhulumente, njengombandela, kuphela kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu. Kwaye kwenzeka ukuxilongwa kwimeko yenkxalabo yezoqoqosho.

Inokuthi ihlawulwe yimfuneko yokurhoxisa iibhanki eziye zalahlekelwa ngumgaqo weso sixhobo sezomthetho. Iimeko ezinjalo zivela, njengommiselo, ngokuguqulwa kwamandla ezopolitiko. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuchithwa kwempahla kuhambelana nokuhlaziywa. Kule meko, kukho utshintshiselwano lweempawu eziqingqiweyo zeesampuli endala ezitsha kwizinga elincinci.

Le ndlela yokwenza ukulungiswa kwemali ifanelekileyo kwiimeko apho ubunzima bezoqoqosho bufikelele kwinqanaba elo lokuba ixabiso lephepha le-akhawunti liyancishiswa lize linciphise.

Ihlelo

Eli gama livela kwiLatini igama elithi nominatio, elithetha "igama".

Izindlela zokuguqulwa kwemali ziquka amanyathelo okutshintsha intengo ekhethiweyo yezixhobo zokuhlalutya kunye nokutshintshiselwa kwemimiselo yamandulo kwimiba ethile. Ngomlinganiselo ofanayo, iirhafu, amaxabiso, umvuzo, njl.

Ihlelo lisoloko lisetyenziselwa ukuzinzisa ukuhanjiswa kwemali ngexesha lokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Nangona kunjalo, olu buchule lunakho ukuququzelela ukulula kweenkqubo zokuhlala. Enyanisweni, inkolo yindlela yokomeleza iyunithi yombuso welizwe.

Ukwandiswa kwexabiso lentengo kwenzeka ngokususwa kweeros. Ukuhlaziywa kweRashiya kwenziwa ngo-Agasti 17, 1998. Ukwandiswa kweli phepha kwenzeka malunga namaxesha amane - esikhundleni se-ruby 6.1. Ku-1 USD, iiruble ezingama-24 zafakwa.

Impawu zesigama

Iingcamango ezisetyenziswe ekubonakaliseni utshintsho kwiyunithi ye-akhawunti akukho kuzo zonke iimeko zivumela ukuba sihlole ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo yamanyathelo. Ngokomzekelo, i-denomination ngokuqhelekileyo ithetha ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kweempahla zemali. Esi simpawu siyamkeleka ukuhlaziywa kweenguqu ezenzeka eRashiya.

Ngokukodwa, inkcazo ibhekisela kwisakhiwo se-1922. I-ruble, ekhutshwe ngaloo nyaka, ithathe indawo yeempawu ezili-1000 ezikhutshwe ngaphambili. Uphawu olufanayo lwehlelo lusetyenziswa kwakhona kwiinguqulelo zango-1923. Kule nyaka, amanqaku okuyila ekhutshiwe ahambelana namaqumrhu aphumayo ngo-1922 njenge-1: 100.

Ngowe-1961 kwatshintshwa indawo entsha. Imali ekhutshwe kwangaphambili yatshintshela kuba abatsha kwireyithi ye-10 ukuya kweyunithi, ekhutshwe ngo-1961. Lo mlinganiselo wancitshiswa ekubeni utshintsho kwixabiso lokuqeshiswa kwesixhobo sokuhlawulela. Oku kubaluleke ngokukodwa ukubuyiswa kwemali ngaphakathi kwiphondo. Okwangoku, kunye nehlelo, i-content yegolide yeyunithi ye-akhawunti yancitshiswa izikhathi ezili-4.5. Le mvavanyo yahlolwa njengezimeleyo kwaye ihambelana ngokubanzi namazwe angaphandle.

Igama lenkonzo kuMyalelo kaMongameli, ovunyiweyo ngomhla we-04/08/1999, alucaciswanga ngqo. Yindlela "yokubetha i-zeros". Ngo-1998, ihlelo kwilizwe laqhutywa ngo-1: 1000. Ngaphantsi kwesiKhotho, ixabiso lokutyunjwa leempawu laliza kutshintshwa, kodwa kungekhona yunithi yerhafu. Ngexesha elifanayo, i-denomination, ngokubaluleka kwayo, ayifaki nje kuphela kwimali, kodwa nakwizixhobo zemali ezisetyenziselwa ukungena kwemali.

Iziphumo

Kwiimeko zeemeko zonyaka ka-2009, ukuhla kwehla kwe-ruble kwandiswe kwenyuka kwixabiso le-1 dollar yase-US. Ngolu tshintsho, kukho imiphumo ethile emibi. Ngokukodwa:

1. Intshisekelo eyongeziweyo yokwandisa umthamo wezinto ezizweni. Oku kubangelwa ukuba inyunithi yokufumana imali yerhwebo lwangaphandle ingafumana imali enkulu ye-ruble.
2. Ukwandisa ixabiso lemveliso kwiimarike zasekhaya. Oku kubonakala ngokukodwa ngokumalunga neempahla zangaphandle. Oku, kuphazamisa, kuchaphazela kakubi imeko yemeko yabemi.
3. Ukunciphisa ixabiso le-ruble savings.
4. Iimeko ezihlaziyo ukunikezelwa kwezixhobo zangaphandle.

Yonke le miphumo kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ngurhulumente ukhetha iindlela zokuguqulwa kwemali. Njengengxenye yenguqu, kuyimfuneko ukucinga iindlela zokuphelisa iziganeko ezimbi zokunciphisa izinga le-ruble kubemi kunye namashishini.

Ukuhlaziywa

Eli gama livela kwi-Latin devalvatio. Kuli gama, isiqalo sokuqala sithetha ukuhamba phantsi, kwaye i-valeo ithetha "ukuma", "ithetha".

Izindlela zokuguqulwa kwemali ziquka amanyathelo okunciphisa ngokusemthethweni ixabiso leyunithi ye-akhawunti. Kwakuhamba kunye nokuguqulwa kwenkqubo yezemali ngexesha lokusebenza kweempawu zetsimbi. Ukuhlaziywa ngexesha elifanayo lwenziwa ngumthetho wokunciphisa umxholo wegolide weyunithi yezemali okanye ukuncipha kwinqanaba leebhanki ezinxulumene nemali yangaphandle okanye igolide.

Kwiimeko zanamhlanje, ukusetyenziswa kwale ndlela kubonisa ubunzima kwimali yecandelo lelizwe, ukuhlaziywa kwemali, okanye i-balance balance payments.

Ngokuhlaziywa, ukunyuswa kwamanye amazwe kukhuthazwa, kodwa ngelo xesha, ubukhulu bentyala yangaphandle yonyango luyonyuka, kwaye iindleko zeemveliso zithengisiwe. Ngenxa yoko, ukuphikisana kwezopolitiko nezomnotho ezikhoyo kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho ziyancipha.

Ukuhlaziywa

Enye yeendlela zokuguqulwa kwemali kukunciphisa ukuphuma kwezimali ezinkulu zelizwe langaphandle. Ukuhlaziywa (ukubuyiswa) kukuvumela ukuba uqulethe ukwanda kwemali kunye nokunciphisa ukwanda kwamanani kwiimarike zasekhaya.

Ngokomzekelo, emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala e-Ngilani, ngo-1925-28, urhulumente wabuyisela umgangatho wegolide weepounds ezikhoyo ngaphambi kwemfazwe. Ukuhlaziywa kwenzelwa ngokuphakamisa izinga elisemthethweni lolawulo lwesizwe malunga neli dola.

Utshintsho eRashiya 1895-1997.

Ngeli xesha, uSi Yu. Witte uhlaziyo lwemali. Utshintsho lwabangelwa ngu:

1. Ukungazinzi kweenkqubo zezimali zelizwe.
2. Ulwalamano lwangaphandle lwangaphakathi nolwangaphakathi.
3. Ukupheliswa kweesfowuni. Njengomphumo womthetho owamkelweyo, abaninzi abantu abakhululekile baye bavela kweli lizwe.
4. Ukubuyiselwa kwamatyala e-state ngokubhekiselele kwimpumelelo yophuhliso lwentlanzi yeYurophu.
5. Ukungabikho kwamashishini angaphandle.

Ukulungiswa kwemali kweWitte kwenziwa ngendlela yokuhlaziywa. Umxholo wegolide weyunithi ye-akhawunti yancitshisiwe ngo-1/3. I-ruble yegolide yayicatshulwa njengesayina semali. Ibhanki yaseburhulumenteni yasungulwa ngemali, inani lalo lifikelela kuma-ruble ayi-1095 yezigidi. Ngelo xesha, iziko elibizwa ngegama lemali linikezelwa ithuba lokukhupha iibhanki. Isixa sabo bekuza kuba yi-1121 million ruble. Banikezwe ngemali yegolide. Ngenxa yenguqu:

1. Isakhiwo sokusasazwa kwezixhobo zemali siye sashintsha kakhulu ukuze kube ngcono.
2. I-ruble ikwazi ukuthatha isikhundla sokuqala phakathi kwazo zonke iirhafu zokuguqulwa kwamahhala. Ngelo xesha, wathatha idoli yase-US kunye nepound sterling.
3. Iimali zangaphandle zaqala ukugeleza kwilizwe.
4. IRashiya yaqatshelwa njengomlingane othembekileyo kunye noqhelwano lwezoqoqosho kwaye yavuka kwimida yongxowankulu.

Umzuzu obalulekileyo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukubaluleka kwezimo ekuphunyezweni kwemali yenguqu ayifani. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuphela ngeemeko eziyimfuneko, utshintsho lunokuphumelela. Kwimeko ye-Witte reforms, iimfuneko ezifunekayo zazikho ngohlobo lokukhula okuvelisayo kunye nesabelo-mali esingenasiphelo. Kodwa ekubeni utshintsho olwenzelwe ukutshintshela kwi-intanethi ye-bnnn ye-bhanki, ukufunwa kwesitokethi esifanelekileyo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukufezekisa le njongo, isiqubulo esithi "Asiyi kuyidla, kodwa siya kuyisusa" yafakwa phambili. Kwaye ndibulela kwimpahla ephuma ngaphandle, i-capital capital efunekayo.

Ukuguqulwa kowe-1922-1924

Olu lungiso lujoliswe ekupheliseni imiphumo emibi ebangelwa yiMfazwe yeSizwe neyokuQala. Umsebenzi oyintloko wawusususwa kweyunithi ehlawulezayo yeakhawunti ukusuka kumashishini. Kwiminyaka ye-1922-1924. Kwakungekho mfuneko efunekayo yokutshintshwa, kodwa kwakukho imeko efuna ukulungiswa.

Le mibandela yayiqulethwe kukuba ininzi yemali yelizwe langaphandle yaqala ukukhupha phezu kwenani leempawu zelizwe zokuhlala. Utshintsho luqale ngokukhutshwa kwee-chervonets. Ngenxa yokungahambi kweemeko eziyimfuneko, ukulungiswa kwagqitywa kuphela ngo-1924.

Nantsi kuyimfuneko ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kokukhula kwemveliso. Ngokukodwa ukwandisa isabelo semveliso yezolimo. Le nto ibenefuthe elihle kwikhosi yenguqu. Ngelo xesha, urhulumente wayenegolide elikhulu ngokwaneleyo kunye neendawo zokutshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe, kodwa kwakukho nexabiso elibi lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Kwakuyimfuneko yokunqoba eyayichaphazela ixesha lokuguqulwa.

Imvelaphi jikelele

Amava omlando welizwe ekuphunyezweni kokulungiswa kwemali kwenza kube lula ukubona izinto ezintathu eziphambili zokuphunyezwa ngempumelelo:

1. Ukukhula kwemveliso. Iqinisekisa ukunyuka kwonikezelo kunye nokunciphisa ukwanda kwexabiso lemveliso. Ngoxa ugcine uzinzo lweyunithi ye-akhawunti, ezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu.
2. Ukungabikho kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ikuvumela ukuba ungasebenzisi imali kwaye ungabhenki imali yekhredithi ukuze uhlawule iindleko. Ngenxa yoko, ukufunwa kwe-solvent kungaphelelanga kwaye kuya kubangela ukuba kunyuswa kwamaxabiso.
3. Ubukho bexabiso elaneleyo legolide kunye neendawo zokutshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe. Inceda ukugcina uzinzo lwezinga leemali zesizwe, ukuba kunyanzelekile, kuqinisekisa ukungenisa kwemveliso kunye nokwandisa ukunikezelwa kwayo kwiimarike.

Imibuzo yovavanyo

Xa ufunda indlela yomlando waseRashiya, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwa kwiimeko ezinzima kunye namanyathelo karhulumente athathwe ukuba aphume. Ukuqonda indlela ulwazi olunikeziwe ngasentla lufundwa ngayo, unokuzivavanya ngokuphendula imibuzo embalwa:

1. Ziziphi iindlela zokwenza uhlaziyo lwemali?
2. Ziziphi iimfuneko zokuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kweenguqulelo?
3. Ziziphi iimiphumo ezimbi ezinokuvela xa izinga le-ruble linciphisa?
4. Yintoni ephawulekayo yenguqu ngo-1895-1997?
5. Nika inkcazo yokuguqulwa kwemali ka-1922-1924? Yisiphi isizathu sesithuba sayo?

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, imeko yezoqoqosho ngoku ihluke ngokuthe ngqo kwangoko ngaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuphuculwa amanyathelo okuzinza kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela amava adlulileyo.