I-Biosphere: imida ye-biosphere. Ukubunjwa kunye nemida ye-biosphere. Umda ophezulu we-biosphere

I-Biosphere ibhekwa ngokuqhelekileyo njengegobolondo yoMhlaba, ehlala yimizimba ephilayo, leyo eqhubekayo yokuyenza yayo ibalulekileyo.

Yembali imbali

Ingcamango yezinto eziphilayo njengentsimi yobomi yafakwa kwisayensi nguJean Baptiste de Lamarque kwisahlulo sokuqala sekhulu le-19. Nguye owafika kufuphi naye ukuqonda. Kodwa eli gama ngokwayo lacetyiswa nguosayensi waseAustria u-Edward Süss. Wayesebenza kwintsimi ye-geology kwaye wayeyiqonda phantsi kwe-biosphere yonke into yazo zonke izinto. Ngoku oku kuchazwa kwigama elithi "biota". Ukuzikhethela kubonise iingcinga zakhe kunye neziphumo zophando kwimisebenzi edumileyo yesayensi "Ubuso Bomhlaba," apho ichaza khona i-geology yeAlps.

Ingcamango yanamhlanje ye-biosphere yenziwa ngu-geochemist waseRashiya onolwazi lwe-encyclopedic kwiinkalo ezininzi zesayensi-uVladimir I. Vernadsky. Ukuba nguprofesa we-mineralogy eYunivesithi yaseMoscow, waba ngumlobi womsebenzi omkhulu "i-Biosphere", epapashwe ngo-1926. Kwakukulo msebenzi owawunika kuqala ngcaciso ecacileyo yeli gama.

VM Vernadsky ukholelwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba i-biosphere ngummandla omkhulu kwiMhlaba, odlala indima yombutho omkhulu we-geochemical. Ngaloo ndlela, yindawo apho ubomi bukhona ngexesha okanye likhona, oko kukuthi, i-biosphere ibonakaliswe bubomi bezinto eziphilayo okanye iimveliso zomsebenzi wazo obalulekileyo.

Iintlobo zezinto kwi-biosphere

I-VI Vernadsky yahlula iindidi ezininzi zezinto ezenza isiseko se-biosphere.

1. Eyona nto iphilayo, eyenziwa ngokudibana kwezinto eziphilayo.
2. I-biogenic substance, eyenziwa kwikhosi kwaye ihlala emva kobomi bezinto eziphilayo. Ezi iigesi zomoya, amalahle, ioli kunye njalo.
3. I-Cosmic substance, eyenziwa ngaphandle kokungenelela kwezinto eziphilayo.
4. Izinto ze-biocosic ziyimveliso ezibangelwa ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo wezinto eziphilayo ngokubambisana neenkqubo ze-abiogenic.

Imida ye-biosphere imiselwe ngokuhambelana nobukho bezinto ezi ngasentla kwiiblokhwe zeMhlaba.

Impilo ephilayo kwi-biosphere

Kucacile ukuba iinjongo eziphambili ze-geochemical and energy zenzeka ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwimimiselo ephilayo. VI Vernadsky ngoko yakha umgaqo wayo. Impilo ephilayo - yonke into ephilileyo ekhoyo okwangoku, eyenza isethi esisodwa, esibonakaliswe kwisakhiwo samachiza, isisindo, amandla.

Ipropati ephambili yezinto eziphilayo ngumsebenzi wayo, ngenxa yokudibanisa nokusingqongileyo ngohlobo oluqhubekayo lwe-biogenic flux. Ukuhamba kuvela ngokuphefumla, ukutya, ukuvelisa. Kule ngongoma, sinokuqwalasela umsebenzi obalulekileyo wezinto eziphilayo njengendlela enamandla yokwenza i-geological nature.

Ukufuduka rhoqo kweempawu zeekhemikhali phakathi komzimba kunye nokusingqongileyo kwimiba mibini iyaqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo. Ukufezwa kwale nqubo kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokusondela kwezinto eziphambili zeekhemikhali zezinto eziphilayo kwiinkompo zomhlaba.

Izityalo, ezenza i-photosynthesis, zakha kwiimveliso ze-biosphere eziyinkalo ezinombane omkhulu. Ngaloo ndlela, into ephilayo iqokelela kwaye iguqula amandla adibeneyo e-Sun. Ukuhamba kwamandla kuya kuba nako ngenxa yokukhula kunye nophuhliso lomzimba. Isantya sokuzaliswa, njengoko iVernadsky iV VIadsky icatshangelwa ngokufanelekileyo, isantya apho amandla e-geochemical adluliselwa kwi-biosphere.

Imida

Icandelo le-biosphere, apho kukho izinto eziphilayo, ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa yi-neo-isosphere. Ngamanye amagama, namhlanje. Kwaye indawo eyayihlala kuyo yendalo ye-paleobiosphere.

Ubuninzi bomhlaba we-geospheres yeeplanethi buyi-2,420 yezigidigidi zeetoni. Eli xabiso liphindwe ngamaxesha angama-200 ngaphezu kobunzima bomhlaba. Ngaloo ndlela, kunokugqitywa ukuba uluhlu lwezinto eziphilileyo kwi-mass mass of geospheres alunanto.

Uluhlu lwezikhundla ezinokwenzeka kunye nomlinganiselo wokulungelelaniswa kwezidalwa zibeka "ixesha lokuphila". Izinto eziphilayo zihlala zihlala zihlala ezinxwemeni nolwandle, zize zihlale emhlabeni. Ngokutsho kweVernadsky, ukubunjwa kunye nemida ye-biosphere iyatshintsha ngoku.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, ngokungafani nezinye iigobolondo zomhlaba, kuphela i-biosphere inokucingwa njengeyinkimbinkimbi. Kananjalo yenza umsebenzi "wokugubungela" kwiziko eliphilayo kwaye yindawo yokuhlala yezinto ezininzi, kuquka umntu.

Imida ye-biosphere ichazwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo. Iquka indawo engezantsi yomoya, ummandla ophezulu we-lithosphere, kunye ne-hydrosphere yonke. Yaye iindawo eziphakamileyo zomoya, ezibonakaliswe ngubanda, uxinzelelo oluphantsi, kunye nobunzulu bomhlaba, uxinzelelo olunokufikelela kuma-atmospheres angu-12,000, yinto yonke ye-biosphere. Imida ye-biosphere ibanzi kakhulu ngenxa yemida ephezulu kakhulu yokunyamezela kweemvelo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho iibhaktheriya ezinokuthi zibe khona kwi-vacuum. Imida yokulungelelaniswa neemeko zeekhemikhali nayo inkulu kakhulu. Ukunyaniseka kukukho kwezinto eziphilayo, umzekelo, phantsi kweempembelelo eziqhubekayo zemizila ye-radiation. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ezinye izinto eziphilayo zizinzileyo kangangokuba ngokweendlela ezithile zendlela abazenza ngayo zingaphezulu kwemida yezinto eziphilayo.

Ukongeza kwiimeko eziphambili ezibhalwe ngasentla, ubomi bezinto eziphilayo zihambelana nokuqhubeka kwexesha le-athomu ye-biogenic.

Umda ophezulu we-biosphere

Kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, ubomi e-atmospheric bukhona kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. Kwiindawo zeMzantsi neNyakatho yePoles eli xabiso li-8-10 km, kufuphi ne-equator-17-18 km, ngaphezu kwayo yonke indawo-20-25 km. Ngaloo ndlela, kuphela i-troposphere igcwele ubomi-inxalenye engezantsi yomoya

Umda wenyama wokusabalala kobomi emoyeni usemngceleni ongaphantsi kocingo lwe-ozone.

Hydrosphere

I-hydrosphere yenziwa ngamanxweme, ulwandle, amachibi, imilambo kunye neqhwa. Kukho ubomi kuyo yonke inzulu. Ubuninzi bezinto eziphilayo zihlala kwindawo kunye nommandla wonxweme. Kodwa nangona bunzulu be-11 022 m, kwisitya esisisiseko se-Ocean World (Mariinsky), kukho abemi. I-non-biosphere iquka izidalwa ezisezantsi, ezazisakuba yindawo yokuhlala yezilwanyana zasendulo.

Umda ophantsi we-biosphere

Ukuthetha malunga ne-lithosphere, umhlaba ngokuqinisekileyo ngumhlaba onobuninzi bawo, kodwa ubukho bobubomi bubonakala bunzulu-malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-6 ukuya ngaphantsi kwehlabathi. Oku kusebenzayo, okokuqala, ukukhukula kunye nemingxuma.

Iimpawu ezihlala kwi-biosphere

Izinto eziphilayo zihlukaniswe ngamaqela amabini, kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokufumana amandla afanelekileyo ebomini: i-autotrophic and heterotrophic. Indawo yokuhlala yabameli bamaqela amabini i-biosphere. Imida ye-biosphere ichongwa ngokuhambisa kwabo.

Abameleli bezinto ezizenzekelayo kwizondlo zabo abadityaniswa naliphi na izinto eziphilileyo. Bayafuna ukukhanya kwelanga okanye amandla ezinxulumano zamakhemikhali zeemveliso zendalo ezingabonakaliyo. Zombini zinokusetyenziswa njengomthombo wamandla, ngelixa zivela kwizinto ezimbiwa ngamaminerali.

Iipotrophe zihlukaniswe zibe ngamacandlana amabini. Ezi zi-phototrophs (eluhlaza) kunye ne-hemotrophs (ibhaktheriya). Ixesha langaphambili lingahlala kuphela kummandla wokungena kwelanga. Kodwa okokugqibela, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwemichiza yemveliso yendalo njengomthombo wamandla, ixhaphake kakhulu.

Ama-heteroti, ngokuchaseneyo, njengemithombo yamandla kunye nesondlo kufuneka izinto eziphilayo eziveliswe ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Okokuthi, ngaphandle komsebenzi wokuqala we-autotrophs, ubukho babo bekungenakwenzeka. Izilwanyana kunye nabantu, njengabemi be-biosphere, ziyingxenye yezinto eziphilayo.

"Iifrimu zobomi"

Ukunikezelwa kokungalingani koluntu-olu ngenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ezibonisa ubunzima bezinto eziphilayo. Imida ye-biosphere ine-density of life. Eyona nkulu ibonwa kwiindawo zokuhlala. Ngokubanzi, ukuhanjiswa kobomi kwi-biosphere kuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo. I-VI Vernadsky yazisa igama elithi "iiFilimu zobomi", ichaza ngoncedo lwakhe kwiindawo ezininzi ezinabantu abaninzi. Umda woqhagamshelwano "umhlaba-moya" ngowokuqala kweefilimu, ubukhulu bawo buvela ku-2 ukuya kwi-3 cm. Okwesibini imelelwe ngummandla odibanisa nomhlaba-umda wonxweme kunye nommandla wokuphakamisa. Ingxenye yesithathu imelwa yindawo enomdla yolwandle (ukuya kuma-200 m), oko kukuthi, ummandla wokungena kwi-ray yelanga.

Ngaloo ndlela, ubomi, ukuguqula "ubuso bomhlaba", budibaniswa ngokungafaniyo nomxholo we "biosphere". Imida ye-biosphere yimida yobomi.

Inhlangano esebenzayo yendawo yindlela eyenza "ukuhlala ngonaphakade kwezinto eziphilayo". Indoda, njengendawo yokuhlala kwi-biosphere, kunye nezinye izinto ezihamba phambili ze-heterotrophic inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kumjikelezo wamandla obonelela ubomi emhlabeni.