Eduard Bernstein: Ideas Basic

Yaba nguye lowo wambuza ukomelela imfundiso Marxist. Njengoko lweli ocacileyo izimvo zentlalo wedemokhrasi, yena waba yimbangi kwingcamango entsha revisionism, eseke isiseko ukuguquka ukuya inkqubo yenkolo, nto leyo uyathotyelwa SDs. Le ndoda - Eduard Bernstein. "Bichevatel" Marxism kunye nentloko International yeSibini wayeqinisekile ukuba, imfundiso "ukuwa capitalism" kunye ingcamango i "mpofu sabasebenzi" kwi ingcambu engalunganga. Ngoko ke ngubani na yena, Eduard Bernstein, yaye kutheni ngequbuliso waba iqela Marx? Qwalasela lo mbuzo ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu.

Iminyaka esakhula

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Eduard Bernstein, engobomi bakhe elifutshane umdla ngembali izazinzulu ezopolitiko, wazalwa yintsapho yamaYuda. Esi siganeko senzeke EyoMqungu 6, 1850 eJamani. Abazali Edward bakaThixo esingenamali, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, bakwazi ukunika abantwana babo imfundo. Ikamva Democrats Social bagqiba isikolo amakhwenkwe abucala ', ngoko waqalisa ukuya esikolweni.

lo mfana ngoko wangena School of Commerce. Ukuba abafundi abayigqibileyo, wafumana umsebenzi njenge-Clerk kwiziko elula ukubhankisha ephethwe yi-Rothschilds kwikomkhulu German.

SDP

Eduard Bernstein, sele njengomntu oselula uqala ukuba inxaxheba ngobhalo socialism. Ngoxa ukufunda esikolweni, amise a band ebizwa ngokuba "Utopia", oko kuquka abantu ababelana iimbono zakhe. Kwaye ngo 1872, abantu abaselula lujoyine i-German Social Democratic Party. Ngaxeshanye, yena inxaxheba kwimisebenzi journalistic kwezopolitiko. Kungekudala Eduard Bernstein, ogama engobomi eyaziwa hayi bonke abantu, oko lweli ingcamango bobusoshiyali kuphuhliswa Dühring. In the 1870s emva kwexesha, abasemagunyeni waseJamani ziye zavalwa iphephandaba ekhutshwe yi-Social Democrats, emva koko lo mfana kwanyanzeleka ukuba ashiye ikhaya lakhe.

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Wafudukela eSwitzerland. Kangangexesha elithile umfana osebenza njengonobhala kwi usomashishini Hochberg, leyo ngemali iimpapasho eziliqela Democrats Social.

Xa 1880s yokuqala, uEduard Bernstein, waqalisa ukusebenza kwi ngamaxesha "Social Democrat" abe umhleli. Kule sikhundla, abewenzela phantse-10 iminyaka, waba vukela frank na, ngoko umonde ishokoxekile ngabasemagunyeni Swiss, i Democrats zoLuntu kunye bagxothwa kweli lizwe. Emva Edward ihamba ukuya UK, apho isiphelo sayo kuzisa kunye naye Engels. Baba ngabahlobo abasenyongweni, kunye Bernstein - lweli imfundiso Marxist.

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Xa 1890s ekuqaleni, ekugqibeleni Edward wavumela ukuba abuyele kwilizwe lakhe, apho ujonga kwimigudu umsebenzi wakhe wezopolitiko. Kweli nqanaba, ekugqibeleni wagqiba phezu ezikhethiweyo imfundiso.

Ngowe-1902, i-Democrats Social waba lilungu lepalamente yaseJamani. Ke uya kusebenza naloo ikhefu encinane kwesi sikhundla de-1928.

Imfundiso revisionism

Xa kwimbali Bernstein wangena njengoko ochasene le mfundiso abangabaxhasi bakaMarx, leyo engaphenduli uvume ukuba yonke imimiselo yawo, kodwa kuphela kwabanye. Kwakhona waba imfundiso revisionism.

Umbhali wanyanzelisa ukuba ingcamango Marx kufuneka uhlaziyo, kuba oko kuchasene amava amatsha zembali kunye lothweso lwe socialism njenge imfundiso wezopolitiko nokufundisa nje kuyimfuneko ngayo. Kodwa kwezimvo Eduard Bernstein, yaye ukuzalwa revisionism zafunyanwa ubumpi yi yinkokeli Russian Revolution Vladimirom Leninym.

Xa imisebenzi yakhe "Iingxaki ndawonye" yaye "Iingxaki kwiSocialism nedemokhrasi ekuhlaleni" Democrats Social yaqulunqa ithisisi esisiseko bakhe: "Le intshukumo - bonke njongo - nto".

Kakuhle eli ukugxekwa theory Marxist

Yena, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iye imibuzo ukuchaneka imiqathango ethile Marxism ngokwemiqathango ukusebenziseka zenzululwazi. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, ukuba inkolo yokuba uphuhliso capitalism iya nimqumbise ukudinwa sabasebenzi. Yintoni okwangoku kuvunyelwene, Eduard Bernstein? Iimbono ezisisiseko Marxism isekelwe kwinto yokuba inkqubo yongxowankulu kubandakanya umyalelo yoxinaniso of capital kuwo onke amacandelo ezoqoqosho, naye ukucekisile kubo. Ngokutsho Social Democrats, kokukhona kuphuhliswa inkqubo yobungxowankulu, kokukhona buqapheleke ezingangqinelaniyo eklasini, kwaye nobomi babasebenzi eziqhelekileyo kulo mzekelo, kufuneka ziphuculwe kwi ngeendleko zinguquko karhulumente.

Kwaye ekwakheni imeko yentlalo lohlobo yamaphephandaba njengesixhobo esibaluleke kakhulu - mthetho, apho i "ekhohlo" kufuneka zimelwe asisininzi.

Noko ke, Bernstein yi lweli ngokutsha okuthe chu imibutho yezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho. Kunye nemigaqo self-determination kwembumba yamanyama kunye nedemokhrasi kufuneka kwakhona "ethambileyo" yaye "uvavanyo" iphunyezwe. Kodwa esdekov ilumkisa nxamnye ngenkani (zoomatshini) ngokuthi kokuphazamisa ukulandelelana, kungenjalo uluntu nga nazo i ingxaki.

Eneneni ngamazwi ukuba umkhuba ayiqinisekiswanga imfundiso Marx kunye Engels, awathi kuphela ekuthatheni abaxhobileyo ngamandla sabasebenzi kungakhokelela 'elihle kwezentlalo, "yoqoqosho.

"Ngaba kunokwenzeka kwiSocialism zenzululwazi?"

Ngoko ke umsebenzi Eduarda Bernshteyna, ebhalwe ngo-1901. Kuyo, yena ezidweliswe iinkalo eziphambili sohlaziyo enxulumene imodeli abangabaxhasi bakaMarx zophuhliso. Ingcamango socialism Democrats Social sixubushe iingongoma ezintathu umbono. Owokuqala ubonisa socialism njengendlela ithiyori, isiseko kuzo eziphikisanayo eklasini.

Le mbono lwesibini imeko injongosenzi intshukumo ngenxa nenguqu yenkqubo zongxowankulu ifama nemibutho yabasebenzi zolawulo. Eyesithathu icebisa ukuba socialism - imfundiso esibonakalisa indlela ekuphuhliseni uluntu.

Eduard Bernstein kulo msebenzi yagxininisa ukuba athi injongo eklasini imbambano njengoko iinjongo kwephupha lophuhliso loluntu - yinto impazamo zakudala.

"Wonke postulate imfundiso olobusoshiyali yakhiwa ubume inzululwazi, kufuneka ibekwe njenge ulawulo invariable ezikwi bobungqina yayo ubhalo. A kwisifundo ngentsebenziswano olusondeleyo practice, apho socialism ujolise, le nto kwezinye iimeko ukuze lincitshiswe ukuba akukho intshukumo esebenzayo, "- ubhala" bichevatel "of Marxism.

Bernstein ibeka phambili ingcamango yokuba socialism njengoko nokumanywa yokwenza theory Ongayinikeliyo ngokwayo ukuba substantiation lwezenzululwazi, nangona kwakungeyomfuneko kuwo. Isibakala sokuba imfundiso socialism nto inokwenzeka kuphela phantsi komqathango wokuba enikelweyo ezinye Imfundiso yokuziphatha kunye esemthethweni.

Kodwa ababephila zabaphichothi esdekov mayingatolikwa indlela ukulahlwa ingundoqo kunye nethiyori Marxism.

sengqondo Personal ku Marxism Social Democrats

Eduard Bernstein njengoko ideologue yedemokhrasi zentlalo iimfundiso sengqondo Karla Marksa luyathandabuzeka. Wakubona oko njengoko kwakugxininiswe e-worldwork theory umzabalazo, imbali, intanda, uqoqosho lwezopolitiko capitalism, nale ngokuncedisana uphando status oluhlaziyiweyo yeqondo eliphezulu kuluntu ngokubanzi.

Eduard Bernstein wakwazi Nokwethisa ngokuyinxenye ke inviolability ngayo iinkolelo ezisisiseko Marxism, kodwa ukuba ayivalele ngendlela ecaleni ezintle. Ngokukodwa, i Democrats Social yakholwa kakuhle into yokuba iimfundiso Karla Marksa bakwazi ukubethelela kunye nentsebenziswano kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini socialism: umzabalazo kunye izinto zokomoya, kwakunye nemiqathango.

Ababhali-mbali banengcinga yokuba icandelo engundoqo yokucinga Bernstein yaba ukunyaniseka ngokwasengqondweni. Yena waba ngowokuqala wabalandeli iimfundiso Marx kunye Engels wasondela ingqalelo iwonga kunye ukusebenza kwiimeko ezintsha zembali.