Ukuphendulwa kweMichiza: kutheni i-alchemists ingalunganga

Abanye abaphengululi behlabathi babekholelwa ukuba ihlabathi linamalungu athile ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ingcamango ebanzi yimiba ikhona, kodwa ke abantu abadala babengalunganga. Ukususela kule mpazamo bafika xa bezama ukwenza i-turn turn turning into yegolide. Nangona kunjalo, kwiinkqubo zenyama, izazi zeemvelo ziphendukela kwikhemikhali, idala isayensi entsha. Ngoku wonke umntu owaziyo uyazi iimpawu zohlukwano phakathi kwezi zimbini iinkqubo. Yintoni eyenziwa yimichiza?

Imizekelo yazo ibonakala nakwiimeko zemihla ngemihla. Abaninzi abaninzi bajonga indlela umama aphelisa ngayo i-soda ngeviniga, kwaye ngoko ufumane okokuqala okokuphendula kwamakhemikhali. Kodwa kwezinye iimeko, unako ukuhlawula umntwana kunye neminye imiqondiso. Umzekelo, ukugquma kwesinyithi kunye nokunyamala kwesiliva. Le yindlela yokuphendula ngamakhemikhali.

Masibuyele kumahluko weenkqubo ezikhankanywe ekuqaleni kwinqaku. Ngoko, kwindlela yokusebenza, iamolekyu yendaba ayitshintshi. Umzimba unokwenziwa ukutshintsha umlo, kunokwenzeka ukuba utyumle i-particle kwiinqununu, ungatshintsha uwonkewonke. Kodwa ukubunjwa kweengqungquthela kuya kuhlala kungatshintshi. Kunokwenzeka ukuphula i-aluminium spoon kwiindawo okanye ngeqondo lokushisa kunye neengcinezelo ukuze zenze i-evaporate-kodwa umzimba uya kuhlala u-aluminium.

Xa kuqhutyelwa i-chemical reaction, izibophelelo zihlelwa kwakhona, nangona ukubunjwa kwezinto ezinokuthi zihlale zifana. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ufumana idayimane ukusuka kwi-graphite, oku kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo njengomsebenzi wenyama, kodwa inye yemichiza, njengoko udibaniso luyakhiwa kwakhona. Nangona, njengomgaqo, ukubunjwa kwezinto ezihlukahlukileyo, umzekelo ngedayimane yinto ehlukile.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kudibaniswa nokukhululwa okanye ukuxothwa kwamandla. Ezi zilandelayo zibonakalisa njengomfudumalo. Kukho neempembelelo ze-thermoneutral, apho umphumo we- thermal unyaka. Kodwa ke bambalwa kakhulu, baninzi bafuna "ukumnika" kwamandla, okanye bahambe kunye kwaye bahamba kunye notshintsho lokushisa. Inkqubo yokutshayela ihamba kunye nokukhululwa kokukhanya.

Kodwa akusoloko kukho utshintsho kwizinto ezinzulu zokwenza umcimbi onokuthiwa yinkqubo yamachiza. Kukho neempendulo zenukliya. Zichaphazela umba kwinqanaba le-athomu. Ngexesha elifanayo, eli lizayo liba ii-athomu zoluhlobo oluthile-uhlobo oluthile lweekhemikhali. Kwaye le nkqubo yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, apho umlinganiselo omkhulu wamandla wabelwe. Kwanele ukukhumbula ukuqhuma kwenyukliya ukuze uqonde oko kuthethwa ngako.

Ukulungisa iinkqubo eziqhubekayo, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa isixhobo esikhethekileyo: ukulingana kokuphendula kwamakhemikhali. Ngakwesobunxele zizinto ezirekhodwayo ezithwala igama leempendulo, kwiimveliso ezilungileyo. Akuyena wonke umntu othanda ukubeka ii-coefficients kwi-equations esikolweni. Ndimele ndithi la ma coefficients nje abonakalisa iinkqubo zangempela, kwaye azidalwanga "ngaphandle kwentloko" ngumntu. Emva koko, i-athomu ayivuki ndawo. Abantwana besikolo banamhlanje banenhlanhla, banokufunda iifomula zezinto, kodwa abantu basendulo babefanele bathembele kuphela kwimilinganiselo yemveliso kunye ne-reagent, engabonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Indlela yokwahlula phakathi kwezinto eziphathekayo kunye nemichiza? Ngokuqhelekileyo ukukhutshwa kwentsha, igesi okanye imvula, utshintshe umbala. Kodwa le ndlela ayisoloko isebenza, emva koko, kwiphotile evulekile kunye ne-soda iza kutshatyalaliswa kwegesi, i-mercury oxide ingashintsha umbala xa i-shredded, kwaye i- zinc oxide iyashintsha umbala xa ishushu. Umphumo wokushisa ungabonakaliswa kakuhle, ngoko kunzima ukulungisa, ukwenzela ukuba iimpawu ezinjalo zeekhemikhali zifumaneke kunye nezinye izimpendulo.

Kwisayensi yezinto kukho icandelo elincamisayo-mechanochemistry. Ngenxa yeempembelelo zamashishini kwiimveliso ezizodwa, ii- radicals ezikhululekile zivela kwixabiso , kwaye zifumana izakhiwo ezintsha. Ngokomzekelo, i-aspirin yenziwa kwiirhwebo. Izinto ezisetyenziswayo ngokusebenzayo zisebenza ngamandla okhemikhali, okubalulekileyo kwiziyobisi.