Empire Spanish: inkcazelo, imbali kunye neflegi

Empire Spanish ngemihla amandla alo wayengomnye ithi inkulu, wakha khona ehlabathini. indalo walo kwakunxibelelene kunye Age of Discovery, xa waba nabacinezeli. Kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela, iflegi uBukhosi Spanish kuphuhliswa kwiindawo ezinkulu, ibekwe zombini eYurophu yaye Asia, eAfrika, iMelika kunye Oceania.

Ukuvela karhulumente

Abaninzi mbali bakholelwa ukuba eSpeyin, njengoko bukhosi nesiqalo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV, xa isiCastilian-Union of naseAragon esayinwe 1479, nto leyo mazwe ezidityanisiweyo waqalisa ukulawula yamaKatolika Isabella I kunye kuFerdinand II. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, njengoko amaqabane, ngookumkani wayelawula ngalinye ummandla wayo njengoko nceda, kodwa ngokuphathelele nkqubo angaphandle, ngoko iimbono sibini sigqibo ayisoloko idibana.

Ngowe-1492, imikhosi baseSpeyin wayithimba Granada, yaye oku bagqiba Reconquista - umzabalazo wenkululeko amaKristu bahlaseli Muslim. Ke kaloku, xa usingasiqithi Iberia yoyiswa, nommandla wayo yaba yinxalenye ubukumkani Castile. Kulo nyaka Hristofor Kolumb sahamba phezu ngohambo lwakhe lokuqala uphando, nto leyo eya entshonalanga. Wakwazi ukuba idade phesheya Atlantic Ocean kunye baseYurophu sivulele eMelika. Apho waqalisa ukuyila amathanga yokuqala-ngonaphakade phesheya.

olunye

Emva kokufa kwiKumkanikazi Isabella yamaKatolika kunye nomyeni wakhe uFerdinand II wanyukela itrone umzukulwana wakhe uKarl V Gabsburg. Ndimele ndithi ukuba akukho indoda yaseSpain, kodwa ulawulo lwakhe lu dityanisiwe ubudala yegolide bukhosi.

Emva kokuba uCharles V iinguqulelo izihloko ezibini - nguKumkani Spanish noMlawuli of the Holy uBukhosi baseRoma, impembelelo yayo liye landa izihlandlo ezininzi, njengokuba isithsaba yena ilifa nobubovu-Comte, eNetherlands, Austria. kuvukela komuneros e Castile waba kuye ngumngeni omkhulu, kodwa wamelana nayo. Ukuvukela abathintela, yaye uCharles V waba ngumlawuli ubukhosi kakhulu omkhulu eYurophu, apho kungekho ngokulinganayo logama nje akabonakalanga kwinqonga ihlabathi uNapoleon Bonaparte.

Politika Karla V

Ebudeni beminyaka 200 ubukhosi iSpanish olawulwa yi-Habsburgs. Le uhlanga mhlawumbi yaba bazizityebi, njengoko yababephethwe ngokwenene zigcine yisilivere negolide, yaye wahlala etroneni kwamagunya ezinkulu ehlabathini, eziquka eSpeyin nje kuphela amathanga zayo, kodwa phantse onke amazwe aseYurophu.

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, eli lizwe ngexesha ebukumkanini Habsburgs yachuma. Abazange okwenkawu yaye abathengi kakhulu zesisa weza inkcubeko. Nangona kunjalo, kwinqanaba lezopolitiko ukuba arhabaxa njalo. Naphantsi uCharles V ubukhosi Spanish wachaswa ingxaki enkulu: amandla enkulu ayizange Ungazibandakanyi ngokwenene, kuba abantu abaninzi lomhlaba luza kuba geqe. Kulo mba, uKumkani kwafuneka ukuba alwe iimfazwe ezininzi, nkqu nabantu bakhe, kuquka kumantla Europe. Phezu kwayo yonke nobukhulu Empire iSpanish, uCharles V kwaba nzima ukumelana eFransi Italy. Imfazwe nala mazwe elide, kodwa abakhange kwakhokelela uloyiso nangapha.

Philip Board II

Emva kokufa uCharles V wakhululana umzukulu wakhe. Philip II, ngokungafaniyo utatomkhulu wakhe, uninzi ixesha elichithwa kwibhotwe lakhe Eskoreal. Lo mlawuli njengomntwana wafumana imfundo esemagqabini ngelo xesha, waba ozinikeleyo kakhulu, yaye zonke inkxaso Kwamacala. Xa ngokwenkolo ifikelele incopho yayo: hayi nje kuphela amaKatolika kodwa amaProtestanti esitshutshisa iintlanga lonke elaseYurophu.

Xa Philip II Spain yayina. Ngokufanayo kwakhe, naye kulwa neentshaba yangaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1571 e-Lepanto fleet kwakhe wahlasela butho Turkish, oko kuthintele umendo wabo inkqubela phambili eYurophu.

Anglo-Spanish War

Ngowe-1588, unxweme-ekuthiwa Great Homepage of Philip II waseNgilani lahluleka obukhulu. Kamva, ngowe-1654, la magunya zimbini kwi imfazwe kwakhona phezu kolwandle. Into yokuba IsiNgesi uyiNkosi uMkhuseli Oliver Cromwell wayeqinisekile ukuba lifikile ixesha aya kuba nako ukwandisa ubukho layo lobusetlani bobukoloniyali ngurhulumente eWest Indies. Ngokukodwa, wayefuna walithimba kwisiqithi Jamaica, ngelo xesha sele wabamba ubukhosi Spanish.

Imfazwe kunye eNgilani eli isiqwenga somhlaba lwaqhutywa ezishiyanayo empumelelo, kodwa kwafuneka ukuba anikele. Kwiminyaka 1657-1658 baseSpeyin kwakhona wazama ukuba uwine Jamaica, kodwa abazange ayisebenzi. Ngemvumelwano kwabasemagunyeni British e Port Royal waba isiseko Pirate, ukusuka apho bahlasela imikhumbi yaseSpain.

Ixesha lobunzima kwezoqoqosho

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba amathanga zokuqala zaphesheya azincedi lutho, wazisa ukudana kuphela. Kakade ke, kukho ezinye iingongoma ukuba abe nempembelelo entle kurhwebo, kodwa akwanelanga. Zonke ngcembe waqala ukutshintsha xa 1520 waqalisa ndikhuphe isilivere emasimini 'Ncwadi ka Guanajuato. Kodwa umthombo lokwenene wobutyebi baba iidipozithi yale metal ezifumaneka e Zacatecas kunye Potosí ngo-1546.

Ukutyhubela inkulungwane XVI, kunye ubukhosi layo lobusetlani bobukoloniyali Spanish amazwe igolide nesilivere isixa esilingana esilingana enye enesiqingatha ezigidi zeerandi (ngamaxabiso 1990). Ekugqibeleni, inani amatye anqabileyo amazwe waqalisa ngaphezu imveliso, nto leyo eya ekugqibeleni kukhokelela kwamaxabiso. Ukwehla kwezoqoqosho olwaqala kule minyaka ilishumi yokugqibela yenkulungwane XVI, kwaye kuxhotyiwe ekuqaleni kwelandelayo. Isizathu sokuba oku ukugxothwa amaSilamsi nabangamaYuda, ogama abameli Sizibandakanye ukususela kwixesha lakudala imveliso unokwakhela kunye norhwebo.

Ukuwa Empire Spanish

lalisiya yale meko enkulu yaqala emva kokufa uPhilip II. ezihlangwini zakhe babekwezopolitiko amahlwempu, yaye ngokuthe ngcembe Spain waqala ukuphelelwa indawo yalo kwilizwekazi kuqala ze emva koko kwi amathanga aphesheya.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, inqanaba ziimvakalelo ubuzwe eyayichasene nekoloniyalizim ifikelele incopho yawo, kukhokelela Ukuqhambuka iSpanish-American War, ukusuka apho eUnited States kwaba owoyisileyo. I-Spanish umbuso zamakoloniyali woyiswa kwaye kwafuneka lokuncamela intsimi yabo: Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico kunye Guam. Ngo-1899, yena kwakungekho mhlaba ngaphezulu okanye eMelika, okanye Asia. Iziqithi eseleyo kwi-Pacific Ocean kuthengiswa eJamani, kugcinwe intsimi Afrika kuphela.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX Spain iye phantse wayeka ukuphuhlisa izibonelelo ngamathanga yayo eseleyo, kodwa waqhubeka ukusebenza kakhokho enkulu, nto leyo kuqesha abasebenzi eNigeria. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1968 abasemagunyeni phantsi koxinzelelo UN kunye isizwe basekuhlaleni kwanyanzeleka ukuba baxele Equatorial Guinea ezimeleyo.

lemveli

Ubukhosi Spanish, nto leyo iba imbali iminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu, iye azachaphazela kuphela uphuhliso of Western Europe. Conquistadors beza nabo eMelika, Afrika kunye East Indies yamaRoma Katolika Spanish. Kakhulu ixesha elide colonial negalelo kumxube kwezizwe: Latin Amerika, baseYurophu namaNdiya.

Idibene ne isiPhuthukezi ubukhosi Spanish yaba ngunozala le urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, lokuvula iindlela ezintsha zorhwebo Intambo. Kwaba imali iye yaba imali lokuqala jikelele, apho bekukho dollar yaseMelika. Ngenxa yoko, urhwebo kwi Old yeHlabathi kunye New bananisa inani elikhulu lezilwanyana zasekhaya kunye neentlobo zezityalo. Umzekelo, eMelika kwathiwa amazwe iinkomo, iigusha, amahashe, iihagu kunye needonki, kwakunye nerhasi, nengqolowa, ama-apile, njalo njalo. D. The baseYurophu, nayo, okokuqala incasa iitapile, iitumato, umbona, iipepile kunye necuba. Isiphumo yokutshintshiselana bekusoloko ukuphucuka okukhulu ukulimeka of America, eYurophu Asia.

Asimele silibale ngayo impembelelo yenkcubeko. Kuyinto olubonakalayo yonke: emculweni, ubugcisa, izakhiwo, kwaye nkqu ekuqulunqweni imithetho. Ukuxhumana nezinye ngalunye izizwe ezahlukeneyo ixesha elide, oko kwakhokelela baxube zeenkcubeko na zodonga uyahambelana, yaye baye bafumana imilo zabo ezizodwa yaye mihla olubonakalayo kwiindawo zangaphambili lobukoloniyali.