Yintoni NKVD? Ziqonde izifinyezo. Imbali sendalo, imisebenzi, imisebenzi

Phakathi kwezinye amandla amasebe, ekhohlo, azafunyanelwa ndawo kwimbali yethu lizwe, unendima ekhethekile ndawo ukuba ngonaphakade eyayikrolwe ngabantu bakaThixo kwinkumbulo oonobumba NKVD. Kokuhlaziya yiSoviet of the RSFSR, kunye nezinye izifinyezo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo, kodwa wogutyulo nto ibangele inkathazo nabani na, kodwa amagama emfutshane ezinye iinkonzo zikarhulumente kufuneka uchaze. Oku kuyimfuneko ngakumbi kubantu abaselula. Kwaye kubaluleke nangakumbi ukubaxelela oko NKVD.

Ukudala iqumrhu likarhulumente elitsha

Ngokutsho isigqibo CEC ye-USSR ngoJulayi 10, 1934, lamiswa ngugunyaziwe engundoqo zokulawula onke amaqela achaphazelekayo ekulweni ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokugcina umyalelo karhulumente. Yena labekwa oonobumba abane - le NKVD. izifinyezo ziqonde ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Abantu Commissariat of Internal Affairs.

Kunye kunye neeyunithi omtsha wangena kuyo kunye nabasebenzi ukuzimela, kodwa hayi wabubhangisa Jikelele ISebe Political. Ngoko ke wazalwa umbutho eliye laba uphawu lwe kohlanga olwenziwe yi nolawulo kaStalin nxamnye nabantu balo.

Yintoni NKVD?

Isakhiwo esenziwe ngokutsha waba umda obanzi engaqhelekanga uxanduva, kodwa ngaxeshanye kunye namagunya into eyogqitha. Ngoko ke, ngokwemiqathango yalo nobuchule ukuze kolawulo kwimisebenzi karhulumente nezigqeba ezimiselwe ngokomthetho ezinxulumene zikamasipala iinkonzo, ulwakhiwo, yaye phantse zonke mveliso amacandelo.

Ukongeza, le NKVD Sizibandakanye kuphando kwezopolitiko, ubukrelekrele amazwe, ukhuselo imida karhulumente, emsebenzini kwinkqubo yokwenza izohlwayo kunye counterintelligence emkhosini. Ukuze benze ngempumelelo imisebenzi yabo NKVD banikwe ilungelo lokuba enze nayiphi na ngaphandle kwezivakalisi wenkundla, kubandakanywa isigwebo sentambo. Ngokutsho isigqibo CEC waseUSSR, abazange phantsi ukubhena sinokusetyenziswa ngoko nangoko.

Le nalwazelelelo ye NKVD kathathu ezizodwa

amagunya ngaphambili kwesi sakhiwo ukusebenza ngaphandle endle zomthetho, kwadala iintlekele embi ndahlelwa kwilizwe lethu. Kukuqalisa ngokupheleleyo, oko kukuthi i-NKVD, sifanele khumbula repressions ubunzima banesifo, ngumtyholwa ibalulekileyo kukuba lo mzimba. Izigidi abemi Soviet abo amabanjwa Gulag kunye wabulawa ngenxa yezityholo mbumbulu-up, bagwetywa yi ngabathathu ezikhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-.

Ubume kule izakhiwo ezingezizo ezenkundla ziquka: nonobhala iqela, umtshutshisi kunye nentloko yesebe wengingqi NKVD okanye isixeko. abamangalelwa Determination unetyala, njengoko umthetho, ongenakwenziwa, kwaye izivakalisi ezibekwe phezu namatyala amisiweyo azikho isekelwe phezu komthetho okhoyo, kodwa kuphela umnqweno wabo zobuqu eyaba isiphumo ikuyo le nalwazelelelo.

Ukugxothwa kwabantu kunye nentsebenziswano kunye amaGestapo

Ukongeza, yaBantu Commissariat of Internal Affairs kuhlaziswa ngokwakhe kunye uhlobo zocindezelo kwezopolitiko, njengokuba ukugxothwa kwabantu kuzwelonke. Kule minyaka kwiStalinism lonke abantu ngenkani, eyayihamba ukusuka kwindawo zokuhlala onembali izithili Far North kunye eSiberia. Ngokutsho iingxelo, amalungu ka NKVD wenziwe ukugxothwa bezizwe ezilishumi. Ezi ziquka Chechens, iCrimea AmaTatar, amaJamani, Korea, eFinland, Ingrian, Ingush, Karachai, Meskhetian Turks, Kalmyks kunye Balkars.

Kule amahlanu, xa kwehle yezityhilelo yehlelo kuStalin ngayo ubuntu kunye nokuvuselelwa Amaxhoba amaninzi umbuso wakhe ifumaneke kuluntu ikhokelele ekubeni ubungqina ezininzi pre-imfazwe intsebenziswano NKVD kunye amaGestapo. Xa press yabo minyaka amagama inqwaba German kunye Austria anti-fascists, abafuna indawo yokhuseleko kwezopolitiko eSoviet Union, kodwa wavuma "izigelekeqe" wathumela kumagunya German.

Iinkokheli zokuqala kwezakhiwo sazela

Ukususela kwimihla engaphambili, ngexesha NKVD (ziqonde izifinyezo ezinikwe apha ngentla), intloko kulo mzimba yaba abasanda kuqeshwa Abantu Commissar of Internal Affairs GG Berry. Emva ukukhonza kweso sithuba kangangeminyaka emibini, waba lixhoba le nkqubo ke intloko. NgoSeptemba 1936, wasuswa esikhundleni kwaye ubekwe icala mbumbulu-up. Emva kokuchitha iminyaka emibini phantsi kophando, intloko yokuqala commissariat-onamandla onke wadutyulwa.

Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba ukugxothwa kunye nokubanjwa GG Yagoda endaweni yakhe kwakunyulwa eli Commissar omtsha. Baba lilungu umgqatswa le Politburo of the CPSU (b) N. I. Ezhov. Ekubeni igama lakhe linxulunyaniswa ukuphunyezwa edume "Lunxunguphalo Enkulu", unwrapped Stalin 1937-1938.

Noko ke, yena akazange akwazi ukufumana ngeenxa umsebenzi elide komanduleli wakhe. Ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1938, waba naye wabanjwa ngokusekelwe umgangatho ngoko izigxina lokungcatsha kwaye, nje emva kokuchitha iminyaka emibini phantsi kophando, waphulukana nobomi bakhe ngenxa yokuba isigwebo sokufa.

L. P. Beriya and SN Kruglov

Ixesha elide kwi intloko NKVD wahlala L. P. Beriya. Ukuba amcelele isithuba December 25, 1938, kwaba kuphela 1946 yanika ukuba ezihlangwini zakhe - SN Kruglov. Ukhankanye ukuba indlela yomsebenzi yegama Politburo waseUSSR, Beria de kokufa kukaStalin akazange umuntu osemqoka kurhulumente. Noko ke, isiphelo buhlungu ngaphambili, yaye akazange ukuphepha. Wabanjwa ngowe-1953, kungekudala efumana, sigwebo weNkundla ePhakamileyo, bullet kwakhe kakuhle yayibafanele.

Kuzo zonke iinkokheli ezine NKVD, owakubhangisayo okunene ngoMatshi 1946, kuphela lucky noko S. N. Kruglovu. Isiphelo wamnika ukuba aphile ukuba neminyaka ubudala. Noko ke, akafa a yemvelo afe. Njengoko nxaxheba ubunzima abantu, ngo-1959 isigqibo senkundla jikelele owayesakuba umnakekeli ipension, kwakunye izindlu zodidi kwi intliziyo komkhulu. Ngoxa ulundwendwe e Moscow "PRAVDA" station, Julayi 6, 1977, wagcina ubomi bakhe phantsi amavili uloliwe.

Indima ye-NKVD ekulweni Fascism

Nakuba kunjalo, ukwenzela ukuba bakwazi ukuphendula ngokupheleleyo umbuzo wokuba yintoni NKVD, omnye awunakunqamla ngokwethu loo ndima mnyama le isakhiwo edlalwe kwimbali yelizwe lethu. Bekuya kuba yimpazamo esingenakuxoleleka ukuze uchithe impumelelo yakhe ekulweni ulwaphulo, kwakunye nxamnye abahlaseli ngamaNazi ngexesha Enkulu Patriotic War.

Ngokutsho data zembali, ngoJuni 1941 imikhosi NKVD yayiquka amaqela elinesine, amaqela elinesibhozo, kwakunye regiments ngaphezu amabini ukwenzela iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ukususela kwimihla yokuqala yemfazwe, ezi imikhosi kwathunyelwa edabini kwaye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokoyiswa yotshaba.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba unobangela Ukoyisa phezu Fascism wakhonza nje kuphela kubasebenzi, kodwa phantse ayefikelela kwisigidi abemi bethu nabo babanjiweyo nababefudula Gulag, bendibakhusela kwaye xolela ngokwesicelo yenkokheli NKVD ukuze ukuthumela ngaphambili. Esinye isithuba ingakumbi olusebenzayo waba ngowokuqala - iminyaka kakhulu enzima yemfazwe.

Umda nezangaphakathi amajoni

Musa uwajongele phantsi indima NKVD ekukhuseleni kwemida karhulumente lwelizwe lethu. Kule banesifo emva kwexesha, ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze angaphantsi kwakhe abalindi umda baba 167 lamawaka. Man. umsebenzi wabo ukuze ayeke indlela kwii waya kummandla zonke iintlobo yeentlola Soviet, saboteurs kunye masela, kwaye ekulweni violators komda wolawulo. Amagama umda ezininzi lilinde Amaqhawe ngonaphakade kwimbali omkhosi eSoviet Union.

Likhangeleka manani gqitha, ebonisa umsebenzi wenziwe ngethuba leminyaka yemfazwe, amajoni yangaphakathi NKVD. Ngokutsho data ekhoyo, kuphela ekulweni gang 9.5 lwenziwa ezimawaka. Iintengiselwano ukuba yokungenelela malunga namawaka 150. Swigevenga. Kunye nabo, nabalindi umda bakwazi ukuphelisa imigulukudu 829 ezahlukeneyo, eziquka amawaka 49. Swigevenga.

Indima ye-NKVD kuqoqosho ngexesha lemfazwe

Abaphandi Modern kunye nenani imibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente uzama ukuvavanya oko impembelelo leyo eye yaba kuphuhliso loqoqosho yabasebenzi yesizwe amabanjwa Gulag. Njengoko kubonisiwe ngumbutho ezaziwayo-kakuhle amalungelo oluntu "Xitsundzuxo", lo NKVD kwi banesifo emva kwexesha wajika umsebenzi enogonyamelo kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba emva kwezitshixo ekuqaleni imfazwe baphuma ukuba amadoda omeleleyo malunga 1,68 miliyoni, olubalelwa ukuba i-8% kubasebenzi iyonke lizwe ngelo xesha.

Njengenxalenye yesicwangciso ngokugaya, eyamkelwe ngurhulumente, amashishini, wadala kwiindawo lokuvalelwa ziqhuba yonge iimbumbulu kunye nezinye iimveliso eziyimfuneko ukuze ngaphambili. Oku ngokuqinisekileyo ibonakala ekugcinweni umkhosi, kodwa kwangaxeshanye kufuneka kuvunywe ukuba intsebenzo yabasebenzi enjalo ngebhaxa uphansi kakhulu.

Le minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe

Njengoko kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe, yaye ngeli thuba indima NKVD ekunyukeni kuqoqosho azinakukukhokela azikaqapheleki. Kwelinye icala, likhuphe kwiinkampu Gulag kwimimandla enabemi zasentla, eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude zibe negalelo kuphuhliso lwabo, kodwa kwelinye icala, umsebenzi kakuhle kwabakhonkxiweyo kuye sisithintelo ekufezekisweni iiprojekthi ezininzi zoqoqosho.

Oku kusebenza ngokupheleleyo esizama ukusebenzisa ngebhaxa of izazinzulu neenjineli, xa kukho inani lamaxhoba abaninzi repressions ye Stalin thuba. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba NKVD wadala entolongweni okhethekileyo, bafumana eyaziwa ngokuba "sharashek". Bona abameli elite lwenzululwazi nobugcisa, benetyala lamanga yi "ngabathathu ekhethekileyo" kakhulu, ebekuthethwe ngazo ngasentla, babenze uphando kunye nophuhliso.

Phakathi kwabakhonkwixeyo kwalowo "sharashek" baba izazinzulu ezifana eyaziwayo Soviet, nabayili, zombini SP kunye Korolev A. N. Tupolev. Isiphumo seenzame aqalise ubuchule enyanzelekileyo zobugcisa Ndandimncinci kakhulu wabonisa ukungafaneleki ngokupheleleyo eli nyathelo.

isiphelo

Kule amahlanu, emva kokufa Stalin, waqalisa inkqubo yesiqhelo yamaxhoba adalwe ngayo imo lizwe. Crime ezingaphambili ekulweni neentshaba abantu, baye amkelwa ngenxa ukusuka zombini arhente zikarhulumente kwaye ngokoluvo zoluntu. It evezwa kunye nesakhiwo umsebenzi, ogama NKVD, ukucazulula, imbali kunye nemisebenzi ezibe ngumxholo kweli nqaku. Ngowe-1946, le ofisi lobunqambi iye similise Nelezamakhaya USSR.