Hetman - uphawu Ukraine

I yembali isithethe hetman - umphathi-mkhosi lowo walukuhlela iqela elithile amajoni kwaye wonke umkhosi. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala imithombo elithi "Hetman" ikhankanywa ngokunxulumene yemvukelo Hussite kwi Czech Republic. E Poland, eli gama lisetyenziswa kunye 1503, kwaba injengele yomkhosi yasebukhosini exhobileyo.

Hetmans njengokuba iinkokeli zezopolitiko

Njengoko uninzi hetman Ukrainian kwabangela into enjalo njenge "umzabalazo wenkululeko yesizwe sabantu Ukrainian" nxamnye Commonwealth. Imbali lwabiwo yalo kwisihloko kwi Ukraine umdla kakhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo umbutho zembali kugxile Hetman - oku nje umlawuli Cossacks kunye Hetman karhulumente, okokuqala isihloko ngokusesikweni melly Khmelnitsky ngo-1648.

Emva kokuba Union of Lublin ngo-1596 ePoland, ukulungiswa urhulumente wengingqi uthathe indawo, ekuthi ngokumalunga ngasinye kwimimandla ukumkani waba ngumlawuli yayo, ebizwa ngokuba hetman. Eli libali lika ukuvela kwesihloko "hetman Ukrainian."

Iimpumelelo zomkhosi le Zaporozhian

Thetha ngezinye umsebenzi luncedo of Hetman esemthethweni iseti ukuba uKumkani Poland e Ukraine, ekungekho nzuzo ngayo. Phakathi nosaziwayo yezopolitiko, yomkhosi kunye nenkcubeko kwiinkulungwane 16-17 akukho Hetman esemthethweni. Cossack Hetman obumntwisiweyo inxalenye abaziingqondi abazigqala simahla ukusuka Commonwealth. I Cossacks sizibekele imisebenzi ezininzi:

• alwe iindwalutho Polish, ukusuka apho ixhomekeke abalimi iindleko (panschina, oko kubafaneleyo, etc ...);
• umzabalazo kwiintshaba yangaphandle (Krymskoe Hanstvo kunye Ottoman).

Le hetman Cossack 16 idumileyo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 kwakukho Krzysztof Kosinski, Severin Nalivaiko no Peter Konashevych-Sahaidachny. Aba bantu baye babona kuphuhliso ithuba Cossacks wokwenene ukuqonda umnqweno wabantu Ukrainian ukuba ezizimeleyo, ngoko ke, imo yabo. Kwangaxeshanye, baqonda ngokucacileyo ukuntsonkotha kwale nkqubo. Iindlela eziphambili yomzabalazo amaphulo yomkhosi mvukelo. Eyona enkulu yaba mvukelo engama-1591-1596. Ngelo xesha, ke ubuhlanti Cossack baba ukhaliphe kunene, kodwa sekunjalo akazange axhotyiswe ngezixhobo, ngoko ubunzima ukoyiswa eziliqela amadabi ezinkulu. Xa igosa umonakalo efanayo kokuba zibangela. Kwathi emva kwezi luqhankqalazo Rzeczpospolita anavuma inkqubo karhulumente wengingqi, ukungenisa indawo esemthethweni Hetman. uhambo Cossacks yangaphandle Kubalulekile ukuphawula eMoscow ngo-1602, kwakunye yokuhlaselwa ezininzi ezinzima baseTurkey, Ukraine zibonakalise ukuba abachasi kakhulu kunene.

hetman Khmelnitsky

Melly Zinovy Khmelnitsky wazalwa ngo-1596. Wafumana imfundo kakuhle Kiev udade yesikolo. Ngezinto zezindlu zooyise na Khmelnitskiy Subotove, kufuphi nesixeko Chigirin (mihla kummandla Cherkassy of Ukraine). Wakhonza enkampini Cossacks ababhalisiweyo, bathatha inxaxheba emfazweni kunye eSpeyin, wathabatha inqaba Dunkirk eFransi. Kodwa Injongo yayo iphambili ebomini Khmelnitsky lwenziwa kwisithuba ukususela 1648 ukuya 1654 ebudeni bemfazwe inkululeko yesizwe nxamnye Commonwealth. Kwaba kule minyaka Hetman - yombutho kunye nenkokheli yezopolitiko zamandla ulwile Commonwealth. wadlula imfazwe kurhulumente Polish abanezimo ngempumelelo. ukulwa kwaphumelela entwasahlobo ka-1648 e-Yellow Waters kunye Korsun.

Iinkokeli Polish kwaye kwacaca ukuba sijongene iqela esomeleleyo. Ngexesha lasehlotyeni lika-1648 amajoni Ukrainian wahlasela elo lifa Polish. Inani lamajoni imikhosi Khmelnitsky banda kubantu-30 000. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1648 kwabakho ukulwa kwidabi of pyliavtsi. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, ulwa kwi Zbarazh kunye Berestechko. Isiphumo engundoqo imisebenzi Bogdana Hmelnitskogo ukuba ajoyine i amazwe Ukrainian eRashiya ngowe-1654 e-Pereyaslav.

Ivan Mazepa - Hetman

Ebudeni bolawulo Mazepa ukususela 1687 ukuya 1709 lungohlulwa lube amalungu ama-2. Phambi kokuba ekuqaleni War Northern Hetman waba nolwalamano oluhle kakhulu kunye noPetros Omkhulu. Umsebenzi ephambili Mazepa kweli xesha, ukuze kuxhamle abantu, wabonakalaliswa ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko kunye ngokomoya (lecawa). Ithuba lesibini (1700 ukuya 1709) kwabonisa ukuba Mazepa - Hetman, ndicinga ukuzimela eli lizwe. Le apogee of amazwi anjalo baye isivumelwano hetman Ukrainian kunye Swedish uKumkani Karl XII. A ukubonakalalisa kule Manyano kwaba inxaxheba amabutho ahlangene Mazepa kunye Sweden kwi Poltava edabini nxamnye nemikhosi uPetros.

hetman Ukrainian, Kakade ke, ababa ukusombulula imbambano ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo eli lizwe, kodwa kukho umanyano nabantu imizalwane - baseRashiya yaye Belarusians. Hetman - umntu Liquka iminqweno yesizwe sabantu Ukrainian. Kwaba njalo nokufika Hetman yaqinisa intshukumo yenkululeko yesizwe kummandla Ukraine yanamhlanje.